CHAPTER-I INTRODUCTION

1.2 INTRODUCTION OF FOUR WHEELER INDUSTRY

BIRTH OF THE CAR The birth of the car as we know it today occurred over a period of years. It was only in 1885 that the first real car rolled down on to the streets. The earlier attempts, though successful, were steam powered road-vehicles. The first self-propelled car was built by icolas !ugnot in 1"#$ which could attain speeds of upto # kms%hour. In 1""1 he again designed another steam-driven engine which ran so fast that it rammed into a wall, recording the world&s first accident. In 18'" (rancois Isaac de )iva* designed the first internal combustion engine. This was subse+uently used by him to develop the world&s first vehicle to run on such an engine, one that used a mi,ture of hydrogen and o,ygen to generate energy. This spawned the birth of a number of designs based on the internal combustion engine in the early nineteenth century with little or no degree of commercial success. In 18#' thereafter, -ean -oseph .tienne /enoir built the first successful two-stroke gas driven engine. In 18#0 he again built an e,perimental vehicle driven by his gas-engine, which ran at a speed of 1 kms%hour. These cars became popular and by 18#5 could be fre+uently espied on the roads. The ne,t ma2or leap forward occurred in 1885 when the four stroke engine was devised. 3ottileb4amlier and icolas 5tto worked together on the mission till they fell apart. 4aimler created his own engines which he used both for cars and for the first four wheel horseless carriage. In the meanwhile, unknown to them, 6arl 7en*, was in the process of creating his own advanced tri-cycle which proved to be the first true car. This car first saw the light of the day in 188#. The season of e,periments continued across the seas in the 8nited 9tates where :enry (ord began work on a horseless carriage in 18$'. :e went several steps forward and in 18$#, completed his first car, the ;uadricycle in 18$#. This was an automobile powered by a two cylinder gasoline engine. The (ord <otor !ompany was launched in 1$'1 and in 1$'8 he catapulted his vehicle,
2

<odel T (ord to the pinnacle of fame. !ontinuing with his innovations, he produced this model on a moving assembly line, thus introducing the modern mass production techni+ues of the automobile industry.The modern car, therefore comes from a long list of venerated ancestors, and its lineage will, hopefully.

CARS

Utility Vehicle

TRUC!S

TRUC!S

TRUC!S "BUSESHe./y $.0&/e - t&%' /ayland !omet, Tiger >=shok layland@

"BUSESLi#ht $O%e t&%' "BUSES(e)i*+ $,-- t&%'

(iat 11'' >?=/@

-eep ><ahindra A <ahindra@

4odge and (argo >?=/@

7edford >:<@

:industan >:<@ 9tandard >9tandard <otors@

Tata <ercedes-7en* >Telco@

ADVENT OF CARS IN INDIA (rom the singsong rhythm of the bullock cart to the 2et-age, India has traveled a long way. =n average Indian&s dream car may not be the design-savvy :onda or the stately limousine, but he sure can dream, and afford, the <aruti now.

It was in 18$8 that the first motorcar rode down India&s roads. (rom then till the (irst Borld Bar, about C,''' cars were directly imported to India from foreign manufacturers. The growing demand for these cars established the inherent re+uirements of the Indian market that these merchants were +uick to pounce upon. The :industan <otors >:<@ was set up in 1$C0 and in 1$CC, ?remier =uto back mobile >?=/@ was established to manufacture automobiles in India. :owever, it was ?=/ who produced the first car in India in 1$C#, as :< concentrated on auto components and could produce their first car only in 1$C$. It was left to another company, <ahindra and <ahindra ><A<@ to manufacture sturdier utility vehicles, namely the =merican -eep. In the 5's, the 3overnment of India granted approval to only " car dealers to operate in India - :<, =?I, =//, 9<?I/, ?=/, <A< and Telco. he protectionist policies continued to remain in place. The #'s witnessed the establishment of the two-three wheeler industry in India and in the "'s, things remained much the same. 9ince the 8's, the Indian car Industry has seen a ma2or resurgence with the opening up of Indian shores to foreign manufacturers and collaborators. The $'s have become the melting point for the car industry in India. The consumer is king. :e is being constantly wooed by both the Indian and foreign manufacturers. Though sales had taken a dip in the first few months of 1$$$, it is back to boom time. ew models like <aruti&s !lassic, =lto, 9tation Bagon, (ord&s Ikon, the new look <itsubishi /ancer are all being launched with an eye on the emerging market.In these last years of the millennium, suffice it is to say that Indian cars will only grow from strength to strength.

1.2 AUTO(OBILE INDUSTRY HISTORY 1In the year 1"#$, a (rench engineer by the name of icolas -. !ugnot invented the first automobile to run on roads. This automobile, in fact, was a self-powered, three-wheeled, military tractor that made the use of a steam engine. The range of the automobile, however, was very brief and at the most, it could only run at a stretch for fifteen minutes. In addition, these automobiles were not fit for the roads as the steam engines made them very heavy and large, and re+uired ample starting time. 5liver .vans was the first to design a steam engine driven automobile in the 8.9. = 9cotsman, )obert =nderson, was the first to invent an electric carriage between 1810 and 181$. :owever, Thomas 4avenport of the 8.9.=. and 9cotsman )obert 4avidson were amongst the first to invent more applicable automobiles, making use of non-rechargeable electric batteries in 18C0. 4evelopment of roads made travelling comfortable and as a result, the short ranged, electric battery driven automobiles were no more the best option for travelling over longer distances. The =utomobile Industry finally came of age with :enry (ord in 1$1C for the bulk production of cars. This lead to the development of the industry and it first begun in the assembly lines of his car factory. The several methods adopted by (ord, made the new invention >that is, the car@ popular amongst the rich as well as the masses. =ccording the Hi t&2y &3 A*t&+&0ile I%)* t2y 89, dominated the automobile markets around the globe with no notable competitors. :owever, after the end of the 9econd Borld Bar in 1$C5, the =utomobile Industry of other technologically advanced nations such as -apan and certain .uropean nations gained momentum and within a very short period, beginning in the early 1$8's, the 8.9 =utomobile Industry was flooded with foreign automobile companies, especially those of -apan and 3ermany. The current trends of the 3lobal =utomobile Industry reveal that in the developed countries the =utomobile Industries are stagnating as a result of the drooping car markets, whereas the =utomobile Industry in the developing nations, such as, India and 7ra*il, have been consistently registering higher growth rates every passing year for their flourishing domestic automobile markets.

1.,I%)i.% A*t&+&0ile Hi t&2y 1The year 1$5" brought powerful high-performance cars such as <ercedes-7en* 1''9/. It was built on compact and styli*ed lines, and was capable of 01' km%h >1CC mph@. 4uring the 1$0's, cars e,hibited design refinements such as balloon tires, pressed-steel wheels, and four-wheel brakes. The origin of automobile is not certain. In this section of automobile history, we will only discuss about the phases of automobile in the development and modernisation process since the first car was shipped to India.Be will start automotive history from this point of time.

The automobile industry has changed the way people live and work. The earliest of modern cars was manufactured in the year 18$5. 9hortly the first appearance of the car followed in India. =s the century turned, three cars were imported in <umbai >India@. Bithin decade there were total of 1'05 cars in the city.

