Arlie Hochschild, excerpted from The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling (Berkele and !

os Angeles: "ni#ersit of California $ress, %&'()*

ARLIE HOCHSCHILD The Managed Heart The one area of her occupational life in which she might be free to act, the area of her own personality, must now also be managed, must become the alert yet obsequious instrument by which goods are distributed. * -C. Wright ills +n a section in ,as -apital entitled .The /orking ,a ,. -arl Marx examines depositions su0mitted in %'1( to the Children2s 3mplo ment Commission in 3ngland* 4ne deposition 5as gi#en 0 the mother of a child la0orer in a 5allpaper factor : 66/hen he 5as se#en ears old + used to carr him (to 5ork7 on m 0ack to and fro through the sno5, and he used to 5ork %1 hours a da * * * * + ha#e often knelt do5n to feed him, as he stood 0 the machine, for he could not lea#e it or stop*. Fed meals as he 5orked, as a steam engine is fed coal and 5ater, this child 5as .an instrument of la0or*.% Marx 8uestioned ho5 man hours a da it 5as fair to use a human 0eing as an instrument, and ho5 much pa for 0eing an instrument 5as fair, considering the profits that factor o5ners made* But he 5as also concerned 5ith something he thought more fundamental: the human cost of 0ecoming an .instrument of la0or. at all* 4n another continent %%9 ears later, a t5ent : ear:old flight attendant trainee sat 5ith %;; others listening to a pilot speak in the auditorium of the ,elta Airlines <te5ardess Training Center* 3#en 0 modern American standards, and certainl 0 standards for 5omen2s 5ork, she had landed an excellent =o0* The %&'> pa scale 0egan at ?'@> a month for the first six months and 5ould increase 5ithin se#en ears to a0out A;>,>>> a ear* Health and accident insurance is pro#ided, and the hours are good* The oung trainee sitting next to me 5rote on her notepad, .+mportant to smile* ,on2t forget smile:. The admonition came from the speaker in the front of the room, a cre5:cut pilot in his earl fifties, speaking in a <outhern dra5l: .Bo5 girls, + 5ant ou to go out there and reall smile* Cour smile is our 0iggest asset* + 5ant ou to go out there and use it* <mile* Deall smile* Deall la it on* . 2+2he pilot spoke of the smile as the flight attendant2s asset* But as no#ices like the one next to me mo#e through training, the #alue of a personal smile is groomed to reflect the compan 2s disposition ::: its confidence that its planes 5ill not crash, its reassurance that departures and arri#als 5ill 0e on time, its 5elcome and its in#itation to return* Trainers take it as their =o0 to attach to the trainee2s smite an attitude, a #ie5point, a rh thm oE feeling that is, as the often sa , .professional*. This deeper extension of the professional smile is not al5a s eas to retract at the end of the 5orkda , as one 5orker in her first ear at /orld Air5a s noted: .<ometimes + come off a long trip in a state of utter exhaustion, 0ut % find + can2t relax* + giggle a lot, + chatter, + call friends* +t2s as if + can2t release m self from an artificiall created elation that kept me 6up2 on the
C* /right Mills, /hilte Collar (Be5 Cork: 4xford "ni#ersit $ress, %&@1 l* Marx, Capital (Be5 Cork: Fintage, %&99), pp* (@1:(@9, (@'* % Marx, Capital (ne5 Cork: Fintage, %&99), pp* (@1:(@9, (@'*
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trip* + hope to 0e a0le to come do5n from it 0etter as + get 0etter at the =o0:. At first glance, it might seem that the circumstances of the nineteenth:centur factor child and the t5entieth:centur flight attendant could not 0e more different* To the 0o 2s mother, to Marx, is the mem0ers of the Children2s 3mplo ment CommissionG 2. perhaps to the manager of the 5allpaper factor , and almost certainl to the contemporar reader, the 0o 5as a #ictim, e#en a s m0ol* of the 0rutalizing conditions of his time* /e might imagine that he had an emotional half life, conscious of little more than fatigue, hunger, and 0oredom* 4n the other hand, the flight attendant en=o s the upper: class freedom to tra#el, and she participates in the glamour she creates for others* <he is the en# of clerks in duller, less 5ell:paid =o0s* But a close examination of the differences 0et5een the t5o can lead us to some unexpected common ground* 4n the surface there is a difference in ho5 5e kno5 5hat la0or actuall produces* Ho5 could the 5orker in the 5allpaper factor tell 5hen his =o0 5as doneH Count the rolls of 5allpaperG a good has 0een produced* Ho5 can the flight attendant tell 5hen her =o0 is doneH A ser#ice has 0een producedG the customer seems content* +n the case of the flight attendant, the emotional st le of offering the ser#ice is part of the ser#ice itself, I Iin a 5a that lo#ing or hating 5allpaper is not a part of producing 5allpaper* <eeming to .lo#e the =o0. 