Lucknow Pact The Lucknow Pact 1916 AD - brought unity between the Moderates and Radicals - both parties

congress and usli league adopted co de ands" #actors leading to Lucknow Pact$ 1" %nternational &'ents$ (ritish Policy during (alkan )ars was anti-Turkey *aliph or +hali!a ,-ultan o! Turkey . )as altreated by (ritish %ndian usli s !elt that britishers were pro-christians and anti- usli s"

on charter o! the

/" 0ational &'ents$ Anti-partition agitations1 the Partition o! (angal was annulled in 1911" 0ationalist Musli s like Abdual +ala A2ad and Ali brothers- Maulana Moha ad Ali and -haukat Ali spread natioinalist ideas a ong usli s" Release o! Tilak !ro 3ail in 1914" Leaders$

5"Role o! the Liberal Musli -

0ationalist usli s like A6 al +han and 7assan % a asked the Musli s not to re ain obedient to the (ritish1 but should participate in the national o'e ent" Maulana Moha ad Ali started an &nglish 0ewspaper called the 8*o rade9 and an urdu paper na ed 8 7a dard9 !ro Delhi Maulana Abul +ala A2ad : Al-7ildal These papers attacked co unalis and loyalty o! the Musli league

4" A end ent in League;s constitution$ - a ended in 1915 especially an ob6ecti'e : 8a syste o! sel! go'ern ent under the protection o! the (ritish *rown9 - earlier its ob6ecti'e was < the pro otion o! loyalty towards the go'ern ent =" The *ongress-League sessions in the sa e Town$ Mr 3innah i p step- session o! Musli s league in Mu baiin Dece ber 191= AD1 where congress session was scheduled" (o bay session was attended by leaders like >andhi1 Madan Moha Mal'iya1 Mrs -aro6ini 0aidu"

3oint co ittee report at the Lucknow -ession o! the congress and the Musli League 1916 AD 191= AD at (o bay session o! the congress and Musli appointed one 6oint co ittee to prepare report o! the Common Charter of Demands.

Also called congress-League Scheme or the Lucknow Pact of 1916 AD. Main?#eatures o! the Lucknow Pact 1"*entral Legislature ,% perial Legislati'e council. $ The strength-1=@ e bers , *entral legislature. 4?=th :elected 1?=th no inated 4?=th o! elected e bers1 1?5rd usli s

/" Pro'isional Legislatures and Minorities$ Large pro'inces shall ha'e about 1/= e bers and s all pro'inces shall ha'e =@-A@ e bers -4?=th o! who shall be elected 1?=th no inated The inority co unity,i"e Musli s. in each pro'ince shall ha'e reser'ed representation e"g =@B seats !or the usli s in Pun6ab and about 5@B in Cttar Pradesh and 4@B in (engal &lected through separate electorates"

5" Autono y to Pro'inces$ - pro'ince s shall be autono ous in their respecti'e spheres" - The i perial go't" shall not inter!ere in their local a!!airs1 nor re6ect a pro'incial bill" 4" -a!eguarding Religious %nterests $ - 0o bill shall be introduced in the Legislati'e council1 i! it a!!ect religious interests o! any co unity" - bill shall not be passed1 i! opposed by 5?4th e bers o! that co unity" =" Diceroy;s &Eecuti'e *ouncil$ - hal! the e bers o! the >o'ernor genera;s &Eecuti'e council shall be %ndians" 6" -eparation o! &Eecuti'e !ro 3udiciary$ the e bers o! the 6udiciary should be placed under the control o! the highest court o! that pro'ince" - &Eecuti'e o!!icers should be relie'ed o! 6udicial powers &'aluation o! the Lucknow Pact$ Drawbacks$ The Lucknow pact kept the bane o! separate electorate ali'e and ga'e to it a recognition in the %ndian politics and pa'ed way !or co unal politics" The Musli representation in the councils was !ar eEcess o! their proportion in the total population" The Pact introduced a new type o! <co unal 'eto; by saying that no legislature could enact a law i! it was opposed by 5?4th o! the e bers o! a particular co unity"

% portance o! Lucknow Pact 7indu Mulsi unity !or the period 1916-19// AD Cnity within the congress : *ongress League unity and the Aggressi'e and Moderates unity in the two sessions o! the congress itsel! le!t the >o't with no eEcuse to delay !urther re!or s" The Pact led to the gradual de'elop ent o! sel!-go'erning institutions"