The dawn of automobile actually goes back to C''' years when the first wheel was used for transportation in India. In the begining of 15th century ?ortuguese arrived in !hina and the interaction of the two cultures led to a variety of new technologies, including the creation of a wheel that turned under its own power. 7y 1#''s small steam-powered engine models was developed, but it took another century before a full-si*ed engine-powered vehicle was created. The actual horseless carriage was introduced in the year 18$1 by brothers !harles and (rank 4uryea. It was the first internal-combustion motor car of =merica, and it was followed by :enry (ordDs first e,perimental car that same year. 5ne of the highest-rated early lu,ury automobiles was the 1$'$ )olls-)oyce 9ilver 3host that featured a +uiet #-cylinder engine, leather interior, folding windscreens and hood, and an aluminum body. It was usually driven by chauffeurs and emphasis was on comfort and style rather than speed. 4uring the 1$0's, the cars e,hibited design refinements such as balloon tires, pressed-steel wheels, and four-wheel brakes. 3raham ?aige 4! ?haeton of 1$0$ featured an 8-cylinder engine
6

and an aluminum body. The 1$1" ?ontiac 4e /u,e sedan had roomy interior and rear-hinged back door that suited more to the needs of families. In 1$1's, vehicles were less bo,y and more streamlined than their predecessors. The 1$C's saw features like automatic transmission, sealedbeam headlights, and tubeless tires. This was the Indian automobile history, and today modern cars are generally light, aerodynamically shaped, and compact.

INDIAN AUTO(OBILE INDUSTRY

Size of the Industry 2.6 Million Units Geographical distribution Percentage in world market Market Capitalization Jamshedpur, Pune, Lucknow, Gurgoan, Delhi, Mumbai, angalore, etc

Output per annum !s 2,""" crore per annum 6#$% &% o' the share T.0le %& 1- 1.1

B2ie3 i%t2&)*cti&% .0&*t i%)i.% .*t&+&0ile i%)* t2y

The Indian =utomobile industry includes two-wheelers, trucks, cars, buses and three-wheelers which play a crucial role in growth of the Indian economy. India has emerged as =siaDs fourth largest e,porter of automobiles, behind -apan, 9outh 6orea and Thailand. The country is e,pected to top the world in car volumes with appro,imately #11 million vehicles on the nationDs roads by 0'5'.The .conomic progress of this industry is indicated by the amount of goods and services produced which give the capacity for transportation and boost the sale of vehicles. There is a huge increase in automobile production with a catalyst effect by indirectly increasing the demand for a number of raw materials like steel, rubber, plastics, glass, paint, electronics and services.

(.24et C.5it.li6.ti&%

T&t.l c&%t2i0*ti&% t& ec&%&+y 7 .le

The share of =utomobile industry in the last decade in the Indian economy was around 5E of 34?. The Indian =utomobile industry has become the seventh largest in the world with an annual production of over 0.# million units in 0''$.

D&+e tic .%) e85&2t h.2e

The Indian =utomobile industry includes two-wheelers, trucks, cars, buses and threewheelers which play a crucial role in growth of the Indian economy. India has emerged as =siaDs fourth largest e,porter of automobiles, behind -apan, 9outh 6orea and Thailand. The country is e,pected to top the world in car volumes with appro,imately #11 million vehicles on the nationDs roads by 0'5'.The .conomic progress of this industry is indicated by the amount of goods and services produced which give the capacity for transportation and boost the sale of vehicles. There is a huge increase in automobile production with a catalyst effect by indirectly increasing the demand for a number of raw materials like steel, rubber, plastics, glass, paint, electronics and services.

<arket capitali*ation Total contribution to the economy% sales The share of =utomobile industry in the last decade in the Indian economy was around 5E of 34?. The Indian =utomobile industry has become the seventh largest in the world with an annual production of over 0.# million units in 0''$.

4omestic and .,port 9hare

?assenger !ar -- 05C#8101C"8 <ulti 8tility Fehicles -- 0#5C18$0 !ommercial Fehicles -- 1'1'81$$11 Two Bheelers -- 1''''005#"#5 Three Bheelers -- 0111851515 ?ercentage 3rowth -- 1#.#10.8 =ccording to the research of 9ociety of Indian =utomobile <anufacturers >9I=<@, the overall vehicle sales grew by 1' E in <ay 0'1' to 1,0'8,851 units, and 8 per cent over the previous month of =pril 0'1'. Two wheeler sales rose 0$ E, with motorcycle sales increasing 0#E to "05,111 units, and scooter sales risingE to 15",5'$ units in <ay 0'1'. !ommercial vehicle sales rose 58 E in <ay 0'1'. The medium and heavy commercial vehicle ><A:!F@ segment grew to 11.5 E at 0C5,'58 units and total commercial vehicle >!F@ sales went up to 18.1 E to 511,1$5 units in 0''$-1'. =t an estimated 05 E growth, the <A:!F segment would be about 1'#,''' unitsG total !F sales would be about ##C,''' units in 0'1'-11. <ahindra and <ahindra ><A<@ is the worldDs number one tractor company by selling a record of 1.5$ lakh tractors in 0''$ surpassing -ohn 4eere of the 89.

Top A <a2or <anufacturers in =utomobile Industry <aruti 8dyog /td. 3eneral <otors India (ord India /td. .icher <otors 7a2a2 =uto 4aewoo <otors India :ero <otors
10

:industan <otors :yundai <otor India /td. )oyal .nfield <otors Telco TF9 <otors 4! 4esigns 9wara2 <a*da /td .mployment opportunities India today is well known as a potential emerging automobile market and 2obs in the automobile industry are rising. 9everal foreign investments are pouring into Indian automobile industry. It has become a ma2or three-wheeler market and four-wheeler manufacturer in the world. India is also the second largest manufacturer of tractors. !andidates with bachelorDs degree in mechanical, electrical or automobile engineering are eligible to get good 2ob opportunities in automobile companies.

(or the candidates with diploma courses and ITI courses there are many opportunities in this industry. =utomobile companies even re+uire IT speciali*ations. Bhile technical education is offered by plenty of engineering and polytechnic colleges in India,. the eligible candidates are selected by the companies. The considerable wide scope of =utomobile sector, it is not that surprising that more and more candidates are dreaming to develop a career in =utomobile Industry. Bith foreign automobile companies like Folkswagen, =udi, )enault etc coming in and targeting India as a base for manufacturing cars, the scope for a career in =utomobile Industry is rising rapidly.

Hear of commencement A periods of development The =utomobile Industry of India has come a long way since in 18$8 the first car rolled out on the streets of <umbai >then 7ombay@. Indian auto industry, is currently growing at the pace of around 18 E per annum, has become a hot destination for global auto manufacturers
11

like Folvo, 3eneral <otors and (ord. The Indian =utomobile industry has adopted global standards which are manifested in the increasing e,ports of this sector. =fter a temporary decline in the years 1$$8- $$ and 1$$$-'', e,ports increased with robust growth rates of well over 5' per cent in 0''0-'1 and 0''1-'C each to e,ceed two and- a-half times the e,port figure for 0''1-'0.

The research of ministry of commerce and industry, shows high growth obtained since 0''1- '0 in automobile production which continued for the first three +uarters of the 0''C'5. The =nnual growth of the industry was 1#.' per cent in =pril-4ecember, 0''CG the growth rate in 0''1-'C was 15.1 per cent. The compound annual growth rate >!=3)@ of Indian =utomobile Industry is of 00 per cent between 1$$0 and 1$$". Bhile the investments e,ceeding to )s. 5',''' crore, the turnover of the industry was )s. 5$,518 crore in 0''0-'1. It even estimated to have e,ceeded )s.1, '',''' crore >894 00. "C billion@ in 0''1-'C.

?ollution The category for Indian =utomobile Industry is I)edI which represents the highly polluting industries 9everal =utomobile e,haust pollutants are as followsJ

:ydrocarbons - are emissions caused by partially burnt fuel molecules and they react in the presence of nitrogen o,ides and sunlight to from ground level o*one.

itrogen 5,ides are the gases of precursors to the formation of o*one and also contribute in the formation of acid rain. Ironically the catalytic converters are designed to break down nitrogen gases are generally forming nitrous o,ide which is more potent as pollutant than carbon dio,ide as greenhouse gas.

Bhen a vehicle starts !arbon <ono,ide is emitted without proper air supply, when the tuning of the vehicle is not proper and when a vehicle is driven at high altitudes where the o,ygen content is lesser than in the plains. !arbon mono,ide emissions great share comes from the commercial vehicles especially the heavier ones.

