FRUIT AND SEED MORPHOLOGY

THE OVULE

Structure of the ovule

1. Ovule attached to placenta by funiculus 2. Point of attachment on ovule = hilum 3. Junctions of intergument and nucellus = chalaza 4. Nucellus = Main body of ovule 5. Interguments = 2 coats surround nucellus 6. Embryo sac = In the nucellus, carrying embryo

Embryo sac

TYPE OF PLACENTATION
Placenta Ridge of tissue, parenchymous, ovary inner wall, where ovule attach Placentation the manner/way placenta are distributed in the cavity of the ovary The origin of ovule or group of ovule determines the position of placenta

1. Marginal ovary is one-chambered. Placenta along the junction of the two margins of the carpel (suture) 2. Axile Ovary, two-chambered (or more). Placenta bearing ovules develop from central axis

Marginal

Axile

3. Parietal ovary one-chambered and placenta bearing ovule on the inner wall of the ovary 4. Central Partition or septa walls in young ovary breakdowns, so ovary becomes one-chambered and placenta develop from the central axis

Parietal

Parietal

5. Free-central Placenta arises from base of ovary, swollen central axis and ovules all over the axis surface. 6. Basal Ovary uni-locular and placenta develops directly on receptacle, single ovule on base of ovary.

Pollination
Transference of pollen grain from anther to stigma Pollinators : wind, insects, water, human

FERTILIZATION
Fusion of two dissimilar sexual reproductive units called gametes

FERTILIZATION

FERTILIZATION PROCESS
After pollination, pollen tube germination Tube reach ovule Enter embryo-sac through micropyle and nucellus and reach egg apparatus Pollen tube burst and release sperm cells One sperm migrates to egg cells (synergids) Another migrates to central cell (polar nuclei)

Double fertilization
Double fertilization because both sperm nucleus fuses with egg and polar nuclei One sperm nucleus (n) + egg nucleus (n) = zygote (2n) One sperm nucleus (n) + polar nuclei (2n) = endopsperm (3n)

Embryo development/stages : (a) globular (b) heart (c) torpedo (d) mature

THE FRUIT
Matured or ripened ovary Protection and distribution (dispersal) of seeds Ovary wall = tissue of fruits

FRUIT PARTS
1. Pericarp Fruit wall, developed from ovary wall a. Ectocarp or exocarp or epicarp Outermost layer of pericarp b. Mesocarp - Middle layer c. Endocarp - Innermost differentiated layer of pericarp

Epicarp/Exocarp
Thin layer, outermost Skin of fruits

Mesocarp
Middle part Pulpy or fleshy mango, peach, plum

exocarp endocarp

mesocarp

Thin and membranous orange Hard and stony palms, mango

epicarp mesocarp endocarp (juice sac) pericarp

Endocarp

embryo

endosperm

epicarp mesocarp endocarp

exocarp

endocarp

mesocarp

FRUIT TYPES
1. Simple Derived from a single ovary in a single flower

2. Aggregate Derived from many ovaries of a single flower

Flower bud

Aggregate fruit

Berry Rubus sp.

3. Multiple fruits
Derived from ovaries of several flowers on a common axis
BRACT

FRUIT

AXIS

Pineapple - Ananas cosmosus

Noni / mengkudu - Morinda citrifolia

FRUIT CATEGORIES
A. Pericarp dry and dehiscent Fruit dry Fruit split or open at maturity B. Pericarp dry and indehiscent Fruit dry but do not split at maturity C. Type : Pericarp fleshy Fruit juicy, fleshy or with juice sac

A. Pericarp dry and dehiscent

1. Legume or pod Family Fabaceae. From single carpel, dehisces along both suture.
SUTURE

2. Follicle - Develops from a single carpel and opens along one suture

Magnolia grandiflora

Milkweed Asclepias sp.

3. Capsule
Derives from compound carpels and with few to many seeds. Dehisces in various ways

Cotton Gossypium sp.

Poppy Papaver somniferum

Capsule orchid

4. Silique Family Brassicaraceae. Superior ovary, two locules, dehisces along two sutures, central persistent partition

5. Silicula like silique but broader

6. Loment a legume but separates transversely between seed sections

Desmodium sp.

B. Pericarp dry and indehiscent

1. Achene One seeded, attached to fruit wall at one point, fruit derived from a oneloculed superior ovary

seed

ACHENE

2. Caryopsis One seeded with seed coat adnate/stick to the fruit wall. Poaceae family

Grass

Rice

3. Nut One seeded, hard pericarp derived from a one-loculed ovary.

Hazel nut

4. Samara With outgrowth of the ovary wall, which forms a wing-like structure
CARPEL

5. Schizocarp consisting of two carpels that splits, when mature along the midline into two one seeded indehiscent halves. Umbelliferae family : Carrot (Daucus sp)

C. Pericarp fleshy
1. Berry Compound ovary. Many seeds (ovules), fleshy, difficult to differentiated between endocarp and mesocarp
locule

axis pericarp

placenta

2. Hesperidum

type of berry, thick leathery

rind/peel (skin), numerous oil glands, thick juicy sac. Peel is exocarp and mesocarp outgrowth from endocarp wall exocarp mesocarp endocarp (juice sac) pericarp

3. Pepo Berry from inferior ovary. Outer wall (rind) consist of receptacle tissue that fused with exocarp. The flesh is mesocarp and endocarp.

4. Pome Berrylike fruit derived from inferior ovary. Flesh, enlarged hypanthium and the core derived from ovary. Rosaceae family
(receptacle)

Apple Malus sp.

5. Drupe Derived from a single carpel and usually one-seeded. Hard endocarp. Exocarp thin and mesocarp forms the edible flesh.

Coconut Cocos nucifera

SEED MORPHOLOGY
SEED PARTS
1. Aril Outgrowth of funiculus, raphe or interguments or fleshy interguments or seed coat, a sarcotesta 2. Chalaza funiculur end of seed body 3. Embryo Young sporophyte, consist of epicotyl, hypocotyl, radicle and one or more cotyledone 4. Endosperm food reserve tissue is seed

5. Hilum funiculur end on a seed coat 6. Microphyle hole through seed coat 7. Raphe ridge on seed coat form from adnate funiculus 8. Seed coat outer protective layer or cover of seed

chalaza

nucellus raphe embryo sac

intergument

funiculus

EMBRYO PARTS
1. Coleoptile protective sheath around epicotyl in grasses 2. Coleorhiza protective sheath around radcile in grasses 3. Cotyledone embryonic leaf or leaves in seed 4. Epicotyl apical end of embryo axis that gives rise to shoot system

MONOCOTYLEDONOUS SEED

scutellum

Coleoptile

5. Hypocotyle embryonic stem in seed, below cotyledone 6. Plumule embryonic leaf or leaves in seed, derived from epicotyl 7. Radicle basal end of embryo axis that gives rise to root system

DICOTYLEDONOUS SEED

HILUM

Sarcotesta of rambutan Nephelium lappaceum

ARIL

TYPE OF GERMINATION
1. Epigeal germination Cotyledones are pushed upwards by rapid elongation of the hypocotyl epi (upon) ge (earth) Cotyledones becomes flat (look like leaf) Cotyledones dries up and fall

2. Hypogeal germination Cotyledones remain in the soil Epicotyl pushes the plumule upwards Hypo (below) ge (earth)