Seismic Analysis and

Response Fundamentals
Lee Marsh
SSenior Project Manager
BERGER/ABAM Engineers, Inc
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Topic Applicability
Learning Outcomes Learning Outcomes
Identify Earthquake Inertial Forces/Loadings
Describe the Interrelation Between the Plastic
Mechanism Concept and Capacity Design
Li t E t E t I L d C bi ti I l di L d List Extreme Event I Load Combination, Including Load
Factors
D fi Gl b l S i i D i St t d Id tif Define Global Seismic Design Strategy and Identify
Earthquake Resisting Systems/Elements
Li t T f S i i A l i T h i List Types of Seismic Analysis Techniques
Define Regular vs. Non-Regular Bridges
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Topic Applicability
Presentation Roadmapp
Earthquake Loadings Earthquake Loadings
Seismic Design Concepts and Strategies
Extreme Event Earthquake Loading Extreme Event Earthquake Loading
Bridge Modeling Guidelines
Analysis Methods Analysis Methods
Models, Stiffness and Mass
Modal Analysis y
Combining Directional Response
Summary
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Dynamic Equilibrium /
Free Vibration Free Vibration
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Ground Excitation vs
Earthquake Loading Earthquake Loading
Includes Includes
Dynamic
Amplification
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Presentation Roadmapp
Earthquake Loadings Earthquake Loadings
Seismic Design Concepts and Strategies
Extreme Event Earthquake Loading Extreme Event Earthquake Loading
Bridge Modeling Guidelines
Analysis Methods Analysis Methods
Models, Stiffness and Mass
Modal Analysis y
Combining Directional Response
Summary
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Three Observations
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Three Observations (cont) ( )
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Three Observations (cont) ( )
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Path to Plastic Mechanism

Moment
Displacement,
M
p
1
1 2 3
Inertial Force
p
M
p
2
Plastic Hinge
(4 Total) ( ota )
M
p shaft
1 First Hinges Form
2 Second Hinges Form
3 Deformation Capacity Reached
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Example Plastic
Mechanisms Mechanisms
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Capacity Design Principles p y g p
Concept Underpins Modern Seismic Design
Establish Capacity and Plastic Mechanism
Identify the Elements of the Structure That Should Behave
Inelastically and Design Them to Yield.
Provide Ductility
Ensure Those Elements Can Tolerate the Inelastic Demands Ensure Those Elements Can Tolerate the Inelastic Demands
Imposed by the Design Earthquake.
Capacity Protect the Rest
D i All O h El b S E h Th Th Design All Other Elements to be Strong Enough That They
Do Not Behave Inelastically, and Provide Articulation to
Permit Mobilization of the Plastic Mechanism.
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System Load vs Deflection
Pushover Curve Pushover Curve
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Dynamic Equilibrium
Revisted: Including Yielding Revisted: Including Yielding
f
inertial
= m (a
gnd
+ a
rel
) = Earthquake Load
Inertial force is limited to sum of superstructure
column shears to satisfy equilibrim.
f + f
columns
f
spring
+ f
damping
The column shears
include inelastic
Bent FBD
Transverse Loading
include inelastic
effects.
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Transverse Response
Two Span Continuous Superstructure Two-Span Continuous Superstructure
(If (If superstructure
were non-continuous,
then center bent would
resist much larger forces.) resist much larger forces.)
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Longitudinal Response
Two Span Bridge Two-Span Bridge
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Balanced Stiffness
Guide Specification Isolation Casing
(example technique
Highest Category
SDC D
Control Relative:
to alter stiffness)
Control Relative:
Column Stiffness
Bent Stiffness
Frame Period
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Earthquake Resisting
Systems (ERS) Systems (ERS)
Note: Concepts Valid for LRFD & Retrofit, Too.
Figure 3.3-1a Guide Specifications
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Earthquake Resisting
Systems (ERS) (cont) Systems (ERS) (cont) Note: Concepts Valid for LRFD
& Retrofit, Too.
Figure 3.3-1a
Guide Specifications
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Earthquake Resisting
Elements (ERE) Elements (ERE) Note: Concepts Valid for LRFD
& Retrofit, Too.
Permissible EREs:
Figure 3.3-1b
Guide Specifications
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Topic Applicability
Earthquake Resisting
Elements (ERE) Elements (ERE) Note: Concepts Valid for LRFD
& Retrofit, Although Uninspectable Damage
is Not Explicitly Permitted in LRFD. Permissible EREs with Owners Approval:
Figure 3.3-2
Guide Specifications
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Earthquake Resisting
Elements (ERE) Elements (ERE) Note: Concepts Valid for LRFD
& Retrofit, Too.
EREs Not Recommended for New Bridges:
Figure 3 3-3 Figure 3.3-3
Guide Specifications
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Topic Applicability
Global Design Strategies g g
Type 1 Ductile
Note: Concepts Valid, Except Types
2 & 3 Not Addressed in LRFD
yp
Substructure, Elastic
Superstructure
T 2 El ti
Type 2
Type 2 Elastic
Substructure, Ductile
Superstructure
Type 3
Type 3 Elastic Sub- &
Superstructure, Fusing
Interface
Type 1
Interface
Figure 7.1-1 Guide Specifications
Figure shows all three types;
but use only one at a time.
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Topic Applicability
Presentation Roadmapp
Earthquake Loadings Earthquake Loadings
Seismic Design Concepts and Strategies
Extreme Event Earthquake Loading Extreme Event Earthquake Loading
Bridge Modeling Guidelines
Analysis Methods Analysis Methods
Models, Stiffness and Mass
Modal Analysis y
Combining Directional Response
Summary
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Topic Applicability
AASHTO
Earthquake Load Case Earthquake Load Case
General General
Consider permanent loads, live load is special case
LRFD Extreme Event I