!arbon 4io,ide in greater +uantities traps the earthDs heat and contributes to global warming.
12

?ollution handling and environmental issues faced by the industry. If it is believed that smoking is harmful then there is a need to take a break from the personal automobile as the favorite set of wheels could be harming the environment and even the health more. =s rest of the world is catching up with the concept of personal cars in the country, where days back having a car for the entire family will soon become a thing of the past as each bread winner of the family wants his or her personal set of wheels. :ence it is would not be surprising that the pollution levels in several metros of the country like 4elhi, <umbai, 6olkata and 7angalore are on the increase. In the cars the pollution comes from the process of the evaporation of the fuel and from the by-products of the combustion process.

!ars use ?etrol and 4iesel which are a mi,ture of :ydrocarbons and compounds usually contain :ydrogen and carbon items. In simple terms the 5,ygen in the air converts all the :ydrogen in the fuel to water and !arbon in the fuel would be converted to !arbon 4io,ide. itrogen is supposed to remain unaffected in this whole process. :owever things are not that good as they look and engines are not that perfect either. 9everal types of harmful gases are emitted in the whole process of combustion which leaves the air polluted.

The government is taking and has taken steps to introduce catalytic converters in the country a few years back to reduce air pollution. In addition to this petrol with lead has been phased out from several parts of the country to cut down on lead particles in the e,haust.

In addition to this several cars and two wheeler companies are striving hard themselves to provide pollution free environment. !ompanies like Tata <otors and <ahindra are fine tuning their 4iesel engines for optimum performance and reduced emission. In the twowheelers category the companies like :ero :onda is providing pollution free vehicles.

Bith all this support from the companies, 3overnment has to take a proactive role to reduce the pollution levels in the country and should try phasing out old vehicles and impose heavy fines on cars and heavy vehicles that pollute the environment. It should provide ta, benefits to electric cas like )eva as they donDt pollute the environment and take very little space on the already congested Indian roads. Today in India several new trends are emerging to

13

tackle the problem of pollution like people are opting for car pools while a small number are cycling their way to work.

=chievements The development story of the Indian automobile industry cannot be complete without mentioning the ?ioneer <r. -.).4 TataDs role in setting up the Tata group with high standard .ngineering )esearch !entre >.)!@ in 1$#5 to facilitate technological advancement. ?ioneering the indigeni*ation of scientific knowledge for trucks in collaboration with <ercedes 7en*e and launched <aruti 8'' in the year 1$81 which changed the dynamics of the passenger car sector in India. It was also known as the peopleDs car. #'E of the Indian commercial vehicle market is dominated by Tata <otors.

The first automobile was launched in India in the year 18$" in 7ombay. Today India is being recogni*ed as a potential emerging auto market. The industry adds up foreign players to their investments. 8'E of the segment si*e is contributed by two-wheelers A motorcycles. Indian passenger vehicle market is dominated by cars >"$E@ unlike the 89=. India is the largest three-wheeler A two-wheeler market in the world. It is second largest tractor manufacturer in the world, fifth largest commercial vehicle manufacturer in the world.

India crossed the 1 million mark as the fourth largest car market in =sia recently. The industry is e,pected to grow to 89K C' billion by 0'15 from the current level of 89K " billion in 0''8. 7y the year 0'1# the industry is e,pected to contribute 1'E of the nationDs 34?.

Fery recently history has been created in the world of =utomobile Industry by )atan Tata, !hairman >Tata <otors@ by launching the worldDs cheapest car = 5. The price of the car was around one lakh which gained instant recognition in the automobile industry across the globe. It heralded the coming to age of the Indian =utomobile Industry.
14

India is the second /argest ?roducer of <otorcycles in the world >5.0 <ln@ after !hina which has a production volume of 10 <ln.The Indian =utomobile industry includes twowheelers, trucks, cars, buses and three-wheelers which play a crucial role in growth of the Indian economy. India has emerged as =siaDs fourth largest e,porter of automobiles, behind -apan, 9outh 6orea and Thailand. The country is e,pected to top the world in car volumes with appro,imately #11 million vehicles on the nationDs roads by 0'5'.The .conomic progress of this industry is indicated by the amount of goods and services produced which give the capacity for transportation and boost the sale of vehicles. There is a huge increase in automobile production with a catalyst effect by indirectly increasing the demand for a number of raw materials like steel, rubber, plastics, glass, paint, electronics and services.

<arket capitali*ation Total contribution to the economy% sales The share of =utomobile industry in the last decade in the Indian economy was around 5E of 34?. The Indian =utomobile industry has become the seventh largest in the world with an annual production of over 0.# million units in 0''$.

4omestic and .,port 9hare ?assenger !ar -- 05C#8101C"8 <ulti 8tility Fehicles -- 0#5C18$0 !ommercial Fehicles -- 1'1'81$$11 Two Bheelers -- 1''''005#"#5 Three Bheelers -- 0111851515 ?ercentage 3rowth -- 1#.#10.8 =ccording to the research of 9ociety of Indian =utomobile <anufacturers >9I=<@, the overall vehicle sales grew by 1' E in <ay 0'1' to 1,0'8,851 units, and 8 per cent over the previous month of =pril 0'1'. Two wheeler sales rose 0$ E, with motorcycle sales increasing 0#E to "05,111 units, and scooter sales risingE to 15",5'$ units in <ay 0'1'.
15

!ommercial vehicle sales rose 58 E in <ay 0'1'. The medium and heavy commercial vehicle ><A:!F@ segment grew to 11.5 E at 0C5,'58 units and total commercial vehicle >!F@ sales went up to 18.1 E to 511,1$5 units in 0''$-1'. =t an estimated 05 E growth, the <A:!F segment would be about 1'#,''' unitsG total !F sales would be about ##C,''' units in 0'1'-11. <ahindra and <ahindra ><A<@ is the worldDs number one tractor company by selling a record of 1.5$ lakh tractors in 0''$ surpassing -ohn 4eere of the 89.

Top A <a2or <anufacturers in =utomobile Industry <aruti 8dyog /td. 3eneral <otors India (ord India /td. .icher <otors 7a2a2 =uto 4aewoo <otors India :ero <otors :industan <otors :yundai <otor India /td. )oyal .nfield <otors Telco TF9 <otors 4! 4esigns 9wara2 <a*da /td .mployment opportunities

16

India today is well known as a potential emerging automobile market and 2obs in the automobile industry are rising. 9everal foreign investments are pouring into Indian automobile industry. It has become a ma2or three-wheeler market and two-wheeler manufacturer in the world. India is also the second largest manufacturer of tractors. !andidates with bachelorDs degree in mechanical, electrical or automobile engineering are eligible to get good 2ob opportunities in automobile companies.

(or the candidates with diploma courses and ITI courses there are many opportunities in this industry. =utomobile companies even re+uire IT speciali*ations. Bhile technical education is offered by plenty of engineering and polytechnic colleges in India,. the eligible candidates are selected by the companies. The considerable wide scope of =utomobile sector, it is not that surprising that more and more candidates are dreaming to develop a career in =utomobile Industry. Bith foreign automobile companies like Folkswagen, =udi, )enault etc coming in and targeting India as a base for manufacturing cars, the scope for a career in =utomobile Industry is rising rapidly.

Hear of commencement A periods of development The =utomobile Industry of India has come a long way since in 18$8 the first car rolled out on the streets of <umbai >then 7ombay@. Indian auto industry, is currently growing at the pace of around 18 E per annum, has become a hot destination for global auto manufacturers like Folvo, 3eneral <otors and (ord. The Indian =utomobile industry has adopted global standards which are manifested in the increasing e,ports of this sector. =fter a temporary decline in the years 1$$8- $$ and 1$$$-'', e,ports increased with robust growth rates of well over 5' per cent in 0''0-'1 and 0''1-'C each to e,ceed two and- a-half times the e,port figure for 0''1-'0.