0ecomes part of the =o0G and actuall tr ing to lo#e it, and to en=o the customers, helps the 5orker in this effort* +n processing people, the product is a state of mind* !ike firms in other industries, airline companies are ranked according to the 8ualit of ser#ice their personnel offer* 3gon Dona 2s earl !ucas Juide offers such a rankingG 0esides 0eing sold in airports and drugstores and reported in ne5spapers, it is cited in management memoranda and passed do5n to those 5ho train and super#ise flight attendants* Because it influences consumers, airline companies use it in setting their criteria for successful =o0 performance 0 a flight attendant* +n %&'> the !ucas Juide ranked ,elta Airlines first in ser#ice out of fourteen airlines that fl regularl 0et5een the "nited <tates and 0oth Canada and the British +sles* +ts report on ,elta included passages like this: K,rinks 5ere ser#ed] not onl 5ith a smile 0ut2 5ith concerned en8uir such as, .An thing else + can get ou, madamH. The atmosphere 5as that of a ci#ilized part :5ith the passengers, in response, 0eha#ing like ci#ilized guests* * * * 4nce or t5ice our inspectors tested ste5ardesses 0 0eing deli0eratel exacting, 0ut the 5ere ne#er roused, and at the end of the flight the lined up to sa fare5ell 5ith undiminished 0rightness* * * * [$assengers are] 8uick to detect strained or forced smiles, and the come a0oard 5anting to en=o the flight* 4ne of us looked from ser#ice for5ard to his next trip on ,elta .0ecause it2s fun*. <urel that is ho5 passengers ought to feel*; The 5ork done 0 the 0o in the 5allpaper factor called for a coordination of mind and arm, mind and finger, and mind and shoulder* /e refer to it simpl as ph sical la0or* The flight attendant does ph sical la0or 5hen she pushes hea# meal carts through the aisles, and she does mental 5ork 5hen she prepares for and actuall organizes emergenc landings and e#acuations* But in the course of doing this ph sical and mental la0or, she is also doing something more, something + define as emotional la0or*( This la0or re8uires one to induce or suppress feeling in order to sustain the out5ard countenance that produces the proper state of mind in others:in this case, the sense of 0eing cared for in a con#i#ial and safe place* This kind of la0or calls for a coordination of mind and
3gon Dona , !ucas Juide l&'> (Be5 Cork: $enguin, %&9&) pp* 11, 91* + use the term emotional la0or to mean the management of feeling to create a pu0licl o0ser#a0le facial and 0odil displa G emotional ta0or is sold for a 5age and therefore has exchange #alue* + use the s non mous terms emotion 5ork or emotion management to refer to these same acts done in a pri#ate context 5here the ha#e use #alue*
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feeling, and it sometimes dra5s on a source of self that 5e honor as deep and integral to our indi#idualit Beneath the difference 0et5een ph sical and emotional la0or there ties a similarit in the possi0le cost of doing the 5ork: the 5orker can 0ecome estranged or alienated from an aspect of self either the 0od or the margins of the soul:that is used to do the 5ork* The factor 0o 2s arm functioned like a piece of machiner used to produce 5allpaper* His emplo er, regarding that arm as an instrument, claimed control o#er its speed and motions* +n this situation, 5hat 5as the relation 0et5een the 0o 2s arm and his mindH /as his arm in an meaningful sense his o5nHL from ser#ice in a ser#ice:producing societ * This is 5hat C* /right MillsG one of our keenest social o0ser#ers, meant 5hen he 5rote in %&@1, ./e need to characterize American societ of the mid: t5entieth centur in more ps chological terms, for no5 the pro0lems that concern us most 0order on the ps chiatric*.