Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani Work-Integrated Learning Programmes Division First Semester 2013-2014 Comprehensive Examination

(EC-3 Regular) Course No. Course Title Nature of Exam Weightage Duration Date of Exam Note:
1. 2. 3.

: EEE ZG512 : EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN : Open Book : 50% : 3 Hours : 10/11/2013 (AN)

No. of Pages =5 No. of Questions = 7

Please follow all the Instructions to Candidates given on the cover page of the answer book. All parts of a question should be answered consecutively. Each answer should start from a fresh page. Assumptions made if any, should be stated clearly at the beginning of your answer.

Q.1. Multiple computational units are available in both SIMD and VLIW architectures, so, what is
the primary difference between the two architectures? [2] [2] [5] 11000 11001 11010 11011 11100 11101 11110 11111 A1 A2 A3 A4 A7 A8 B1 B2

Q.2. What is a spin lock? How does it work? Q.3. The following data is present in memory of size 32 x 8
00000 00001 00010 00011 00100 00101 00110 00111 CA 41 67 90 77 BC AD EB 01000 01001 01010 01011 01100 01101 01110 01111 FF EE 33 44 55 66 77 88 10000 10001 10010 10011 10100 10101 10110 10111 12 34 56 C3 C6 B3 B4 B5

If the data is read by the processor in the following order from the addresses (i) 10000B (ii) 01010B (iii) 01110B (iv) 11110B (v) 10110B (vi)00000B

(a) (b)

Show the contents of the cache for four line direct mapped cache with each read operation. Show the contents of the cache for two- way set associative, four- line set associative cache (with LRU policy) with each read operation.

Q.4. What does the terms static and dynamic allocation of memory mean? What are their respective
pros and cons? [2] [2]

Q.5. Distinguish between errors and exceptions.

type of processors utilize conditional execution of instructions?

Q.6. Mention major advantages and disadvantages of conditional execution of instructions? Which
[2]

Q.7. System to be designed is an Unmanned Arial Vehicle. (UAV) The Unmanned Aircraft has a
complex electronic, communication, sensor and computation systems content, all of which need to operate reliably, for up to 30 hours. UAV is used for Oil, gas and mineral exploration and production monitoring.

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EEE ZG512 (EC-3 Regular)

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This UAV is used to perform geophysical surveys, where the processed measurements of the differential Earth's magnetic field strength are used to calculate the nature of the underlying magnetic rock structure. Knowledge of the underlying rock structure helps trained geophysicists to predict the location of mineral deposits. The production side of oil and gas exploration and production entails the monitoring of the integrity of oil and gas pipelines and related installations. For above-ground pipelines, this monitoring activity could be performed using digital cameras. UAV is used for low level (20 m above ground) night flying (when disturbances to the earth's magnetic field and cultural noises are typically at their lowest and there are few civilian flights about) over what could be rugged terrain. The UAV has slow flying capabilities (down to 40 knots, or so) of the Unmanned Aircraft, allowing for data integration and consequent noise reduction. UAV causes very small perturbation the small, mostly carbon fiber, Unmanned Aircraft has minimal influence on the surrounding magnetic and gravitational fields. The aircraft controls are in magnetically and electromagnetically shielded units. The system is made of the following sub-systems: (a) Payload System has two sub-systemsPayload 1 & Payload 2 (b) Communication Sub-system (c) Weather Station (d) Navigation Assistance. All subsystems communicate with a centralized Navigation Computing, Communication & Control Subsystem (NCCCS) you need not design the NCCCS using a high speed 1Mbps wired serial link. Working of the AUV: Three Phases(i) From Gate to Take off: UA within local line-of-sight of Airport/ Ground Control Station. (GCS). (ii) From Take off during flight out of LoS and (iii) Landing of AUV LoS. Navigation Assistance: All data detected for navigational assistance is sent to NCCCS. Work to be done during take-off/landing: (1) sensing of obstacles on the runway (2) sensing runway and runway number (3) reading signs beside the runway. For this on board the following is present: 2 Offside video cameras each send data serially in MPEG-2 data format- four-wire serial interface at up to 115.6 kbps. Data is shifted out serially as 32 bit data. Other than the data line the 4 wire interface has Gnd, Clock input for shifting data, Select input that has to be generated every time data is to be sent to and from the camera. The select input has to be high for at least for a period of 3 clock ticks. The camera can be triggered at regular intervals of time by sending commands over the serial interface. In-Flight: Obstacle Detection : SAR is used for obstacle detection. Data is analyzed for presence of obstacles and data is sent to NCCCS. Synthetic Aperture RADAR (SAR), uses mathematical techniques, to combine reflected signal phase and amplitude information, as a function of time, from several adjacent-in-time RADAR pulses to build up (synthesise) a high resolution image, matching the quality achievable from a much larger antenna, without any additional mathematical manipulation. While SAR is often used because of its all-weather, day-or-night capability, it also finds application because it renders a different view of a target," with synthetic aperture radar being at a much lower electromagnetic frequency than optical sensors. The SAR used by this UAV is a two-pound "NanoSAR" radar. NanoSAR Key Specifications: Transmitted Power: 1W, Range Resolution: 0.3, 0.5, 1, 2, 5 m, Standoff Range: 1-4 km, Frequency: X-Band, Power- < 30 W consumed, Supply Voltage 12-18V, Communication - RS-232 Max 56kbps , Standard Ethernet, Image Products - Google Earth, Complex image NITFS, JPEG/PNG/BMP.