The research of ministry of commerce and industry, shows high growth obtained since 0''1- '0 in automobile production which continued for the first three +uarters of the 0''C'5. The =nnual growth of the industry was 1#.' per cent in =pril-4ecember, 0''CG the growth rate in 0''1-'C was 15.1 per cent. The compound annual growth rate >!=3)@ of Indian =utomobile Industry is of 00 per cent between 1$$0 and 1$$". Bhile the investments e,ceeding to )s. 5',''' crore, the turnover of the industry was )s. 5$,518
17

crore in 0''0-'1. It even estimated to have e,ceeded )s.1, '',''' crore >894 00. "C billion@ in 0''1-'C.

?ollution The category for Indian =utomobile Industry is I)edI which represents the highly polluting industries 9everal =utomobile e,haust pollutants are as followsJ

:ydrocarbons - are emissions caused by partially burnt fuel molecules and they react in the presence of nitrogen o,ides and sunlight to from ground level o*one.

itrogen 5,ides are the gases of precursors to the formation of o*one and also contribute in the formation of acid rain. Ironically the catalytic converters are designed to break down nitrogen gases are generally forming nitrous o,ide which is more potent as pollutant than carbon dio,ide as greenhouse gas.

Bhen a vehicle starts !arbon <ono,ide is emitted without proper air supply, when the tuning of the vehicle is not proper and when a vehicle is driven at high altitudes where the o,ygen content is lesser than in the plains. !arbon mono,ide emissions great share comes from the commercial vehicles especially the heavier ones.

!arbon 4io,ide in greater +uantities traps the earthDs heat and contributes to global warming.

?ollution handling and environmental issues faced by the industry. If it is believed that smoking is harmful then there is a need to take a break from the personal automobile as the favorite set of wheels could be harming the environment and even the health more. =s rest of the world is catching up with the concept of personal cars in the country, where days back having a car for the entire family will soon become a thing of the past as each bread winner of the family wants his or her personal set of wheels. :ence it is would not be surprising that the pollution levels in several metros of the country like 4elhi, <umbai, 6olkata and 7angalore are on the increase. In the cars the pollution comes from the process of the evaporation of the fuel and from the by-products of the combustion process.
18

!ars use ?etrol and 4iesel which are a mi,ture of :ydrocarbons and compounds usually contain :ydrogen and carbon items. In simple terms the 5,ygen in the air converts all the :ydrogen in the fuel to water and !arbon in the fuel would be converted to !arbon 4io,ide. itrogen is supposed to remain unaffected in this whole process. :owever things are not that good as they look and engines are not that perfect either. 9everal types of harmful gases are emitted in the whole process of combustion which leaves the air polluted.

The government is taking and has taken steps to introduce catalytic converters in the country a few years back to reduce air pollution. In addition to this petrol with lead has been phased out from several parts of the country to cut down on lead particles in the e,haust.

In addition to this several cars and two wheeler companies are striving hard themselves to provide pollution free environment. !ompanies like Tata <otors and <ahindra are fine tuning their 4iesel engines for optimum performance and reduced emission. In the twowheelers category the companies like :ero :onda is providing pollution free vehicles.

Bith all this support from the companies, 3overnment has to take a proactive role to reduce the pollution levels in the country and should try phasing out old vehicles and impose heavy fines on cars and heavy vehicles that pollute the environment. It should provide ta, benefits to electric cas like )eva as they donDt pollute the environment and take very little space on the already congested Indian roads. Today in India several new trends are emerging to tackle the problem of pollution like people are opting for car pools while a small number are cycling their way to work.

=chievements The development story of the Indian automobile industry cannot be complete without mentioning the ?ioneer <r. -.).4 TataDs role in setting up the Tata group with high standard .ngineering )esearch !entre >.)!@ in 1$#5 to facilitate technological advancement. ?ioneering the indigeni*ation of scientific knowledge for trucks in collaboration with <ercedes 7en*e and launched <aruti 8'' in the year 1$81 which changed the dynamics of the passenger car sector in India. It was also known as the peopleDs car. #'E of the Indian commercial vehicle market is dominated by Tata <otors.

19

The first automobile was launched in India in the year 18$" in 7ombay. Today India is being recogni*ed as a potential emerging auto market. The industry adds up foreign players to their investments. 8'E of the segment si*e is contributed by two-wheelers A motorcycles. Indian passenger vehicle market is dominated by cars >"$E@ unlike the 89=. India is the largest three-wheeler A two-wheeler market in the world. It is second largest tractor manufacturer in the world, fifth largest commercial vehicle manufacturer in the world.

India crossed the 1 million mark as the fourth largest car market in =sia recently. The industry is e,pected to grow to 89K C' billion by 0'15 from the current level of 89K " billion in 0''8. 7y the year 0'1# the industry is e,pected to contribute 1'E of the nationDs 34?.

Fery recently history has been created in the world of =utomobile Industry by )atan Tata, !hairman >Tata <otors@ by launching the worldDs cheapest car = 5. The price of the car was around one lakh which gained instant recognition in the automobile industry across the globe. It heralded the coming to age of the Indian =utomobile Industry.

India is the second /argest ?roducer of <otorcycles in the world >5.0 <ln@ after !hina which has a production volume of 10 <ln.

TOP 19 INDIAN CARS $.cc&2)i%# t& .le i% 299:'

1. HYUNDAI SANTRO THE SANTRO IS SI(PLY THE CHA(PION OF THE ROAD

20

:yundai 9antro is one of the most popular cars. It is the perfect combination of fuel economy, power, ride comfort, reliability and performance. It is e+uipped with 1.1 litre engine and has options like =79 and automatic transmission. :yundai 9antro car has making waves in the automobile market for +uite some time now with sensible purchase price and reasonable resale value. The :yundai is powered by 1'8# cc .psilon engine that results in improved fuel efficiency, reduced emission, increased power and reduced maintenance costs. The timely styling updates of :yundai, the 9antro still looks and feels +uite contemporary.

2. (ARUTI SU;U!I SWIFT TECHNOLO<Y YOU=LL LOVE TO DRIVE. A NON-STOP E>CITE(ENT. <aruti 9u*uki was first unveiled at the 0''0 ?aris <otor 9how. 9ince its launch in <ay 0''5, 9wift has made a statement in the automobile market with its style, performance and handling. It is a compact car with a fresh design and dynamic features like small hatchbacks, nondescript styling and spacious interiors. <aruti 9wift is an eye-catching, more refined and user-friendly car that gives a pleasurable e,perience while driving. <aruti 9u*uki 9wift has made waves and has a long list of awards. It has won the !ar of the Hear 0''# award. 9wift is also listed as one of the bestlooking cars on sale in India today.

,. TATA INDI<O SPOIL YOURSELF IN THE LU>URY OF FUEL EFFICIENT TATA INDI<O Tata Indigo had redefined the style of driving dynamics. It has started a new era of comfort, style and power performance. 5ne canDt deny the fact that that the Tata Indigo offers power performance for your buck. The car is e+uipped with improved interior upholstery, hi-end music system, latest communication technology, front seat with built-in /!4 screen teamed with advanced 1.C litre engines. Tat Indigo is one notch ahead of others with its cabin space, fuel economy and ride comfort.

21

?. HONDA CITY DARE TO E>PLORE THE NICHE OF HONDA CITY WITH The :onda !ity is an astounding car. /onger, wider and sturdier- :onda !ity is one of those very few cars that has elevated the driving e,perience. The car measures CC0' mm in length longer and 1#$5 mm in width. The :onda !ity has sleeker and sturdier body shape. Its e,tended wheelbase creates a spacious cabin interior and makes efficient use of space for both the driver and the occupants.

-. S!ODA OCTAVIA RS FEEL THE CO(FORT@ SPORTY A<<RESSIVENESS AND PLEASURE IN RS 9koda 5ctavia )9 is all about fuel efficiency, ride comfort, refinement and cabin space. It has enough power for life at full throttle, but can be a comfortable and safe companion when you need to slow down and rela,. The car is a head-banging rock and roll bravo. 9koda 5ctavia )9 has enough power for life at full throttle. It is spacious, comfortable and safe companion to speed up and slow down.