The 7o e Rule League Annie (esant decided to organi2e a national alliance o! leagues across %ndia1 specially to de and 7o e Rule1 or sel! go't witin the british e pire !or all o! %ndia" #actors responsible !or the !or ation o! 7o e Rule league$ 1"The #irst )orld )ar$ - broke out in 1914 - The A erican states en said the war was being !ought to ake the world sa!e !or de ocracy" - war created new econo ic and political situation - huge increase in de!ence eEpenditure - during early stage o! war1 indian were loyal towards (ritish >o't"1 but war continued1 they stared !eeling the heat o! the war and began to agitate !or re!or s" /" Tilak;s release !ro prison and Annie (esant;s entry into 0ational Politics$ - Annie (esant ade e!!orts to uni!y the two wings o! congress - she started a daily newspaper1 0ew %ndia" %n 191=1 Annie (esant de'eloped the the e o! 7o e Rule !or %ndia deri'ing inspiration !ro the success o! the 7o e Rule o'e ent in %reland" 5" 0o concrete Assurance !ro the >o't$ -ir -"P"-inha pleaded !or 8autono y within the & pire9 as india;s goal" The go't" did not respond and the political leaders beca e naturally ore i patient" The Fb6ecti'es o! the Mo'e ent ,%. -el! go't i"e the go't o! the people and by the people !or two reasons$,a. #reedo is the birthright o! e'ery nation ,b. %ndia;s resources could be utili2ed !or her greatest needs - to ake people political acti'e

,%%.

% portance o! the Mo'e ent i" -trengthening o! the 0ational Mo'e ent$ %n!used a new spirit and li!e in the national o'e ent )orked as lighthouse when the political at osphere in the country was gloo y"

ii" iii" -

Mass o'e ent$ trans!or ed national o'e ent into people;s as 7o e rule propaganda was carried to the 'illages also" Declaration o! August 191A$

o'e ent

The congress and the Musli league presented a co on charter o! de ands The go't reali2ed the seriousness o! the de onstration that broke out the go't !elt the necessity to paci!y the %ndians by declaring its policy"

>o't;s reaction

The Declaration o! August 191A on 1Ath August 191A1 there was a declaration by Lord Montague1the policy o! his Ma6esty;s go't with which the go't o! %ndia are in co plete accord1 is that o! the ad inistration and gradual de'elop ent o! sel!-go'erning institutions with a 'iew to the progressi'e reali2ation o! responsible go't in %ndia as an integral part o! the british e pire" Fn the reco endation1 the >o't o! %ndia Act1 1919 was passed- operati'e !ro 19/1 The re!or s gi'en in their report are known as Montague-*hel s!ord Re!or s1 which !or ed the basis o! >o't o! %ndia Act11919"

% portance o! the August Declaration$ 1" >reat signi!icance in the constitutional de'elop ent$ - !irst ti e that the (ritish go't decided to associate the %ndians in e'ery depart ent o! the ad inistration i"e to pro'ide e ploy ent to %ndains in higher ser'ices" /" The gradual de'elop ent o! sel!-go'erning %nstitutions$ 5" Progressi'e reali2ation o! Responsible >o't in %ndia$ The central go't would re ain responsible to the (ritish Parlia ent through the secretary o! the state o! %ndia" %n pro'inces1 the trans!er o! power was to be ade" Guit %ndia Mo'e ent ,G%M. Guit %ndia o'e ent$ This was the third ass o'e ent launched by the congress against the (ritish rule" The congress working co ittee et at )ardha in 3uly 194/ and adopted a resolution known as G%M" The resolution de anded i ediate ending o! the (ritish Rule" *ircu stances leading to the Guit %ndia o'e ent$

1" Pro'incial &lections under the >o'ern ent o! %ndia Act1 195=$ *ongress won /" %n -epte ebr 19591 -econd )orld war broke out and the (ritish >o'ern ent declared %ndia a belligerent state- without %ndian opinion 5" *ongress conde ned the aggression co itted by !ascist countries->er any and %taly and their ally" 4" *ongress de anded the establish ent o! an %ndian go'ern ent responsible to the *entral Legislati'e Asse bly and a pro ise that independence would be gi'en as soon as the war was o'er" =" %n 0o'e ber 19591 the congress inistries in the pro'inces resigned because it was now clear that (ritain was pursuing her own i perialist ends in the war" % plications , Resignation o! congress Ministries. 1" The Musli league was 6ubilant o'er the resignation o! congress 3innah declared //nd Dece ber 1959 as the 8Deli'erance Day9 August F!!er 194@ AD %n April 194@ the >er an !orces attacked 7oland1 (elgiu and LuEe burg - total chaos and unrest in the country - to end dead lock the 'iceroy o! %ndia1 Lord Linlithgow on behal! o! the (ritish go't declared a new sche e on August H1 194@ known as 8August F!!er9" - The de and !or the right o! the %ndians to constitute anew constitution by the sel'es was appro'ed" - )ithout the appro'al o! the inorities in %ndia the british would not trans!er power to any syste o! >o't whose authority was denied by large and power!ul ele ents in %ndian national li!e" - The 'iceroy;s &Eecuti'e council would be eEpanded" Reaction to the August F!!er british accepted to grant the Do inion -tatus to %ndia but the August o!!er !ailed to satis!y both the congress and the Musli League" *ongress de anded i ediate de ocratic responsible go't while the british did not co ply" 0o agree ent could be reached on the eEpansion o! the 'iceroy;s eEecuti'e council" The league welco ed that part o! the o!!er which contained an assurance to the inorities" inistries"

