ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Endocrine System: - Consists of endocrine (ductless) glands and tissues that produce regulatory chemicals that are called hormones. - The endocrine and nervous system work together to control and coordinate all other systems of the body. Hormones: - Are chemical messengers that have specific regulatory effects on certain (specific) cells or organs - They are secreted in very small amounts - Released directly into the blood stream by which they are carried to all parts of the body - The specific tissue acted on by each hormone is called the target tissue! They are divided into to " categories# 1. Amino acids com ounds $ all e%cept the se% glands and adrenal corte% hormones 2. Steroids $ hormones derived from lipids Regu!ation o" Hormones# -The amount of each hormone that is secreted is normally kept within a specific range. The concentrate of the hormone itself acts as a break on further secretion of that hormone. -&hen target tissue becomes too active there is a negative effect on the endocrine gland and it decreases secretary action. -The adrenal corte% hormones are the greatest 'ust before arising. -(emale hormones are secreted monthly. Endocrine #!ands:

1. $ituitary #!and $ small gland attached to the

hy otha!amus located in the saddle-like depression of the sphenoid bone 'ust behind the optic nerve crossing. )t is divided into " parts# Anterior and $osterior %o&e. )t releases hormones that affect the workings of other glands. )t is controlled by the hypothalamus of the brain. *ormones produced in the anterior pituitary are not released from the gland until the releasing hormones arrive from the hypothalamus. There is a releasing hormone for each hormone produced by the anterior lobe. +osterior lobe is controlled by neural impulses originating in the hypothalamus. A%ons take the neuron secretions to the posterior lobe, where they are released and absorbed into the blood. The two types of hormones released by the posterior pituitary gland are the ADH and o'ytocin. They are produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary. Tumors of the pituitary gland can cause gigantism in childhood and acromegaly in adults. 2. Thyroid #!and $ --argest of the endocrine glands --ocated in the neck 'ust below the laryn% and in front of the trachea with " lateral lobes -A narrow band called the isthmus connects these " lobes. A connective capsule encloses the entire gland. -Two types of hormones are produced to help regulate metabolism are# .. Thyro'ine (T/) ". Triiodothyronine (T0) -1ach of these hormones has iodine atoms in its makeup -These hormones function to increase the rate of metabolism in body cells ()ncrease energy and protein metabolism) -The thyroid gland needs an ade(uate su !y o" iodine in the blood to produce these hormones -Ca!citonin ) active in calcium metabolism and is antagonistic (opposite) to the parathyroid glands

-#oiter $ an enlargement of the thyroid gland may or may not be associated with over production of hormone. -an under active thyroid gland causes hypothyroidism -an over active gland cause hyperthyroidism *. $arathyroid #!ands: -located behind the thyroid gland and embedded in its capsule are / tiny glands -They secrete $TH + arathyroid hormone, which regulates calcium metabolism along with Calcitonin -+T* promotes the release of calcium from the bone increasing the amount free floating in the blood stream. Also causes kidneys to retain calcium -Calcitonin promotes deposit of calcium into the bones -2isorders# ..) can cause spasms called Tetany from deficiency of calcium or low calcium concentration in blood. ".) 3idney stones with e%cess production and reabsorption by the kidneys. (3idney stones are calcium deposits)(1%cess of calcium in the blood causes kidney stones) -. Adrena! #!ands: -Adrenal or suprarenal glands $ they are " small glands located above the kidneys -1ach has a medulla (inner area) and a corte% (outer area) -*ormones produced from the medulla portion are called e ine hrine +adrena!ine, and the nore ine hrine. -4ympathetic nervous system regulates secretion of adrenal medullar hormones. -They are secreted when the body is under stress -5edullar hormones have longer and stronger affects for fight and flight -*ormones of the corte% portion are classified into 0 groups# .. #!ucocorticoids $ maintain the carbohydrate reserve (glycogen) by promoting conversion of amino acids into glucose +the main hormone is Cortiso!,

". Minera!ocorticoids $ important in regulation of electrolyte balance. They control the re-absorption of sodium and secretion of potassium by kidney tubals. +The main hormone is A!dosterone, 0. Se' hormones $ androgens, estrogens, and progestin
5. $ancreas#

-6rgan located posterior of the stomach -An endocrine and e%ocrine gland -4mall groups of speciali7ed cells called .Is!ets o" %angerhans/ make up the endocrine portion and function independently from e%ocrine portion, which produces pancreatic 'uices -The most important hormone is insu!in, active in transport of glucose across the membrane and inside the cell to be metaboli7ed for energy (AT+) source -)nsulin also stimulates the liver to convent glucose in glycogen for storage -#!ucagon $ works with insulin to regulate blood sugar levels -8lucagon is antagonistic to insulin. The glucagon increases the concentration of glucose in the blood and insulin decreases the amount of glucose by feeding it to cells. -2isorder is dia&etes me!!itus $ glucose is not available
6. Se' #!ands or #onads:

-6varies and testes not only produce ova and sperm, which are your se% cells, but are also important endocrine glands. -9eeded in development of se%ual characteristics -4e% hormone or Androgen is testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone -+rogesterone is secreted by an empty follicle after ovum is released helps prepare uterus for embryo pregnancy and milk -The se% hormone assists in normal development of pregnancy, stimulates development and maturation of female se% organs, and second characteristics.

0. Thymus #!and: -)s a mass of lymph tissue --ies in the upper part of the chest above the heart -)mportant in development of immunity -The hormone is Thymosin -)t assists in the maturation of T-Cells 1. $inea! #!and: -A small flattened cone-shaped structure --ocated posterior to the mid brain and connected to the root of the 0rd ventricle -)t produces the hormone Me!atonin -5elatonin influences regulation of sleep versus wake cycles (produced during the dark period (night) of each day)