A. (AHINDRA SCORPIO CRDe IT TA!ES THE ROU<H WITH THE S(OOTH AND !EEPS <OIN< WHERE OTHERS CAN=T... <ahindra and <ahindra popular for its 2eep have come a long way in a last decade. They have evolved with bigger and better cars models. The <ahindra 9corpio !)4e is the feather on the <A< hat. It has received overwhelming success and is one of the best 98F. It has stylish front radiator grill and bumper.

:. HONDA ACCORD

22

HONDA ACCORD - OVERFLOWIN< WITH LU>URY E>CELLENT FIT AND FINISH AND TECHNOLO<ICAL CREATIVITY :onda =ccord is indigenously simple yet powerful. 5ne canDt stop gushing at the sheer appeal of the car. :onda =ccord looks good, spacious and comfortable. :igh-?erformance look and wideopening doors for easy entry and e,it and supple leather trim with plenty interior room are some of its appealing features.

B. CHEVROLET TAVERA CHEVROLET TAVERA- SPACIOUS@ CO(FORTABLE AND FUEL EFFICIENT (UV !hevrolet Tavera is a multi-utility vehicle that has gained widespread reputation for its refinement, comforts and fuel-efficiency. The car is reasonably- priced which makes a lot of sense. The Tavera with its stylish interior and bold outlook is ruling everyoneDs heart. !hevrolet Tavera promises reliability and assurance to the buyers. C. TOYOTA INNOVA TOYOTA INNOVA- OWNER=S PRIDE FOR ITS CONTE(PORARY STYLIN< AND HI<H LEVELS OF REFINE(ENT Toyota Innova is populari*ed with its design, comfort, safety and new innovative features. Innova most appealing feature is its accommodation capacity for eight people. It has trend setting design and its interior is e+uipped with surrounding cabin, door bottle holder, mobile charger, ad2ustable passengerDs and driverDs seats, chrome plated door inside handle. The e,terior of the Innova car include superior multi reflector headlamps and towering height.

19. (ERCEDES-BEN; S-CLASS (ERCEDES-BEN;- PAC!ED WITH LU>URY AND PERFOR(ANCE

23

<ercedes-7en* is a series of the largest 9edans. It has advanced safety systems and smart interior features. The car has introduced the 9-!lass first airbag supplemental restraint systems, and electronic stability program.

1.? INDUSTRY STRUCTURE

St2*ct*2e1 The I%)i.% A*t&+&0ile i%)* t2y c.% 0e 02&.)ly cl. i3ie) i%t& 1 0%1 wheelers ?assenger cars !ommercial vehicles >/!F%<!F%:!F@ 8F >8tility Fehicles@ Tractors

The models in the car market can be fitted to different segments as given belowJ

24

C.te#&2y .conomy segment >up to )s '.05 mn@

(&)el <aruti 5mni, <aruti 8'' etc

<id si*e segment >)s '.05-'.C5 mn@

(iat 8no, :yundai 9antro, <aruti =lto, Tata Indicaetc

/u,ury !ar 9egment >'.C5-1mn@ 9uper lu,ury segment >above )s 1mn@

Tata Indigo, :onda !ity,etc <ercedes 7en* A other importedmodels

The economy segment has a very large foothold over the Indian automobile market ascompared to the midsi*e and lu,ury segment

Se#+e%t .conomy <id si*e lu,ury

(.24et Sh.2e $D' $'.0 $.8

EVENTS AND (ILESTONES

= behind- the- scenes look into the making of one of IndiaDs most vibrant industries. The landmarks along the way... 1C2B- The first imported car was seen on Indian roads

25

1C?2- :industan <otors incorporated 1C??- ?remier automobiles started 1C?B- (irst car manufactured in India 1C-,- The 3overnment of India decreed that only those firms which have a manufacturing program should be allowed to operate 1C--- 5nly seven firms, namely, :<, =?I, =//, 9<?I/, ?=/, <A < and T./!5 received approval. 1CA9 - 1C:9 - The two, three wheeler industry established a foothold in the Indian scenario. 1C:9 - 1CB9 ot much change was witnessed during this period. The ma2or factors affecting the

industry were the implementation of the <)T? =ct> <onopolies and Trade )estrictive ?ractices =ct@, (.)= >(oreign .,change )egulation =ct@ and the 5il 9hock of 1$"1 and 1$"$. 1CB9 - 1CC9 - The first phase of liberali*ation was announced by the 3ovt. -Bith the liberali*ation of the 3overnmentDs protectionist policies, the advantages hitherto en2oyed by the Indian car manufacturers like monopoly, oligopoly, slowly began to disappear. This period is also marked by the entry of a large number of firms in the market. C -apanese manufacturers entered the !ommercial Fehicle and Two- Bheeler market. The 3overnment agreed to the demand for allowing foreign collaboration in the automobile sector.The industry witnessed a resurgence due to ma2or policy changes like rela,ation in <)T? and (.)=, delicensing of some ancillary products, broad banding of the products and modification in the licensing policy. =lso, the concessions it gave to the private sector and the new foreign collaboration policy, all resulted in higher growth and better performance of the industry than in the earlier decades. The 3overnment of India tied up with 9u*uki Inc. of -apan which produced IndiaDs most successful car- the <aruti.

26

1CC1 - 8nder the 3ovt.Ds new ational Industrial ?olicy, the license ra2 was dispensed with, and the automobile industries were allowed to e,pand freely. 1CC, - Bith the winds of liberali*ation sweeping the Indian car market, many multinationals like 4aewoo, ?eugeot, general <otors, <ercedes-7en* and (iat came into the Indian car market. 1CC: - The ational :ighway ?olicy was announced which will hopefully have a positive impact

on the automobile industry. The 3overnment also laid down the emission standards to be met by car manufacturers in India in the coming millennium. There were two successively stringent emission levels to be met by =pril 0''' and =pril 0''5, respectively. These norms were benchmarked on the basis of those already adopted in .urope, hence the names .uro I >e+uivalent to India 0'''@ and the Indian e+uivalent of .uro II. 1CCC - The :on&ble 9upreme !ourt passed an order directing all car manufacturers to comply with .uro I emission norms >India 0''' norms@ by the 1st of <ay, 1$$$ in > !)@ of 4elhi. The deadline was later e,tended to 1st -une, 1$$$. ational !apital )egion

1.- T&5 A*t&+&0ile C&+5.%ie i% I%)i. 1=utomobile industry is booming in this century. India is one of the key players in the international automobile market. 5ne of the fastest growing sectors in India is the automobile industry. :igh demand for cars, two wheelers and other vehicles has driven the growth of the automobile sector .Introduction of easy repayment and finance schemes has given a boost to the automobile companies in India. The list below gives the name of the best automobile companies in India.

T.t. (&t&2 1 $EEE.t.t.+&t&2 .c&+' Tata <otors is one of the largest vehicle manufacturing companies in the world. This Indian multinational company manufactures a variety of automobiles including passenger cars, trucks, buses and military vehicles. In the past decade, this Tata subsidiary has ac+uired international automotive firms like -aguar /and )over and 4aewoo. ?opular Tata automobiles include ano, Indigo, 9tarbus and 9umo.

27

(.2*ti S*6*4i I%)i. Lt). $EEE.+.2*ti *6*4i.c&+' <aruti 9u*uki is the largest car manufacturer in India and holds 1"E market share in the passenger car segment >as of ov 0'10@. This automobile giant is a subsidiary of the -apanese automobile firm 9u*uki <otor !orp. 9ince its inception 1$81, the company has over 1' million cars till date. =lto, 9wift, .stilo and 9LC are some of the popular <aruti cars.