@ /hen she came off the =o0, 5hat relation had the Dight attendant to the .artificial elation. she had induced on the =o0H +n 5hat sense 5as it her o5n elation on the =o0H The compan la s claim not simpl to her ph sical motions:ho5 she handles food tra s:0ut to her emotional actions and the 5a the sho5 in the ease of a smile* The 5orkers + talked to often spoke of their smiles as 0eing on them 0ut not of them* The 5ere seen as an extension of the make:up, the uniform, the recorded music, the soothing pastel colors of the airplane decor, and the da time drinks, 5hich taken together orchestrate the mood of the passengers: The final commodit is not a certain num0er of smiles to 0e counted like rolls of 5allpaper* For the flight attendant, the smiles are a part of her 5ork, a part that re8uires her to coordinate self and feeling so that the 5ork seems to 0e effortless* To sho5 that the en=o ment takes effort is to do the =o0 poorl * <imilarl , part of the =o0 is to disguise fatigue and irritation, for other5ise the la0or 5ould sho5 in an unseeml 5a , and the product:passenger contentment:5ould 0e damaged* Because it is easier to disguise fatigue and irritation if the can 0e 0anished altogether, at %east for 0rief periods, this feat calls for emotional la0or* The reason for comparing these dissimilar =o0s is that the modern assem0l :line 5orker has for some time 0een an outmoded s m0ol of modern industrial la0orG fe5er than 1 percent of 5orkers no5 5ork on assem0l lines* Another kind of la0or has no5 come into s m0olic prominence:the #oice:to:#oice or face:to:face deli#er of ser#ice:and the flight attendant is an appropriate model for it* There ha#e al5a s 0een pu0lic:ser#ice =o0s, of courseG 5hat is ne5 is that the are no5 sociall engineered and thoroughl organized from the top* Though the flight attendant2s =o0 is no 5orse and in man 5a s 0etter than other ser#ice =o0s, it makes the 5orker more #ulnera0le to the social engineering of her emotional la0or and reduces her control o#er that la0or* Her pro0lems, therefore, ma 0e a sign of 5hat is to come in other such =o0s* 3motional la0or is potentiall good* Bo customer 5ants to deal 5ith a surl 5aitress, a cra00 0ank clerk, or a flight attendant 5ho a#oids e e contact in order to a#oid getting a re8uest* !apses in courtes 0 those paid to 0e courteous are #er real * and fairl common* /hat the sho5 us is ho5 fragile pu0lic ci#ilit reall is* /e are 0rought 0ack to the 8uestion of 5hat the social carpet actuall consists of and 5hat it re8uires of those 5ho are supposed to keep it 0eautiful* The laggards and sluff:offs of emotional la0or return us to the 0asic 8uestions* /hat is emotional la0orH /hat do 5e do 5hen 5e manage emotionH /hat, in fact, is emotionH /hat are the costs and 0enefits of managing emotion, in pri#ate life and at 5orkH
Marx, in his famous 3conomic and $hilosophic Manuscripts, ma ha#e pro#ided the last reall 0asic idea on alienation* <ee Do0ert Tucker, ed*, The Marx:3ngels Deader (Be5 Cork: Borton, %&9;)* @ C* /right Mills, The $o5er 3lite (Be5 Cork: 4xford "ni#enit $ress, %&@1)
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MMM 3motional la0or does not o0ser#e con#entional distinctions 0et5een t pes of =o0s* B m estimate, roughl one:third of American 5orkers toda ha#e =o0s that su0=ect them to su0stantial demands for emotional la0or* Moreo#er, of all 5omen 5orking, roughl one half ha#e =o0s that call for emotional la0or* Thus this in8uir has special rele#ance for 5omen, and it pro0a0l also descri0es more of their experience* As traditionall more accomplished managers of feeling in pri#ate life, 5omen more than men ha#e put emotional la0or on the market, and the kno5 more a0out its personal costs* This in8uir might at first seem rele#ant onl to 5orkers li#ing under capitalism, 0ut the engineering of a managed heart is not unkno5n to socialismG the enthusiastic .hero of la0or. 0ears the emotional standard for the socialist state as much as the Flight Attendant of the Cear does for the capitalist airline industr * An functioning societ makes effecti#e use of its mem0ers2 emotional la0or* /e do not think t5ice a0out the use of feeling in the theater, or in ps chotherap , or in forms of group life that 5e admire* +t is 5hen 5e come to speak of the exploitation of the 0ottom 0 the top in an societ that 5e 0ecome morall concerned* +n an s stem, exploitation