%ndi'idual -atyagraha >andhi6i started - he did not wish to e barrass the >o't in'ol'ed in a war against !acis by a ass uphea'al" According to his plan1 selected indi'idual will break the law by aking anti-war speeches in public and will o!!er the sel'es !or arrest" - The !irst indi'idual satyagrahi was Acharaya Dinobha (ha'e also !ounded (hoodan o'e ent"

#actors responsible !or *ripps Mission The *ripps Mission 194/ AD Two !actors which pro pted the british go't to send the cripps ission were - %0* was not cooperating with the (ritish go't" - The !all o! -ingapore1 Rangoon and the Anda ans to the 3apanese was threatening the entire !abric o! the (ritish *olonial e pire" The *ripps Mission proposed the !ollowing constitutional re!or s $1" %ndia would be gi'en a Do inion status a!ter the war /" A constituent Asse bly would be set up- *onsists o! the e bers elected by the lower house o! the indian legislature and representati'e o! the Princely states no inated by their rulers" %t would be set up to dra!t a new constitution 5" There would be a !ederation to (ritish %ndia and the %ndian -tates" Any pro'ince that was not prepared to accept the constitution would be allowed to obtain the Do inion -tatus separately" 4" The pro'inces would be !ree to 6oin the %ndian union" %! they would not 6oin the indian #ederation1 they would !or ulate their own constitutions which could ha'e the sa e status as the union o! india =" During the critical years o! the war1 the power o! the 'iceroy would re ain as hitherto and he would be responsible !or the de!ence o! the country" #ailure o! the *ripps ission

did not bring the pro ise o! independence in the near !uture the league opposed the creation o! a single union" The hindu Mahasabha re6ected the proposal because it !eared the partition o! the country" The -ikhs1 the anglo-indians1 indian *hristians opposed as they did not pro'ide su!!icient sa!eguards The congress was opposed to the Principle o! non-accession o! the pro'inces" >andhi described cripps ission as 8post-dated cheIue on a !ailing bank9 o'e ent

Guit india

Reasons that led to the passing o! the Guit %ndia Resolution 1" #ailure o! *ripps Mission - go't was unwilling to concede to %ndia the right o! sel!-go't" - did not accept the proposal that 'iceroy should act as a constitutional head /" Threat !ro 3apan- there was nothing %ndian could do to resist it" 5" *o unal proble - The Musli league at its Lahore session in 194@ had set its o!!icial seal on the idea o! Pakistan- it also proclai ed that it could not eEpect any 6ustice at the hands o! the congress"

>o't <s Repression - All the e bers o! the congress working co ittee were arrested and i prisoned at the Ah ednagar #ort" The congress was banned - The de onstrating crowds were achine gunned and e'en bo bed !or air" - The press was co pletely u22led1 public eeting1 procession1 de onstrations and hartals were banned" -igni!icance o! the Guit %ndia Mo'e ent 1" *ollapse o! (ritish authority - sabotage acti'ities

the

/" The indian proble attracted )orld attention - the pressure o! public opinion in the C-A and e'en in (ritain was so strong1 that (ritain !ound it di!!icult to withhold the independence o! india a!ter the war was o'er" 5" %ndian independence brought nearer - The people had shown ar'elous courage and con!idence" There was nothing which could stop %ndians !ro attaining their !reedo " 4" The political awakening The people o! india was ready to sacri!ice e'erything !or the sake o! achie'e ent o! the independence o! %ndia" The causes !or the !ailure o! the Guit %ndia Mo'e ent 1" Lack o! coordination$ /" 0on-participation o! so e sections o! the society$ Many %ndians who were go't e ployees1 landlords1 2a indars and e'en so e princes re ained loyal to the go't" 5" 0on-cooperation o! other political parties$ o'e ent was only congress progra e not supported by usli league and co unist party 4" The repressi'e policy o! the go'ern ent : indian people !ailed to atch the power!ul british go't"

#FR)ARD (LF* A0D %0A -ubhas *handra (ase and %ndian 0ational Ar y ,%0A. also known as 0eta6i -19/@ passed %ndian ci'il ser'ices eEa ination and 6oined ci'il ser'ices resigned in 19/1 elected president o! %ndian 0ational *ongress !or two consecuti'e ter s but resigned !ro the post !ollowing ideological con!licts with >andhi" &stablished a separate political party1 the #orward bloc and continued to call !or the !ull and i ediate independence o! india !ro british rule" )ith 3apanese onetary1 political1 diplo atic and ilitary assistance1 he !or ed the A2ad 7ind >o'ern ent in eEileand led the %ndian 0ational Ar y in the battle against the allies at % phal and in (ur a