(.hi%)2. "(.hi%)2.$EEE.+.hi%)2..c&+' <ahindra is a well known automobile company in India, famous for its utility vehicles. 9tarting with selling 2eeps in 1$C", the company today manufactures and e,ports tractors, passenger cars, buses and trucks to India and other countries in the world. It has associations with global auto firms like )enault and (ord. Lylo, 7olero, L8F 5'' and <a,,imo are popular <ahindra automobiles. F&2ce (&t&2 $EEE.3&2ce+&t&2 .c&+' .stablished in 1$58 in ?une, (orce <otors is a manufacturer of light to heavy commercial vehicles including those for agricultural and logistics purposes. Its brands include <an (orce Trucks, 7alwan Tractors, Traveller 9chool 7us and Tra, !ruiser. )ecently in 0'11, the company launched their first personal utility vehicle called (orce 5ne.

Hy*%).i (&t&2 I%)i. Lt).$E&2l)Ei)e.hy*%).i.c&+' =mong the largest automobile companies in the world in terms of sale of vehicles, 9outh 6orean auto giant :yundai has a ma2or presence in India. It has manufacturing plants here for small cars and a research A development facility as well. ?opular :yundai cars are i1', 9antro Ling, Ferna, 3et* and .on. The new :yundai car, .on was launched in 5ctober 0'10.

Che/2&let I%)i. $EEE.che/2&let.c&.i%' !hevrolet, a popular automobile company in India, ma2orly sells passenger cars in the hatchback, sedan and utility vehicle segments. It is part of 3eneral <otors. The company operates manufacturing units and a technical facility in India, but most of the models sold in the country are
28

imported and% or assembled here. Bell known !hevrolet automobiles include 7eat, !ru*e, =veo, 9park and Tavera.

F&2) I%)i. $EEE.i%)i..3&2).c&+' =merican automobile giant, (ord <otors is one of the leading car brands in India with the popular hatchback (igo. It entered the Indian market in 1$$5 as <ahindra (ord, as collaboration with <ahindra A <ahindra. In the present, the company is called (ord India, as a result of (ord <otors attaining higher stakes in the company. It operates a manufacturing plant in Tamil adu.

H&%). C.2 I%)i. $EEE.h&%).c.2i%)i..c&+' :onda is a -apanese automobile company present in India as a subsidiary. It is a popular car brand in the country with cars like :onda !ity, =ccord, 7rio and !ivic in the market. :onda has manufacturing units in 3reater oida and 7hiwadi. T&y&t. !i2l& 4.2 (&t&2 $EEE.t&y&t.0h.2.t.c&+' Toyota is a popular automobile brand in India. :ead+uartered in 7angalore, Toyota was founded in the country in 1$$". It was formed as a result of the 2oint venture between the -apanese vehicle company Toyota <otors and the Indian conglomerate 6irloskar 3roup. Toyota has cars brands including .tios, !orolla, !amry and Innova.

S&+e &the2 3.+&* .*t&+&0ile c&+5.%ie .2e1 Hi%)* t.% (&t&2 1$EEE.hi%)+&t&2.c&+7' The leading manufacturer of .lectric <otors in India is :industan <otors. The first !ar !ompany of India to start the manufacturing process of cars in India in the year 1$C0 is :industan <otors. The company has a strong network of 115 dealers and #' ?arts 4ealers and C regional offices. The new model =mbassador ova was launched by this company.

29

<e%e2.l (&t&2 I%)i. P2i/.te Li+ite) 1 It is an interesting thing to note that there is a 5'J5' partnership between 3eneral <otors and 9=I!. =ccording to sources, 3eneral <otors India ?rivate /imited is the fifth largest automobile company in India after <aruti 9u*uki, :yundai, Tata <otors and <ahindra. Thiscompany has launched vehicle manufacturing plants in :alol ,3u2arat and Talegaon4abhade, <aharastra. The company has its head+uarter in 3urgaon and :alol.

T&y&t. !i2l& 4.2 (&t&2 P2i/.te Li+ite) 1 $EEE.t&y&t.0h.2.t.c&+' The main aim of the company is innovation . The continuos efforts of the company has made it very popular in the automobile sector. The company is working with the aim of becoming Dthe most admired company in the country.

CHAPTER-II REVIEW
30

OF LITERATURE

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
!*2t (.t6le2 .%) H.% H. Hi%te2h*0e2 1- in their article M :ow to make product

development pro2ects more successful by integrating 6anoDs model of customer satisfaction into +u ality function deploymentN in science direct Technovation ,Folume 18, Issue 1, -anuary 1$$8, ?ages 05-18 said that <anagers need a set of practical step-by-step tools and methods which ensure better understanding of customers needs and re+uirements, as well as pr ocedures and processes to enhance communication by focusing on the voice of the customer within a product development pro2ect.The authors propose a methodology, based on 6anoDs model of custo mer satisfaction,to e,plore customersD stated needs and unstated desires and to resolve different categories which have different impacts on customer satisfaction. them into

R&0e2t A. Pete2 &% .%) Willi.+ R. Wil &%i% thei2 5.5e2 M<easuring customer satisfaction J(act and artifactN published in -ournal of the =cademy of <arketing 9cience 5ctober, 0''"said that- 9elfreports of customer satisfaction invariably possess distributions that arenegatively skewed and

31

e,hibit a positivity bias. .,amination of the customer satisfaction literature and empirical investigations reveal that measurements of customer satisfaction e,hibit tendencies of confounding and methodological contamination and appear to reflect numerous artifacts.

Th&2 te%

He%%i#-Th*2.*

.%)

Ale8.%)e2

!lee i% thei2 .2ticle

MThe

impact

of

customer satisfaction and relationship +uality on customer retentionJ = critical reassessment and model developmentN published in 4epartment of <arketing II, <arketing <anagement, 8niversity of :anover, 6Onigs worther ?lat* 1, 1'1#", :anover, 3ermany said that- !ustomer satisfaction with a companyDs products or services is often seen as the key to a companyDs success and long-term competitiveness. In the conte,t of relationship marketing ,customer satisfaction is often viewed as a central determinant of customer retention. :owever ,the few empirical investigations in this area indicate that a direct relationship between these constructs is weak or even non-e,istent. The overall purpose of this article is to develop a conceptual foundation for investigating the customer retention process ,with the use of the 1 concepts of customer satisfaction and relationship +uality.The article involves a critical e,amination of the satisfaction-retention relationship, and the development of a more comprehensive view of the perception. customerDs +uality

S (*4he2Fee $2992' the study reveals.That the four wheeler in india are used for varietly of work such as visiting people carring loads , outdoor 2obs like selling and buying.In rural areas it helps people to travel more fre+uently to nearby towns to their daily needs. The four wheeler has become a valuable support for increasing productivity and it turn the profit, besides helping as a personal mode of transportation. (2. Vi4. Si%#h.l $299A' In his study of automobile industry sector he has mentioned that the four- wheeler segment has recorded significant change in past C-5 years. The market for fourwheeler is growing and its sale rose by 0" E annually during the last four years. :e pointed out that while the market for four P wheelers is growing that for small segments cars and medium segment cars is shrinking. This change in the taste of the consumers is possibly due to the technological change.
32

CHAPTER-III NEED@ SCOPE AND

33

OBGECTIVES OF THE STUDY

NEED @ SCOPE AND OBGECTIVES OF THE STUDY

,.1 NEED OF STUDY

The researches that were conducted in past by various professionals were regarding consumer behavior towards :onda cars , ford cars but not done about the H St*)y &3 the c&% *+e2 0eh./i&2 i% .*t&+&0ile i%)* t2yI . In previous time not any study done regarding the H St*)y &3 the c&% *+e2 0eh./i&2 i% .*t&+&0ile i%)* t2yI . This gap has been identified and it has let to the present research being under taken so, the need was felt to cover the area as neglected, thus H St*)y &3 the c&% *+e2 0eh./i&2 i% .*t&+&0ile i%)* t2y Ii t*)ie).