depends on the actual distri0ution of man kinds of profits:mone , authorit , status, honor, 5ell: 0eing* +t is not emotional la0or itself, therefore, 0ut the underl ing s stem of recompense that raises the 8uestion of 5hat the cost of it is* TH3 <3ADCH F4D A"TH3BT+C+TC !n a social system animated by competition for property, the human personality was metamorphosed into a form of capital. "ere it was rational to in#est oneself only in properties that would produce the highest return. $ersonal feeling was a handicap since it distracted the indi#idual from calculating his best interest and might pull him along economically counterproducti#e paths. -%ousseau &'erman(s paraphrase) /hen 7ean 7ac8ues Dousseau o0ser#ed that personalit 5as 0ecoming a form of capital he 5as 5riting a0out eighteenth:centur $aris, long 0efore there 5ere ste5ardess training schools* +f Dousseau could sign on as a flight attendant for ,elta Airlines in the second half of the t5entieth centur , he 5ould dou0tless 0e interested in earning =ust 5hose capital a 5orker2s feelings are and =ust 5ho is putting this capital to 5ork* He 5ould certaint see that although the indi#idual personalit remains a .medium of competition,. the competition is no longer confined to indi#iduals* +nstitutional purposes are no5 tied to the 5orkers2 ps chological arts* +t is not onl , indi#iduals 5ho manage their feeling in order to do a =o0G 5hole organizations ha#e entered the game* The emotion management that sustains the smile on ,elta Airlines competes 5ith the emotion management that upholds the smile on "nited and T/A* /hat 5as once a pri#ate act of emotion management is sold no5 as la0or in pu0lic:contact =o0s* /hat 5as once a pri#atel negotiated rule of feeling or displa is no5 set 0 the compan 2s <tandard $ractices ,i#ision* 3motional exchanges that 5ere once idios ncratic and escapa0le are no5 standardized and una#oida0le* 3xchanges that 5ere rare in pri#ate life 0ecome common in commercial life* Thus a customer assumes a right to #ent unmanaged hostilit against a flight attendant 5ho has no corresponding right 0ecause she is paid, in part, to relin8uish it* All in all, a pri#ate emotional s stem has 0een su0ordinated to commercial logic, and it has 0een changed 0 it* 3strangement from displa , from feeling, and from 5hat feelings can tell us is not simpl the occupational hazard of a fe5* +t has firml esta0lished itself in the culture as permanentl imagina0le* All of us 5ho kno5 the commercialization of human feeling at one remo#e:::as 5itness, consumer, or critic:::ha#e 0ecome adept at recognizing and discounting commercialized

feeling: .4h, the ha#e to 0e friendl , that2s their =o0*. This ena0les us to ferret out the remaining gestures of a pri#ate gift exchange: .Bo5 that smile she reall meant =ust for me*. /e su0tract the commercial moti#e and collect the personal remainders matter:of:factl , almost automaticall , so ordinar has the commercialization of human feeling 0ecome* But 5e ha#e responded in another 5a , 5hich is perhaps more significant: as a culture, 5e ha#e 0egun to place an unprecedented #alue on spontaneous, .natural. feeling* /e are intrigued 0 the unmanaged heart and 5hat it can tell us* The more our acti#ities as indi#idua% emotion managers are managed 0 organizations, the more 5e tend to cele0rate the life of unmanaged feeling* This cultural response found its prophets in late eighteenth:centur philosophers tike Dousseau and its disciples in the Domantic mo#ement of the nineteenth:centur G 0ut 5idespread acceptance of the #ie5 that spontaneous feeling is 0oth precious and endangered has occurred onl recentl , in the mid:t5entieth centur * According to !ionel Trilling, in his classic 5ork <incerit and Authenticit , there ha#e 0een t5o ma=or turning points in the pu0lic e#aluation of expressed feeling* The first 5as the rise (and su0se8uent fall) of the #alue that people put on sincerit * The second 5as a rise in the #alue placed on authenticit * +n the first case, the #alue attached to sincerit rose as its corresponding fla5, insincerit or guile, 0ecame more common* +n the second case, + think the same principle has 0een at 5ork: the #alue placed on authentic or .natural. feeling has increased dramaticall 5ith the full emergence of its opposite:the managed heart* Before the sixteenth centur , Trilling sa s, insincerit 5as neither a fault nor a #irtue* .The sincerit of Achilles or Beo5ulf cannot 0e discussedG the neither ha#e nor lack sincerit *. 