Enabling Technologies of the World Wide Web

The World Wide Web

www is a system of internet servers that support

hypertext to access several internet protocol on a single interface. Includes e-mail, FTP, Gopher, Telnet. HTTP is its own protocol. Fastest growing component of the internet Provides a vast array of experiences including multimedia presentations, real-time collaborations, interactive pages, radio and television broadcast and the automatic push of information to client computer

Client-Server Applications
Sr no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Application World wide web Email File transfer Chat Usernet Newsgroup Interactive text oriented commn Network Management System Protocol HTTP SMTP POP FTP Internet Relay Chat Protocol ( IRC ) NNTP ( N/w News xfer Protocol ) Remote login sessions Telnet SNM ( Simple N/w Mgmt. Protocol ) Wide Area Info Servers ( WAIS ) Purpose Hypertext docs, exe programs Allows transmission of text msgs Downloads and uploads Chats forums, messages Running programs remotely Remote and local mngmnt of servers,routers,etc Allows user to share info.

Library

Various Applications

Telnet- allows computer to log into internet

and use online databases, chat services. File Transfer Protocol Indentifying Data types with multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME)-identifies the type of data receiving. Simple Network Management Protocol

Networks and Internet

Communication Switching Circuit Switching Packet switching

Developments in transmission

Carrying capacity Bandwith Universities-1,544,000-45,000,000 bps Narrow band 14000 to 56000 bps Midband- 128000bps
o Asynchronous Digital subscriber line, Integrated Service Digital Network o QoS

 Network Routers- transfer data between

networks that use different networking technology Network Switches- hardware that joins multiple networks in a LAN

Internet Protocol Suite

Protocol required for exchange of data TCP/IP is networking protocol of Internet Network interface are assigned IP address TCP/IP o Static o Dynamic (Auto Assigning in a Network)

The design principles involved:

Interoperable (Multi vendor support) Layered (IP layers) Simple (Each Layer specific function) End-to-End (Application Layer)

Internet Protocol

IP Address is a number that represents a device

uniquely on the Internet or intranet. It is a binary number but for convenience four decimel number such as 192.168.1.1
Class A: Massive Network WAN 16 million Nodes Class B: Medium Network MAN 65000 Nodes Class C: Private/Corporate LAN 254 Nodes

Subnet & Intranet IP

Subnet Masks Differentiate network into subnetworks Subnet Default

o o o

Class A: 255.0.0.0 Class B: 255.255.0.0 Class C: 255.255.255.0

Intranet Addresses (No conflict with Internet)

o Class A: 10.0.0.0 o Class B: 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.0.0 o Class C: 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.0

Intranet addresses treated private networks Accessing router using 192.168.0.1

Domain Name Server

IP Address to Domain Names

Millions of addresses o DNS Domain Name Server o DNS distributed across servers lowering query time o If Single server, world wide web would be world wide wait.
o

IPv6

Next generation of IP Current IPv4 run out of IP addresses 4 Billion addresses and over Shift from 32 bit to 128 bit IPv6 Addresses virtually unlimited IP

TCP/IP Architecture
TCP/IP protocol suite has 4 layers Each layer adds a header file to data for the counterpart to decode.

Each layer adds a header for receiving end to decode. Receiving layer decodes header sends to next layer.

Search Engines

First Archie in 1990 Post-1997: Yahoo, Google, MSN, Bing etc. Keyword Searching
o o

Text query & Retrieval using keyword. Pulls out significant pages matching query

Concept Based Searching

o o

Based on subject/theme rather than keyword Examination of nearby words give different context and thus give different results Heart: Blood, pump, attack etc. Heart: Love, candy, valentine etc.