,.2 SCOPE OF STUDY

The scope of the study is limited in ?alampur tehsil only.

34

,., OBGECTIVE OF THE STUDY

This study has been conducted with a variety of important ob2ectives in mind. The following provides us with the chief ob2ectives that have tried to achieve through the study. The e,tent to which these ob2ectives have been met could 2udged from the conclusions and suggestions, which appear in the later of this study.

The O0Fecti/e &3 thi

t*)y .2e1

1. 2. ,. ?.

To study the customer perception regarding the cars. To study the satisfaction level of car owners regarding different brands. To know about the post purchase behavior of e,isting consumer. To study the factors influence consumer buying behavior in automobile industry.

CHAPTER- IV
35

RESEARCH (ETHODOLO<Y

RESEARCH (ETHODOLO<Y
)esearch is an art of scientific investigation. In other word research is a scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic .The logic behind taking research methodology into consideration is that one can have knowledge about the method and procedure adopted for achievement of ob2ectives of the pro2ect. Bith the adoption of this others can evaluate the results also. Its main aim is to keep the researchers on the right track. The methodology adopted for studying the ob2ectives was surveying the saving account holders of ?alampur tehsil. 9o keeping in view the nature of re+uirements of the study to collect all the relevant information regarding the study collect direct personal interview method with structured +uestionnaire was adopted for the collection of primary data.

36

9econdary data has been collected through the various maga*ines and newspapers and by surfing on Internet. =nd the guide in the organi*ation was consulted at many times.

SA(PLE DESI<N1-= sample design is a definite plan for obtaining a sample from a given population. It refers to the techni+ues or the procedure the researcher would adopt in selecting items for the sample. 9ample design may as well lay down the number of items to be included in the sample i.e. the si*e of the sample. 9ample design is determined before data are collected. :ere we select the population as sample in our sample design.The selected respondents should be as representatives of the total population.

POPULATION The study aimed to include the consumers of automobile industry>four wheelers@ SA(PLE SI;E = 9ample si*e of 15' respondents will be taken for the current study because it is not possible to cover the whole universe in the available time period. 9o it is necessary to take the sample si*e. The sample will be taken in the form of strata based on age, se,, and income group.

S.+5li%# tech%iJ*e1
The sampling techni+ues used are convience techni+ue and simple random sampling techni+ue.

S.+5le .2e.1
It includes people in ?alampur tehsil.

Ty5e &3 Re e.2ch The t*)y *%)e2t.4e% i &3 Q4escriptive )esearch in nature. HYPOTHESIS KIn this study the 8// hypothesis is followed.
37

(eth&) &3 D.t. C&llecti&%

4ata was collected by using main two methods i.e primary data and secondary data PRI(ARY DATA ?rimary data is the data which is used or collected for first time and it is not used by anyone in the past. There are number of sources of primary data from which the information can be collected. LUESTIONNAIRE1-This method of data collection is +uite popular. :ere in our research we set 1' simple +uestions and re+uest the respondents to answer these +uestions with correct information. RESPONDENTS1-)espondents helps in creation ofmore accurate idea about our research. Be personally meet the respondents SECONDARY DATA 9econdary data is the data which is available in readymade form and which his already used by people for some purposes. There may be various sources of secondary data such as-newspapers, maga*ines, 2ournals, books, reports, documents and other published information. INTERNET1-Be also take into consideration the internet facility with which we collect lot of latest information.

T&&l .%) Tech%iJ*e 1

=s no study could be successfully completed without proper tools A techni+ues, same with my pro2ect. (or the better presentation and right e,planation I used tools of statistics and computer very fre+uently and I am very thankful to all those tools for helping me a lot. 7asic tools which I used for pro2ect areJ

1. BAR CHARTS 2. PIE CHARTS

38

,. TABLES
7ar charts and pie charts are very useful tools for every research to show the result in a clear, simple way. 7ecause I used bar charts and pie charts in my pro2ect for showing data in a systematic way. 9o I need not necessary for any observer to read all the theoretical detail, simple on seeing the charts anybody that what is being said.

Tech%&l&#ic.l T&&l 1
<9 -B5)4 <9-.L!./

CHAPTER-V DATA ANALYSIS AND

39

INTERPRETATION

-.1-ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA 1. Which c.2 y&* &E%M

Table 5.1

RESPONSE A. Tata B. <ahindra C. <aruti 9u*uki D. :onda F. 5thers T&t.l

NO. OF RESPONDENTS 15 C8 0# 00 1$ 1-9

DA<E 01 E 10 E 1" E 15E 11E 199D

40

A%.ly i 1-

(igure 5.1

INTERPRETATION K In this chart it is very much clear that 01E respondents have Tata cars,
10E respondents have <ahindra cars ,1"E respondents have <aruti 9u*uki cars , 15E respondents have :onda cars and 11E respondents have others cars.

2. Y&* 5*2ch. e thi 02.%) 0ec.* eM

Table 5.0

RESPONSE A. .asily availability B. 4ue to low cost TOTAL C. 5nly brand in your knowledge

NO. OF RESPONDENTS 5C #" 0$ 1-9

DA<E 1#E C5E 1$E 199 D

A%.ly i 1-

(igure 5.0

41

INTERPRETATIONKIn this pie chart it is very much clear that 1#E respondents purchase the
car because that car easily available , C5E respondents purchase the car because that car is less costly and 1$E respondents purchase that car because they have only knowledge =bout that brand.

,. F&2 the +.i%te%.%ce . 5ect &3 the c.2 E&*l) y&* 52e3e2M
Table 5.1

RESPONSE A. =uthori*ed service station B. 5thers TOTAL

NO. OF RESPONDENTS "8 "0 1-9

DA<E 50E C8E 199 D

A%.ly i 1-

(igure 5.1

42

INTERPRETATION KIn this chart it is very much clear that 50E respondents prefer
authori*ed service station for service purpose of the car and C8E respondents prefer others service stations for service purpose of the car.

?. H&E &3te% )& y&* e2/ice y&*2 c.2M

Table 5.C

RESPONSE A. =fter every 1''' km. B. =fter every 5'''km. C. !an&t say TOTAL

NO. OF RESPONDENTS 51 #1 18 1-9

DA<E 1CE C1E 05 E 199 D

43

A%.ly i 1-

(igure 5.C

INTERPRETATIONKIn this pie chart it is very much clear that1CE respondents done the car
service after every 1''' km. , C1E respondents done the car service after every 5''' km. and 05E respondents can&t say about the service of their car.

-. Which ty5e &3 .)/e2ti e+e%t i%3l*e%ce y&* the +& tM

Table 5.5

RESPONSE A. <ovie songs% dialogues B. (amous personality C. 9pecial prescribed D. =ny other TOTAL

NO. OF RESPONDENTS 05 C5 18 C0 1-9

(igure 5.5
44

DA<E 1"E 1'E 05E 08E 199 D

A%.ly i 1-

INTERPRETATIONKIn this pie chart it is very much clear that1"E respondents said that
<ovie songs % dialogues influence them for purchase the car, 1'E respondents said that (amous personality influence them for purchase the car,05E respondents said that 9pecial prescribed influence them for purchase the car and 08E respondents said that =ny other influence them for purchase the car.

A. I% thei2 .)/e2ti e+e%t Eh.t 52&+i e they +.)eM D& y&* thi%4 .ll the P2&+i e Ee2e 3*l3ille)M
Table 5.#

RESPONSE A. Hes B. o TOTAL

NO. OF RESPONDENTS #8 80 1-9

DA<E C5E 55E 199

A%.ly i 1-

(igure 5.#

45

INTERPRETATION K In this pie chart it is very much clear that C5E respondents said that
car company promise in advertisement they fulfilled and 55E respondents said that car company promise in advertisement they not fulfilled.

:. A2e y&* i%te2e ti%# i% 0*yi%# . %eE c.2M

Table 5."