1 +t simpl had no rele#ance* Cet during the sixteenth centur , sincerit came to 0e admired* /h H The ans5er is socioeconomic* At this period in histor , there 5as an increasing rate of social mo0ilit in 3ngland and FranceG more and more people found it possi0le, or concei#a0le, to lea#e the class into 5hich the had 0een 0orn* Juile 0ecame an important tool for class ad#ancement* The art of acting, of making a#o5als not in accord 5ith feeling, 0ecame a useful tool far taking ad#antage of ne5 opportunities* As mo0ilit 0ecame a fact of ur0an life, so did guile and people2s understanding that guile 5as a tool* <incerit for its part came to 0e seen as an inhi0ition of the capacit to act 0efore a multiplicit of audiences or as an a0sence of the ps chic detachment necessar to acting* The sincere, .honest soul. came to denote a .simple person, unsophisticated, a 0it on the dum0 side*.9 +t 5as considered .dum0. 0ecause the art of surface acting 5as increasingl understood as a useful tool* /hen mo0ilit 0ecame a fact of ur0an life, so did the art of guile, and the #er interest in sincerit as a #irtue declined*' Modern audiences, in contrast to nineteenth:centur ones, 0ecame 0ored 5ith duplicit as a literar theme* +t had 0ecome too ordinar , too unsurprising: .The h pocrite:#illain, the conscious dissem0ler, has 0ecome marginal, e#en alien, to the modern imagination of the moral life* The situation in 5hich a person s stematicall misrepresents himself in order to practice upon the good faith of another does not readil command our interest, scarcel our credence* The deception 5e 0est understand and most 5illingl gi#e our attention to is that 5hich a person 5orks

*!ionel Trilling, <incerit and Authenticit (Cam0ridge* A%ass*: Har#ard "ni#ersit $ress, %&9;), p* & Trilling %&9;, p* &* ' .+f sincerit has lost its former status, if the 5ord itself has for us a hollo5 sound and seems almost to negate its meaning, that is 0ecause it does not propose 0eing true to one2s self as an end 0ut onl as a means. (2Trilling %&9;, p* &)*
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upon himself*& The point of interest has mo#ed in5ard* /hat fascinates us no5 is ho5 5e fool oursel#es* /hat seems to ha#e replaced our interest in sincerit is an interest in authenticit * +n 0oth the rise and the fall of sincerit as a #irtue, the feeling of sincerit .underneath. 5as assumed to 0e something solid and permanent, 5hether one 5as true to it or 0etra ed it* $lacing a #alue on guile amounted to placing a #alue on detachment from that solid something underneath* The present:da #alue on .authentic. or .natural. feeling ma also 0e a cultural response to a social occurrence, 0ut the occurrence is different* +t is not the rise of indi#idual mo0ilit and the indi#idual use of guile in pleasing a greater #ariet of people* +t is the rise of the corporate use of guile and the organized training of feeling to sustain it* The more the heart is managed, the more 5e #alue the unmanaged heart* Dousseau2s Bo0le <a#age 5as not guided 0 an feeling rules* He simpl felt 5hat he felt, spontaneousl * 4ne clue to the modern:da cele0ration of spontaneous feeling is the gro5ing popularization of ps chological therapies, especiall those that stress .getting in touch 5ith. spontaneous feeling*%> Consider them: Jestalt, 0io:energetics, 0iofeed0ack, encounter, asserti#eness training, transactional anal sis, transcendental meditation, rational:emoti#e therap , !<, therap , feeling therap , implosi#e therap , 3<T, primal therap , con#entional ps chotherap , and ps choanal sis* Therap 0ooks, as the linguist Do0in !akoff has said, are to the t5entieth centur 5hat eti8uette 0ooks 5ere to the nineteenth* This is 0ecause eti8uette has itself gone deeper into emotional life* The introduction of ne5 therapies and the extension of older ones ha#e gi#en a ne5 introspecti#e t5ist to the help mo#ement that 0egan in the last centur * %% To that t5ist is no5 added the #alue on unmanaged feelings* As practitioners of Jestatt therap put it: .The childish feelings are important not as a past that must 0e undone 0ut as some of the most 0eautiful po5ers of