WHATISABUS?

FUNDAMENTALSOFBUS PROTECTION
KevinWright SeniorProtectionEngineer SacramentoMunicipalUtilityDistrict
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WHATISABUS?
Allconnectionsareatthesamevoltage.

WHATISABUS?
Allconnectionsareatthesamevoltage. Madeofbusbarsuchasinswitchgearor, overheadtransmissionlineconductorortube suchasinopenairsubstations.

WHATISABUS?
Allconnectionsareatthesamevoltage. Madeofbusbarsuchasinswitchgearor, overheadtransmissionlineconductorortube suchasinopenairsubstations. Node

WHATISABUS?
Allconnectionsareatthesamevoltage. Madeofbusbarsuchasinswitchgearor, overheadtransmissionlineconductorortube suchasinopenairsubstations. Node ZeroImpedance

BUSCONFIGURATIONS
SingleBus/SingleBreaker

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BUSCONFIGURATIONS
SingleBus/SingleBreaker BreakerandAHalf

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BUSCONFIGURATIONS
SingleBus/SingleBreaker BreakerandAHalf DoubleBus/DoubleBreaker

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BUSCONFIGURATIONS
SingleBus/SingleBreaker BreakerandAHalf DoubleBus/DoubleBreaker MainandTransfer

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BUSCONFIGURATIONS
SingleBus/SingleBreaker BreakerandAHalf DoubleBus/DoubleBreaker MainandTransfer Ring

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BUSPROTECTIONCHALLENGES
Varietyofconfigurations

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BUSPROTECTIONCHALLENGES
Varietyofconfigurations Largenumberofconnections

BUSPROTECTIONCHALLENGES
Varietyofconfigurations Largenumberofconnections
F Foranexternal lf fault, l onesetof fcurrenttransformers f (CTs)willseetotalcurrent

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BUSPROTECTIONCHALLENGES
Varietyofconfigurations Largenumberofconnections
Foranexternalfault, fault onesetofcurrenttransformers(CTs) willseetotalcurrent

BUSPROTECTIONCHALLENGES
Varietyofconfigurations Largenumberofconnections
F Foranexternal lf fault, l onesetof fcurrenttransformers f (CTs)willseetotalcurrent

Highavailablefaultcurrent
CTsaturation

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CURRENTTRANSFORMEREQUIVALENTCIRCUIT

[1]

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CURRENTTRANSFORMEREQUIVALENTCIRCUIT

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TYPESOFBUSPROTECTION
Overcurrent T i Bl Trip Blocking ki Schemes S h CommunicationBasedSchemes HighImpedanceCurrentDifferential LowImpedanceCurrentDifferential Distance LinearCoupler ArcFlashDetection
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DIFFERENTIALPROTECTION
Currentdifferentialprotectionverifiesthatall current tthat th tfl flowsi into t apiece i of fequipment i t alsoflowsout.

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DIFFERENTIALPROTECTION
Currentdifferentialprotectionverifiesthatall current tthat th tfl flowsi into t apiece i of fequipment i t alsoflowsout.
HighImpedancebusdifferentialprotectioncan accommodateanynumberofterminals. Minimizessaturationeffect.

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DIFFERENTIALPROTECTION
Currentdifferentialprotectionverifiesthatall current tthat th tfl flowsi into t apiece i of fequipment i t alsoflowsout.
Lowimpedancebusdifferentialprotectioncan accommodateavarietyofcurrenttransformer ratios,buthasalimitednumberofcurrentinputs.

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LINEARCOUPLER
VoltageDifferential
AirCoreMutualReactors Couplersareconnectedinseries Nosaturationduetoaircore

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PROSANDCONS
TYPE Overcurrent PROS Simple Inexpensive CONS Slow Nothighlyselective

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PROSANDCONS
TYPE Overcurrent TripBlockingSchemes PROS Simple Inexpensive Highspeed Selective CONS Slow Nothighlyselective Additionalwiring Dependence onotherrelays TYPE Overcurrent TripBlockingSchemes CommunicationBased Schemes

PROSANDCONS
PROS Simple Inexpensive Highspeed Selective Highspeed Selective CONS Slow Nothighlyselective Additionalwiring Dependence onotherrelays Microprocessorbasedrelays required

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PROSANDCONS
TYPE Overcurrent TripBlockingSchemes CommunicationBased Schemes PROS Simple Inexpensive Highspeed Selective Highspeed Selective CONS Slow Nothighlyselective Additionalwiring Dependence onotherrelays Microprocessorbasedrelays required DedicatedmatchedCTs required TYPE Overcurrent TripBlockingSchemes CommunicationBased Schemes

PROSANDCONS
PROS Simple Inexpensive Highspeed Selective Highspeed Selective CONS Slow Nothighlyselective Additionalwiring Dependence onotherrelays Microprocessorbasedrelays required DedicatedmatchedCTs required Li it d number Limited b of fcircuits i it

HighImpedanceDifferential HighspeedSelective Easy toset Easilyexpandable

HighImpedanceDifferential HighspeedSelective Easy toset Easilyexpandable L Impedance Low I d Diff Differential ti l High Hi hspeed dSelective S l ti Canuseshared unmatched CTs Flexible

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PROSANDCONS
TYPE Overcurrent TripBlockingSchemes CommunicationBased Schemes PROS Simple Inexpensive Highspeed Selective Highspeed Selective CONS Slow Nothighlyselective Additionalwiring Dependence onotherrelays Microprocessorbasedrelays required DedicatedmatchedCTs required Li it d number Limited b of fcircuits i it TYPE Overcurrent TripBlockingSchemes CommunicationBased Schemes

PROSANDCONS
PROS Simple Inexpensive Highspeed Selective Highspeed Selective CONS Slow Nothighlyselective Additionalwiring Dependence onotherrelays Microprocessorbasedrelays required DedicatedmatchedCTs required Li it d number Limited b of fcircuits i it

HighImpedanceDifferential HighspeedSelective Easy toset Easilyexpandable L Impedance Low I d Diff Differential ti l High Hi hspeed dSelective S l ti Canuseshared unmatched CTs Flexible HighspeedSelective Reliable

HighImpedanceDifferential HighspeedSelective Easy toset Easilyexpandable L Impedance Low I d Diff Differential ti l High Hi hspeed dSelective S l ti Canuseshared unmatched CTs Flexible HighspeedSelective Reliable Highspeed

LinearCoupler

Expensive Dedicatedcouplers
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LinearCoupler ArcFlashDetection

Expensive Dedicatedcouplers Limitedapplication

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References
[1] A. R. Leoni and J. E. Bowen, Improving Safety and Reliability Via Cost-Effective Upgrades of Existing Systems, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 130-138, Jan./Feb. 2007 [2] H. J. Li of Westinghouse, Applied Protective Relaying, 1979

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