p
(DC+DD+DW+EH+EV+ES+EL+PS+CR+SH)+
EQ
(LL+IM+CE+BR+PL+LS)+WA+FR+EQ

p
see Table 3.4.1-2 /
EQ
= 0.50, but no consensus
p
see Table 3.4.1 2 /
EQ
0.50, but no consensus
Guide Specification
Use load factors of 1.0 for all permanent loads.
Equivalent to
p
= 1.0 simplification appropriate for pushover
Live load
EQ
up to engineer, per commentary (e.g. high ADTT,
etc))
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Topic Applicability
Presentation Roadmapp
Earthquake Loadings Earthquake Loadings
Seismic Design Concepts and Strategies
Extreme Event Earthquake Loading Extreme Event Earthquake Loading
Bridge Modeling Guidelines
Analysis Methods Analysis Methods
Models, Stiffness and Mass
Modal Analysis y
Combining Directional Response
Summary
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System Demand
Analysis Methods Analysis Methods
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Local Capacity Analysis
Pushover
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Note: Concept Valid for LRFD, But Not Used.
Pushover
o
r
c
e
F
EQ

EQ
Actual Response
F
max
a
t
e
r
a
l

F
o
1
2
3
4
Plastic Hinge
F
max
L
a
Displacement Displacement -
Actual Response Milestones
1 - First-yield Point, Previous Nonlinearity Due to Foundation Flexibility
2 Maximum Allowable Plastic Deformation
3 Onset of Collapse
4 - Collapse 4 Collapse
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Example
Uniform Load Method Uniform Load Method
(L = 242 ft)
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Uniform Load Method (cont) ( )
0.47
Step 4
0
0.79 sec
AASHTO LRFD Interim 2008
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Uniform Load Method (cont) ( )
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Uniform Load Method (cont) ( )
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Single-Mode Spectral
Method Method
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Single-Mode Spectral
Method (cont) Method (cont)
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Single-Mode Spectral
Method (cont) Method (cont)
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Single-Mode Spectral
Method (cont) Method (cont)
P
e
(x)
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Regular Bridges g g
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Analysis Method As
Function of Regularity Function of Regularity
AASHTO
LRFD 4
th
Ed.
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Topic Applicability
Presentation Roadmapp
Earthquake Loadings Earthquake Loadings
Seismic Design Concepts and Strategies
Extreme Event Earthquake Loading Extreme Event Earthquake Loading
Bridge Modeling Guidelines
Analysis Methods Analysis Methods
Models, Stiffness and Mass
Modal Analysis y
Combining Directional Response
Summary
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Seismic Model Options p
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Spine Model p
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Geometry Issues y
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Example Bridge Slide 1 of 4 p g
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Example Bridge Slide 2 of 4 p g
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Example Bridge Slide 3 of 4 p g
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Example Bridge Slide 4 of 4 p g
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Example Spine Model p p
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Substructure Model
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Effective Stiffness
Reinforced Concrete Reinforced Concrete
Priestley, Seible and Calvi, 1996
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Support Conditions pp
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Foundation Flexibilityy
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Foundation Flexibility (cont) y ( )
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Weight Distribution g
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Special Considerations p
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Topic Applicability
Presentation Roadmapp
Earthquake Loadings Earthquake Loadings
Seismic Design Concepts and Strategies
Extreme Event Earthquake Loading Extreme Event Earthquake Loading
Bridge Modeling Guidelines
Analysis Methods Analysis Methods
Models, Stiffness and Mass
Modal Analysis y
Combining Directional Response
Summary
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Multimode Analysis y
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Modal Participation p
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Modal Participation (cont) p ( )
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Participating Mass p g
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Example
Participating Mass Participating Mass
X - Longitudinal
Y - Vertical
Z - Transverse Z Transverse
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Example
Participating Mass (cont) Participating Mass (cont)
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Example
Participating Mass (cont) Participating Mass (cont)
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Example
Participating Mass (cont) Participating Mass (cont)
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Example
Participating Mass (cont) Participating Mass (cont)
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Example
Participating Mass (cont) Participating Mass (cont)
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Modal Analysis Loading y g
Loading is Mode-by-Mode
Each Mode is Analyzed Individually Each Mode is Analyzed Individually
Process is Directly Analogous to Single-Mode Method
f
i
= Earthquake Loading With Dynamic Amplification f
i
Earthquake Loading With Dynamic Amplification
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Response Spectrum
Loading Loading
C
s
m
,
C
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Modal Combinations
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Modal Combinations (cont) ( )
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Modal Combinations (cont) ( )
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Topic Applicability
Presentation Roadmapp
Earthquake Loadings Earthquake Loadings
Seismic Design Concepts and Strategies
Extreme Event Earthquake Loading Extreme Event Earthquake Loading
Bridge Modeling Guidelines
Analysis Methods Analysis Methods
Models, Stiffness and Mass
Modal Analysis y
Combining Directional Response
Summary
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Directional Combinations
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Directional Combinations
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Directional Load Combos
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Presentation Roadmapp
Earthquake Loadings Earthquake Loadings
Seismic Design Concepts and Strategies
Extreme Event Earthquake Loading Extreme Event Earthquake Loading
Bridge Modeling Guidelines
Analysis Methods Analysis Methods
Models, Stiffness and Mass
Modal Analysis y
Combining Directional Response
Summary
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Topic Applicability
Summary and Look Ahead y
Summary
Earthquake Loading Earthquake Loading
Plastic Mechanism and Capacity Design
Earthquake Resisting Elements and Systems q g y
Demand Modeling
Look Ahead Look Ahead
Force-Based Design
Displacement-Based Design
Detailing for Ductility
Geotechnical Considerations