adult life that must 0e reco#ered: spontaneit , imagination*N%; Again, in Born to /in, t5o popularizers of transactional anal sis collapse a more general #ie5point into a simple homil : ./inners are not stopped 0 their contradictions and am0i#alences* Being authentic, the kno5 5hen the are angr and can listen 5hen others are angr 5ith them*%( /inners, the suggestion is, do not tr to kno5 5hat the feel or tr to let themsel#es feel* The =ust kno5 and the =ust feel, in a natural, unprocessed 5a * +ronicall , people read a 0ook like Born to /in in order to learn ho5 to tr to 0e a natural, authentic 5inner* <pontaneit is no5 cast as something to 0e reco#eredG the indi#idual learns ho5
Trilling %&9;* p* %1* For an excellent essa on this su0=ect, see Dalph Turner, .The Deal <elfG From +nstitution co +mpulse*. American 7ournal of <ociolog '% (%&91): &'&:%>%1 %% The significance of the gro5th of ne5 therapies cannot 0e dismissed 0 the argument that the are simpl a 5a of extending =o0s in the ser#ice sector 0 creating ne5 needs* The 8uestion remains, 5h these needsH /h the ne5 need to do something a0out ho5 ou feelH The ne5 therapies ha#e also 0een criticized, as the old self help mo#ement 5as, focusing on indi#idual solutions to the exclusion of social ones and for legitimating the message .!ook out for Bum0er 4ne*. K<ee Christopher !asch, .The Barcissist <ociet *. Be5 Cork De#ie5 Books ;( (<eptem0er (>, %&91):@:%(]* This criti8ue is not 5rong in itself, 0ut it is partial and misleading* +t is m o5n #ie5 that the capacit to feel is full analogous to the capacit to see or hearG and if that capacit is lost or in=ured, it is 5ise to restore it in 5hate#er 5a one can* But to attach the cure to a* solipsistic or indi#idualistic philosoph of life or to assume that one2s in=ur can onl 0e self:imposed is to contri0ute to 5hat + ha#e called (5ith optimism) a .prepolitical. stance* %; $erls et al* ( %&@% )* p* ;&9* 13 Muriel 7ames and ,oroth 7onge5ard, Born to /in (Center Cit , Minn*: Hazelden* %&9% )*
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to treat feeling as a reco#era0le o0=ect, 5ith ego as the instrument of reco#er * +n the course of .getting in touch 5ith our feelings,. 5e make feelings more su0=ect to command and manipulation, more amena0le to #arious forms of management*%L /hile the 8ualities of Dousseau2s Bo0le <a#age are cele0rated in modern pop therap , he did not act in the 5a his modern admirers do* The Bo0le <a#age did not .let. himself feel good a0out his garden* He d2id not .get in touch 5ith. or .into.2 his resentment* He had no therapist 5orking on his throat to open up Aa .#oice 0lock*. + did not go 0ack and forth 0et5een hot and cold tu0s 5hile h per#entilating to get in touch 5ith his feelings* Bo therapist said to him, .4ka , Bo0le <a#age, let2s tr to reall get into our sadness*. He did not imagine that he o5ed others an feeling or that the o5ed him an * +n fact, the utter a0sence of calculation and 5ill as the ha#e 0ecome associated 5ith feeling is 5hat no5ada s makes the Bo0le <a#age seem so sa#age* But it is also: and this is m point:5hat makes him seem so no0le* /h do 5e place more #alue no5 on artless, unmanaged feelingH /h , hopelessl and romanticall , do 5e imagine a natural preser#e of feeling, a place to 0e kept .fore#er 5ild.H The ans5er must 0e that it is 0ecoming scarce* +n e#er da life, 5e are all to some degree students of <tanisla#skiG 5e are onl poorer or 0etter at deep acting, closer or more remote from incenti#es to do it 5ell* /e ha#e carried our ancient capacit for gift exchange o#er a great commercial di#ide 5here the gifts are 0ecoming commodities and the exchange rates are set 0 corporations* 7ean 7ac8ues Dousseau as a flight attendant for ,elta Airlines might add to his eighteenth centur concern for the faceless soul 0eneath the mask a ne5 concern for the market intrusion into the 5a s 5e define oursel#es and for ho5, since his da , that intrusion has expanded and organized itself*

The ego detachment necessar to do emotion 5ork is fostered 0 man modern therapies that aim, in part, to increase control o#er feelings* The indi#idual is inducted into the 0elief that he or she alread has control o#er feeling, a control that simpl has to 0e 0rought to a5areness*
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