Ri!t with >andhi 7is !unda ental di!!erence with >andhi" little belie! that constitutional and peace!ul ethods !or the attain ent o! !reedo " %n !a'our o! socialis and !or ed the 8#orward (loc9 to establish a socialist society in %ndia

Ad'ocated that the political instability o! war ti e (ritain should be taken ad'antage o! The leaders o! the o'e ent o! the people o! Princely states eEpected sy pathy and cooperation" (ose wanted the congress to help congress to help the people in their struggle !or !reedo whereas >andhi6i was opposed to any inter'ention

#or ation o! #orward bloc 5rd Ma 1959 at *alcutta

%deals o! #orward bloc to de'elop alternati'e leadership to congress socialist political party1 its i ediate ob6ecti'e was liberation o! %ndia1 with the support o! workers1 peasants1 youths and all radical organi2ations the bloc urged ilitant action !or struggle against the british state planning !or the reorgani2ation o! agriculture and industry on socialist lines abolition o! landlordis i"e Ja indari -yste A new onetary and credit syste

(ose was eye-sore to the british- arrested on 6uly /nd 194@- kept under house arrest in his *alcutta residence" Fn 3anuary 1A119411 he disguised hi sel! as a Pathan1 went to Peshawar and !ro there he reached A!ghanistan then he o'ed on to Moscow !ro where on March /H 19411 he !lew o'er to (erlin" *ircu stances leading to !or ation o! %0A 1" %ndian independence league - The indian li'ing in terrorites !reed !ro &uropeaon do ination organi2ed the sel'es into association !or the liberation o! %ndia and ser'ing the interests o! o'erseas %ndians" Fut o! these associations was born the idea o! an indian independence league" The league ai ed at obili2ing the e bers o! the indian co unity !or the purpose o! securing indian independence" The league ca e under the headship o! -"*"(ose a!ter he arri'ed in -outh &ast Asia" /" The Tokyo *on!erence$ held on March /H to 51 194/ including %ndian %ndependence League and %ndian 0ational *ouncil1 as well as s aller local %ndian associations and clubs" - !ollowing decisions were taken ,i. to eEpand and strengthen the indian %ndependence league ,ii. to !or under the o'erall co and o! the league an indian 0ational Ar y ,iii. to hold a con!erence at (angkok to consolidate these decisions 5" (angkok *on!erence 7eld !ro 6une 1= to /5 194/- ore than 1=@ delegates attend !ro Malaya1 -ingapore1 (ur a1 Thailand17ongkong1 Manila"

#ollowing resolution pssed$- in'itation to bose to co e !ro &urope to lead this o'e ent - !or ation o! a council o! action to control and guide the whole o'e ent 4" indian 0ational Ar y 1st -epte ber 194/in -outh &ast Asia -beca e ilitary ar o! %ndian %ndependence league" -ai o! ar y to o'erthrow the british with the help o! 3apanese assistance Role o! %0A in the #reedo -truggle

Fn /6th August 19451he took the charge o! %0A and beca e supre e co ander 1" Pro'isional go'ern ent o! #ree %ndiaK on /1sr Fctober 1945 AD (ose established the interi >o'ern ent o! independent %ndia- which was recogni2ed by 3apan1 >er any1 %taly1 china1 (ur a1 +orea The slogan 8>i'e e blood and % shall gi'e you !reedo beca e the battle cry o! the %0A" 3apan gi'e island o! Anda an and 0icobar to (ose"-na ed these island -hahed and -wara6 /" Declaration o! war$ on /5rd Fctober 1945 in eeting it was decided to start war against C-A and &ngland" 5" %0A Dictories in -"&"Asia$ !ought against british in (ur a and any s all territories; : killed in aeroplane crash on his way to Tokyo 4" #ate o! the %0A- Rangoon ,(ur a. recaptured by the british early in May 194=- the surrender o! 3apan on August 1= sealed the !ate o! %0A also" =" The Red #ort Trial$ re!er to court artial o! nu ber o! o!!icers o! %ndian 0ational Ar y - !or treason1 torture1 urder and abet ent o! urder -igni!icance 1" -"*"(ose was gi'en honour all o'er the world" /" %n spite o! the aggressi'e and wide spread opposition1 the court artial was carried out and all three de!endants was sentenced to deportation !or li!e1 but public pressure !orced to release the prisoners 5" The %0A inspired uprising in the Ar ed !orces o! the country" The %ndian na'y rose in re'olt at (o bay1 culcutta adras and +arachi in #eb 1946" These re'olts shot or destroyed the 'ery !oundation in which the british e pire rested"