Refining the Search

Basic Advanced

SOFTWARE AGENTS :

PART OF INTER-ORGANIZATIONAL E-COMMERCE. PERFORM INFORMATION GATHERING TASKS LIKE

LOCATING ACCESSING FILTERING UNWANTED INFORMATION PROVIDING DECISION SUPPORT

AGENTACTS OR EXERTS POWER

AUTONOMOUS INTELLIGENT COLLABERATIVE ADAPTIVE ENITITY Intelligence is the ability to infer and execute needed actions, and seek and incorporate relevant information, given certain goals.

2 MAJOR APPLICATIONS : INFORMATION ACCESS NAVIGATION OTHER APPLICATIONS:

1. MUNDANE PERSONAL ACTIVITY..Need new ways 2. SEARCH AND RETRIEVAL.Fast Pace 3. REPETITIVE OFFICE ACTIVITYAutomation 4. DECISION SUPPORT.Quick Support 5. DOMAIN EXPERTS.Support for Specialised domain

TYPOLOGY OF AGENTS :

1. MOBILITY
STATIC MOBILE

2. EITHER
DELIBERATIVE REACTIVE

3. IDEAL & PRIMARY ATTRIBUTES

AUTONOMY LEARNING COOPERATION

CLASSIFICATION OF S/W AGENTS

1. COLLABORATIVE AGENTS :

ACT RATIONALLY AND AUTONOMOUSLY CHARACTERISTICS AUTONOMY, RESP. & PROACTIVENESS STATIC, LARGE, COARSE-GRAINED AGENTS BUT DO NOT PERFORM ANY COMPLEX LEARNING. MOTIVATION FOR COLLABORATIVE AGENTS
TOO LARGE PROBLEMS FOR CENTRALIZED SINGLE AGENT TO DO DUE TO RESOURCE LIMITATIONS INTERCONNECTION & INTEROPERATION OF MULTIPLE EXISTING LEGACY SYSTEMS EG. DSS,EXPERT SYSTEMS etc. TO PROVIDE SOLUTIONS WHERE THE EXPERTISE IS DISTRIBUTED E.G. HEALTHCARE PROVISIONING.

2. INTERFACE AGENTS :

INTERFACE AGENTS EMPHASIZE AUTONOMY AND LEARNING IN ORDER TO PERFORM TASKS FOR THEIR OWNER IT IS LIKE PERSONAL ASSISTANT COLLABORATING WITH USER MAY NOT REQUIRE EXPLICIT AGENT COMM. LANGUAGE LEARNING
a. OBSERVING & IMITATING USER b. RECEIVING +/- FEEDBACK FROM USER c. RECEIVING INSTRUCTIONS FROM USER d. ASKING OTHER AGENTS FOR ADVICE..FROM PEERS

3. MOBILE AGENTS :

COMPUTATIONAL SOFTWARE PROCESSES CAPABLE OF ROAMING WANS INTERACT, GATHER INFORMATION. BENEFITS : COMMUNICATION COST
LIMITED RESOURCES EASIER COORDINATION NATURAL DEVLEOPMENT ENVIRONMENT

4. INFORMATION AGENTS :

ALSO CALLED INTERNET AGENTS. CAUSE OF THE DEMAND FOR TOOLS OF EXORBITENT AMOUNTS OF INFORMATION. PERFORM ROLE OF : MANAGING MANIPULATING COLLATING INFORMATION DEFINED AS WHAT THEY DO

5. REACTIVE SOFTWARE AGENTS :

SPECIAL CATEGORY OF AGENTS DO NOT POSSESS INTERNAL,SYMBOLIC MODELS RELATIVELY SIMPLE INTERACT WITH OTHER AGENTS IN BASIC WAYS BENEFITS :
HOPE IS THERE FOR THEM TO BE ROBOUST FLEXIBILITY ADAPTIBILITY CAN ADDRESS NON-MONOTONIC REASONING PROBLEM

6. HYBRID AGENTS :

MAX. STRENGTHS & MIN. DEFICIENCIES STRENGTHS OF BOTH DELIBERATIVE & REACTIVE COMBINATION OF 2 OR MORE AGENT PHYLOSOPHIES MOBILE, INTERFACE, COLLABERATIVE
PHYLOSOPHIES