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First Semester 2013-2014

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EEE ZG512 (EC-3 Regular) Payload Subsystem:

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Payload 1: Used for sensing mineral deposits in the area aeronautically surveyed. It has the following sensing devices (a) 2 Magnetometers on each wing A magnetometer is used to measure the strength of the Earths magnetic field. To get a feel for the sensitivity of these magnetometers, the earths magnetic field strength in London on 24 SEP 2005 was 48,489 nT, increasing by 31.43 nT per annum. Specifications of Potassium Magnetometer: Sensitivity 0.5 pT @ 1 Hz; (0.1 pT option), Heading Error + / 0.05 nT , Resolution 0.0001 nT, Absolute Accuracy +/- 0.1 nT, Dynamic Range 20,000 to 100,000 nT, Gradient Tolerance 35,000 nT/m, Sampling 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 Hz (higher optional). Magnetometer can be turned off & on as required. (b) 1 Gravimeter under the belly of the AUV near the wing. Measurements of minute ( 1:200,000,000 ) changes in the gravitational field over a region can indicate the location of: hydrocarbon deposits, such as oil and gas, minerals, underground tunnels - new tunnels and collapsed mines and tunnels, refilled by earth. The measurement relies on precisely timed zero-crossings. Performance Specifications: Accuracy: 2uGal (observed agreement between FG5 instruments), Precision: 15uGal/sqrt(Hz) at a quiet site: about 1.0uGal after 225 cycles (elapsed time = 225 seconds = 3.75 minutes), about 0.1uGal after 22,500 cycles (elapsed time = 22,500 seconds = 6.25 hours) The Gal unit is named after Galileo, and equals 1 cm/s2 . The gravitational constant = g = 980.665 Gal. (c) 2 Gamma Ray spectrometer on the wings. The purpose of gamma-ray spectrometry, is to provide information about the distribution of the three radioactive elements,uranium, thorium and potassium. The distribution of these elements in hydrocarbon exploration is significant, since they are affected by the alteration effects of hydrocarbon micro-seepage. Radiometrics is a term applied to the measurement of the gamma ray spectrum at three specific windows, where emissions for uranium, thorium, and potassium are located - Bismuth 214, represents the Uranium window at 1,760 KeV, Thallium 208, represents the Thorium window at 2,620 KeV, Potassium has a single emission energy at 1,460 KeV. A standard interpretation for hydrocarbon exploration consists of looking for decreases in gamma emissions from all of these windows, or, a decrease in the total count. Seepage anomalies from those are related to the lithology. Changes in radiometric response can also be attributed to road surface changes, outcrops, drainages, road cuts and road fill. Keen observation, is the key to culling the false anomalies from the seepage anomalies. Radiometrics is a first wave culling tool, for other types of geochemical survey. A gamma ray spectrometer consists of a detector crystal and an optical sensor. The detector, typically a sodium iodide crystal, absorbs the gamma radiation and converts it to a light flash or scintillation. The NaI is doped with Thallium, which acts as an 'activator'. The Thallium doped NaI is described as NaI(Tl). The light sensor is a sensitive photomultiplier tube, which converts the light flash to a voltage (0 3.0 V), proportional to the intensity of the light flash. The magnitude of the peak voltage is indicative of the energy of the gamma ray. The larger the crystal volume (112 cubic inches or more) and the slower the aircraft (40 knots for UAV 130 for manned), the higher the number of gamma counts, that can be collected. EEE ZG512 (Comprehensive Exam) First Semester 2013-2014 Page 3 of 5

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(d)

2 Gas sensor under the wings In order to detect hydrocarbons, such as methane, or, ethane, from natural gas leaks. The detection system will be based on photoacoustic spectroscopy , a technique that can be used to measure gas concentrations with remarkable sensitivity. Photoacoustic spectroscopy is the measurement of the effect of absorbed electromagnetic energy (particularly of light) on matter by means of acoustic detection. The discovery of the photoacoustic effect dates to 1880 when Alexander Graham Bell showed that thin discs emitted sound when exposed to a beam of sunlight that was rapidly interrupted with a rotating slotted disk. The absorbed energy from the light causes local heating and through thermal expansion a pressure wave or sound. Later Bell showed that materials exposed to the non-visible portions of the solar spectrum (i.e., the infrared and the ultraviolet) can also produce sounds. Photoacoustic detectors still rely on the same principles as Bells apparatus, however to increase the sensitivity the following modifications have been made: .Use of intense lasers instead of the sun to illuminate the sample since the intensity of the generated sound is proportional to the light intensity; this technique is referred to as laser photoacoustic spectroscopy or LPAS 2.The ear has been replaced by sensitive microphones. The microphone signals are further amplified and detected using lock-in amplifiers and zero- crossing detectors giving frequencies veering from 200Hz 10 KHz