RESPONSE

A. Hes B. o TOTAL

NO. OF RESPONDENTS $1 5" 1-9

DA<E #0E 18E 199 D

A%.ly i 1-

(igure 5."

46

INTERPRETATIONKIn this pie chart it is very much clear that#0E respondents are
interesting to buy a new car and 18E respondents are not interesting to buy a new car.

B. R.te the 3&ll&Ei%# 3e.t*2e i% 1-- c.leMWhe2e O%e 0ei%# +.8i+*+ .%) 3i/e 0ei%# le. t.
Table 5.8

RESPONCE A. /ooks B. 3ood mileage C. !ost D. 3ood average E. 9pare parts availability

TOTAL

NO. OF RESPONDENTS C$ 0$ 5' 10 1' 1-9

DA<E 11E 1$E 11E '8E '"E 199 D

47

A%.ly i 1-

(igure 5.8

INTERPRETATIONKIn this chart it is very much clear that 11E respondents purchase or
want to purchase the car because looks of the are good, 1$E respondents purchase the car or want to purchase the car because 3ood mileage of the car , 11 E respondents purchase the car or want to purchase the car because low cost of the car, '8E respondents purchase the car or want to purchase the car because car mileage are good and '"E respondents purchase the car or want to purchase the car because spare parts of that car are easily available in the market.

48

C. Wh.t ty5e &3 e2/ice y&* E.%t 32&+ the c&+5.%yM

Table 5.$

RESPONSE A. /oan facility B. (ree servicing C. !ar insurance

TOTAL A%.ly i 1-

NO. OF RESPONDENTS 55 1' #5 1-9

(igure 5.$

DA<E 1"E 0'E C1E 199 D

49

INTERPRETATIONKIn this chart it is very much clear that C"E respondents said that /oan
facility service they want from car company, 0'E respondents said that (ree service they want from car company and C1E respondents said that !ar insurance they want from car company.

19. A2e y&* .ti 3ie) Eith the 5e23&2+.%ce &3 the c.2 y&* 5& e M
Table 5.1'

RESPONSE A. Hes B. o TOTAL

NO. OF RESPONDENTS 8$ #1 1-9

DA<E 5$E C1E 199 D

A%.ly i 1-

(igure 5.1'

50

INTERPRETATIONKIn this pie chart it is very much clear that 5$E respondents are satisfied
with the performance of the car you posses and C1E respondents are not satisfied with the performance of the car you posses.

CHAPTER-VI
51

FINDIN<S AND CONCLUSION " LI(ITATION OF THE STUDY

A.1 FINDIN< OF THE STUDY

1. <a2ority of customers own <ahindra company car. 2. <a2ority of customers purchase the car due to low cost . ,. <a2ority of the respondents prefer the =uthori*ed service station for the maintenance purpose. ?. <a2ority of the respondents have done their car service after completing 5''' km. -. <a2ority of respondents purchase the car because the advertisement was given by famous personality.
52

A. <a2ority of respondents says that car company do not fulfilled their promises. :. <a2ority of respondents have shown interest in buying a new car. B. <a2ority of customers give high rating to affordable cost features of their car. C. <a2ority of customers want car insurance services from the company. 19. <a2ority of customers are satisfied with car performance.

A.2 CONCLUSION OF RESEARCH REPORT

4uring this research pro2ect 15' )espondents of ?alampur area have filled my +uestionnaire and I have found that ma2ority of the customers prefer the authori*ed service stations and ma2ority of respondents says that car companies do not fulfilled their promises and most of the respondents have purchase their car because of low cost factor of the car . <ost of the consumers are satisfied
53

with the performance the car but they want to have the insurance services from the car company .9o the car companies provides the good +uality services to increase their customer base and generate the profit and developed the economy of the india.

A., LI(ITATION OF THE STUDY

=lthough best of the efforts were made to conduct a prefect survey but still it faces certain limitation. (ollowing were certain limitation of this pro2ect. 1. The survey was conducted only on 15' respondents..

54

2. The study confines itself to the respondents of M?=/=<?8) tehsilN region only. :ence findings would not be relevant to other cities. ,. The sample P plan is too small to give the research a wide coverage with reference to their opinion. ?. The educational A awareness level of the respondents with respect to the +uestionnaires is low.

55

CHAPTER K VII RECO((ENDATIONS@ SU<<ESTIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE

RECO((ENDATIONS 7 SU<<ESTIONS 7 FUTURE SCOPE

1. !ar companies provide the car to the customer at low cost.

56

2. The car companies give the advertisement with the famous personality to increase the customer base. ,. The car companies fulfilled their promises so customer satisfaction increase. ?. The car companies provide the car insurance services to the customers.

57

CHAPTER K VIII BIBLIO<RAPHY 7REFERENCE

BIBLIO<RAPHY 7REFERENCES

58

B&&4
1. 6othari !.) >0''C@ )esearch methodologyJN<ethod and techN, second edition, new age international publisher, ew 4elhi.
2. )esearch <ethodology,I!(=I publication.

3. 9.?.3upta 9tatistics 7ook,F 6 publication.

I%te2%et
1. http://www.automobileindia.com/cars/top-10-indian-cars.html 2. http://shodh!an!a.in"libnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/3722/13/13#chapter$204.pd" 3. http://www.an%eel.com/auto/indian#automoti&e#histor'.html 4. http://www.indianmirror.com/indian-industries/automobile.html 5. http://www.srl.!atech.edu/(embers/bbradle'/me6753.industr'anal'sis.team).pd"

59

ANNE>URE

L*e ti&%%.i2e
I am =nkur is conducting a research on the topic H STUDY THE CONSU(ER BEHAVIOR IN AUTO(OBILE INDUSTRY $FOUR WHELLER'I =nd I re+uest you to fill the following +uestionnaire. This will take 1-5 minutes of your time and I promise to keep the information confidential.
60

De+&#2.5hic I%3&2+.ti&%

N.+e

RRRRRRR.

A#e

15-05

0#-15

1#-C5

=bove C5

Occ*5.ti&%

9tudent

9erviceman

7usinessman

5ther

E)*c.ti&%.l L*.li3ic.ti&%

9chooling

8nder 3raduate

?ost 3raduate

Pl.ce

RRRRRRRRR.

1. Which c.2 y&* &E%M .. Tata 0. <ahindra c. <aruti 9u*uki ). :onda

e. Toyota

3. 5ther

2.

Y&* 5*2ch. e thi c.2 0ec.* eM .. .asily availability c. 5nly brand in your knowledge 0. 4ue to low cost

,. F&2 the +.i%te%.%ce . 5ect &3 the c.2 E&*l) y&* 52e3e2M .. =fter every 1''' 0. =fter every 5''' c. !an&t say

?. H&E &3te% )& y&* e2/ice y&*2 c.2M

61

.. =uthori*ed service station

0. 5thers

-. Which ty5e &3 .)/e2ti e+e%t i%3l*e%ce y&* the +& tM .. <ovie 9ongs%4ialogues ). =ny other 0. (amous personality c. 9pecial prescribed

A. I% thei2 .)/e2ti e+e%t Eh.t 52&+i e they +.)eM D& y&* thi%4 .ll the 52&+i e Ee2e 3*l3ille)M

.. Hes

0.

:. A2e y&* i%te2e ti%# i% 0*yi%# . %eE c.2M

.. Hes

0.

B. R.te the 3&ll&Ei%# 3e.t*2e i% 1-- c.leM Whe2e &%e 0ei%# +.8i+*+ .%) 3i/e 0ei%# le. t.

.. /ooks

0. 3ood mileage

c. !ost

). 3ood average

e. 9pare parts availability

C. Wh.t ty5e &3 e2/ice y&* E.%t 32&+ the c&+5.%yM

.. /oan facility

0. (ree servicing

c. !ar insurance

19. A2e y&* .ti 3ie) Eith the 5e23&2+.%ce &3 the c.2 y&* 5& e M

62

.. Hes

0.

Thanks for your co-operation

63