CRITICISMS
TRANSLATES TO AD-HOC OR UNPRINCIPLED DESIGNS THEORY NOT SPECIFIED VERY APPLICATION SPECIFIC

7.HETEROGENOUS AGENTS :

UNLIKE HYBRID-2 OR MORE AGENTS OF DIFFERENT CLASS. MAY CONTAIN 1 OR MORE HYBRID AGENTS KEY REQUIREMENT-AGENT COMMUNICATION LANGUAGE (ACL) BENEFITS :
STANDALONE APPLICATIONS HELPS FOR VAS SOFTWARE LEGACY PROBLEM AMELIORATED AGENT-BASED SOFTWARE ENGINEERING

8. SMART AGENTS :

LEARN, COOPERATE AND ARE AUTONOMOUS

SOFTWARE AGENTS AT WORK

AUCTION WATCHERS,COMPARISON SHOPPERS, SITE RECOMMENDERS ,PORTFOLIO ASSISTANTS PACE IN EXISTING AND EXPERIMENTAL USAGE. INFORMATION IS BECOMING MORE DIFFICULT FOR MANAGE. INTELLIGENT SOFTWARE AGENTS USED INTERFACE, SOFTBOT AND MAINLY MULTI-AGENTS USED.

INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER

COMMERCIALIZATION OF INTERNET

COMMERCIALIZATION OF USERS

COMMERCIALIZATION OF ISP

COMPANIES ( Paid )

INDIVIDUALS ( Paid )

Internet network of several networks. Some interconnected networks:

o o o Interconnected backbones international reach (Network Service Providers). Access/delivery sub-networks (Local & Regional ISPs). Private & institutional networks.

USER ISSUES REQUEST REQUEST TRAVERSES AN ISP NETWORK MOVES OVER SEVERAL BACKBONES ACROSS ANOTHER ISP NETWORK COMPUTER CONTAINING INFORMATION

ISPs IN INDIA

Internet in India early 1990s.

ERNet
DEPARTMENT of ELECTRONICS

NICNet
DEPARTMENT of STATISTICS

EDUCATIONAL & RESEARCH INSTITUTES

GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS & ORGANIZATIONS

STPI (Software Technology Parks of India) Software exporters. VSNL (Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited) 15 Aug, 1995.
o Gateway Internet Access Service ( gias ). o Public internet access.

ISP POLICY of GOVERNMENT of INDIA

Any company set up in India eligible to set up ISP. License period 15 years. First 5 years no fee. Subsequent years Re.1 / annum. Different licenses for different areas.

CATEGORY A
ENTIRE INDIA

CATEGORY B
20 TELECOM CIRCLES DELHI, MUMBAI, KOLKATA

CATEGORY C
SECONDARY SWITCHING AREAS OF DoT

Company can get any no. of licenses. No limit on no. of licenses to company in a particular area. International connectivity through authorized public/government organizations like DoT, VSNL, Telephony on internet is not permitted.

HTML

Hyper Text Markup Language. Powerful document processing language. Focuses on content of document. Made up of links to other documents/links. Embed tags define how browser will display content.

JavaScript

Object based scripting language authors constructing HTML documents for viewing in NN, IE and other browsers. Examples of using JavaScript:
o o Web page displays proverbs at top of the page. Fortune telling page collects viewer information displays personalized set of predictions.

XML

Extensible Markup Language W3C (World Wide Web Consortium). Platform Text and media to be combined, exchanged & published. Meta language language that describes other languages.
XML DOCUMENT

LOGICAL STRUCTURES

PHYSICAL STRUCTURE

DIVIDES DOCUMENT

COMPONENTS OF DOCUMENT ENTITIES

UNITS & SUB UNITS (ELEMENTS)

NAMED & STORED SEPARATELY