Payload 2: Used for capturing high resolution images has the following image processing units integrated with it. These Images are retrieved and sent to GCS via NCCCS. (a) Digital Single Lens Reflex (DSLR) Camera 2 on the wings of the aircraft Specifications: Resolution: 3,872 x 2,592 = 10.2 M, frame rate 3bps JPEG compression size - 3.5 M. Data stored on memory of camera- data can be retrieved from memory camera using I2C interface. Camera has a Zoom Lens that can be vertical and horizontally rotated along a spiral axis using two servo meters of high resolution amounting to 10. Servo motors have drivers that accept a frequency input of 100 KHz. Resolution is determined by TON varying from 10% to 90% in steps of 1 %. (b) Ultra Violet (UV) sensor 4 on wings of aircraft Used to - Detect the start of a forest fire, or, a fire near a building, Detect the start of a fire on an Unmanned Aircraft. The Hamamatsu R1723-01 is a high sensitivity UVtron. Voltage LV (02.8V) Weather Station: Weather is monitored for every 30 seconds and information is sent to the NCCS every 2 minutes. For Weather monitoring: (a) RG200 6" Rain Gauge Rainfall Measurement- instrument for monitoring rain rate and total rainfall. The tipping bucket sensor mechanism activates a sealed reed switch that produces a contact closure for each 0.01" or 0.25 mm of rainfall Number of bucket tips/sec gives rainfall rate. (b) WE570 Wind Direction Sensor- Type Wind vane with potentiometer, Output 4-20 mA, Range 0 to 360, Sensitivity 1 m/s (2.2 mph), Accuracy 1% full scale, Operating Voltage 10 to 36 VDC, Warm-up Time 3 seconds minimum, Operating Temperature:-40 to +55C, Sensor Size 8" dia. x 10" (21.5 cm dia. x 26.7 cm), Weight 1 lb

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(c)

(d) (e)

(f)

(g)

Wind Speed Sensor Specifications- Output: 4-20mA, Range: 0-100 MPH, Accuracy: .2 MPH over the range 11 to 55 MPH, Operating Voltage: 10-36VDC, Warm Up Time: 3 seconds minimum, Operating Temp: -40 to +55C, Size of Probe: 7 diameter x 8 long, Weight: 1 lb. Solar Radiation Sensor: Output: 4-20mA, Range: 0-1500 W m2 ,Accuracy: 1% of full scale, Operating Voltage: 10-36VDC,Warm Up Time: 3 seconds minimum, Operating Temperature: -40C to +55C, Size of Probe: 3" diameter x 1 1/2" high, Weight: 1/4 lb. Humidity Sensor Specifications: Output: 4-20mA, Range: 0-100% RH, Accuracy: + 2% RH, Operating Voltage: 10-36VDC, Current Draw: 3 mA plus sensor, Warm Up Time: 3 seconds minimum, Operating Temp: -40 to +55C , Size of Probe: 1 diameter x 7 long, Weight: lb. Temperature Sensor Specifications: Output: 4-20mA, Range: -50 C to + 50 C, Accuracy: 0.2 F or 0.1 C, Operating Voltage: 10-36VDC, Warm Up Time: 5 seconds minimum, Operating Temperature: -50C to +100C, Size of Probe: " diameter x 4 " long, Weight: lb. Barometric Pressure Sensor Specifications: Output: 4-20mA, Range: 800-1100 millibars, Accuracy: +1% of full scale, Operating Voltage: 10-36VDC, Warm Up Time: 3 seconds minimum, Operating Temp: -40 to +55C ,

Communication Subsystem: BLoS(Beyond LoS): In the command and control system shown next for use on small Unmanned Aircraft, several important features are supported: AUV uses a 9,600 bps, duplex, satellite link which can be implemented using a small, light, relatively inexpensive satellite phone modem. On the uplink from the GCS to the Unmanned Aircraft, 4,800 bps of the 9,600 bps duplex data rate is used for direct UA control, which might be in response to an ATC request or order. In order to make it more difficult for an unauthorised person to gain control of the UA, this data is encrypted with a lossless encryption algorithm, and then coded with Forward Error Correction (FEC) at the GCS, so FEC decoding followed by decryption must be applied in the Unmanned Aircraft receiver. 9.6 kbps BLOS sat comms link is used, both the transmit and the receive paths are divided into two equal data rate channels A and B, each operating at 4.8 kbps. Commands received by Communication Subsystem is analyzed and sent to NCCCS. Data from the NCCS is also sent via BLOS link. Each subsystem has to be designed separately. (a) Draw the complete block diagram of each module using the appropriate processor(s). If the processor selected is non-optimal for that module the design for that module will not be evaluated. (b) Which components of the processor/controller will you be using for designing the corresponding modules? What is the purpose of these components? Justify the selection of the component briefly. If the component selected is incorrect then that part of the module will not be evaluated. (c) Initialize the components of the processor/controller that you will be using. (d) Is the system to be designed distributed in nature? Justify. System will be evaluated based on both correctness and optimality [35]

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EEE ZG512 (Comprehensive Exam)

First Semester 2013-2014

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