ARTICLES a, an and the are articles. Articles are used in front of nouns.

The article a Is used in front of singular countable nouns which begin with consonants sounds (b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z) Singular means one

Examples: i. ii. iii. iv. v. There is a rat under my table. We want to buy a car to my mother. The children have a rabbit as a pet. He has only done a unit in his workbook. My brother studies English at a university in England.

*the words unit and university begin with consonant or y sound. So the article a is used.

The article an Is used in front of singular uncountable nouns which begin with vowel sounds (a, e, i, o, u) Examples: i. ii. iii. iv. An ant fell into a coffee. Martina wants to buy an umbrella. An-L licence driver usually drives very slowly. Please meet me at the cinema in an hours time.

*the words L-licence and hour begin with a vowel sound. So the article an is used.

The article the Is used in front of nouns (singular, plural, countable and uncountable nouns) Examples: i. The book my father bought to me is interesting. (book is singular countable nouns) ii. The Philippines is made up of many islands. (Philippines is plural uncountable nouns)

Is used when we speak about a specific person, thing, place or country. Example: i. ii. We can see the moon now. (moon is uncountable noun) The king will visit Perak next week. (king is specific person)

Is used when we speak about someone or something for the second time. Examples: i. A hunter shot a tiger. The tiger had killed many goats.

Is used in the superlative form. Example: i. The most delicious cake won the prize. (most is superlative form) Positive many Comparative more Superlative most

Omission of the article a and an are left out for uncountable nouns.

Examples: i. ii. iii. He wants sugar in his coffee. There is butter on his bread. He likes to eat rice.

Fill in the blanks with a, an, or the. 1. Sam won ________ prize at the competition. 2. _______ quietest girl answered the questions. 3. My mother gave me ______ doll yesterday. 4. The king bought ______ aeroplane. 5. They are going to watch _______ football match. 6. It was cloudy so we could not see _______ sun. 7. He ate _____ bowl of rice yesterday. 8. There is _____ mosquito in my room. 9. We must finish our work in _____ hour. 10. The boys had ______ fight in the field. 11. My brother studies in _____ university. 12. We watched _____ interesting film yesterday. 13. _____ lady in blue dress is my mother. 14. Nadia was knocked down by _____ L-licence car driver. 15. Fauzi wrote _____ letter to his pen pal. NOUNS Nouns are words that refer to people, animals, places and things. Nouns are consists of:

COMMON NOUNS

COMMON NOUNS

PROPER NOUNS

NOUNS

UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

COUNTABLE NOUNS

COMMON NOUNS Are names given to people, animals, places and things. Examples: a) People man, boy, girl, husband, uncle, niece, king, etc. b) Animals cat, tiger, ant, eagle, shark, monkey, etc. c) Places school, field, cinema, house, zoo, etc. d) Things umbrella, knife, cup, table, book, etc. PROPER NOUNS Are names given to people,animals, places , and things. Examples: a) People Rashid, Helen, Hui Woon. b) Animals Comel, Belang, etc. c) Places Bukit Jalil Sports Complex, Kual a Lumpur City Centre, The United Kingdom, Sarawak, etc.

d) Things Proton Perdana, Modenas Kriss, etc. COUNTABLE NOUNS Countable nouns are nouns that can be counted. Examples: Five girls Two bears A baby Six lychees UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS Uncountable nouns are nouns that cannot be counted. Examples: Sand, Oil, Hair,Water,Rice,Grass Rewrite the sentences and pu capital letters where necessary. 1. mariam went to Thailand last week

2. The boys go to sekolah menengah subang jaya.

3. kota bharu is the capital of Kelantan.

4. His father works for malaysia airlines system.

5. australia is the largest island on earth.

Put u in the brackets for uncountable nouns and c for countable nouns. 1. apple 2. girl 3. grass 4. banana 5. country 6. ice cream 7. table 8. sand 9. frog 10. salt 11. fire 12. pupil 13. water 14. jam 15. house (c) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

16. tomato sauce ( ) 17. piano 18. hand 19. car 20. coffee DETERMINERS Determiners are used to tell us the amount or number of nouns. Some determiners some determiners are used for countable nouns. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Some determiners are used for uncountable nouns. Some determiners can be used for both countable and uncountable nouns. i. Determiners for countable nouns are: a few, several, many, a small number of, a large number of. E.g.: a) there are a few boxes in the cupboard. b) there are several pupils in the classroom. c) he bought many books for his nephews. d) only a small number of workers were at the meeting. e) a large number of people came to the show. ii. determiners for uncountable nouns are: a little, much, less, a small amount of, a large amount of. e.g: a) there is only a little water left. b) she did not put much sugar in the coffee. c) we have a small amount of curry left. d) they want a large amount of paper. e) there is less salt in this food. iii. determiners for both countable and uncountable nouns are; a lot of, plenty of, any, some and more. e.g: a) we need a lot of food at the party. (food=uncountable noun) b) there were a lot of soldiers at the show. (soldiers=countable noun) c) we have plenty of water in the well. (water=uncountable noun) d) they have plenty of story books to read. (story books=countable noun)

e) there isnt any oil left in the pan. (oil=uncountable noun) f) there arent any chairs left in the room. (chairs=countable noun) g) haris has some butter left on his plate. (butter=uncountable noun) h) I need some girls to help me. (girls=countable noun) i) mary wants more sand for the playground. (sand=uncountable noun) j) there are more plates in the cupboard. (plates=countable noun)

Underline the correct answer in the brackets. 1. There were (a few, a little) people at the meeting. 2. How (much, many) do I have to pay for the tickets. 3. There are (much, fewer) mistakes on his answer sheet. 4. Do you have (any, much) eggs? 5. There are (some, much) boys waiting outside the room. 6. We need (a little, a few) more time to finish work. 7. Aishah wants (a lot of, a little) books for the new library. 8. There were (several, much) minutes when the room was silent. 9. We need (some, any) chairs for this room. 10. (A large number of, A large amount of) water was wasted because of the burst pipe. PRONOUNS 1. Personal Pronouns Are used in the place of names of people or animals. e.g: Names Azmil Maria Jamil and Faridah Personal Pronouns He She They

Gruff, the cat

It

Personal pronouns can be subject or object in a sentence. e.g: a) Sally visited Halim last week. = She visited him last week. (subject) (object)

b) Nazri read to Jenny yesterday. = He read to her yesterday. (subject) (object)

The table below gives more examples: Subject I You He she We They It Object me your him her us them it

Examples of sentences : Subject I We You They He saw spoke to will see are taking to has paid verb her them him us me Object complement dancing. last night. later. now. already.

She It

fed can save

it her

yesterday. now.

Write the correct word in each blank. 1. I gave ___________ five ringgit. (he, him) 2. Mabel told ___________ the news. (we, us) 3. __________ is reading the newspaper. (He, His) 4. __________ know that I have to make a kite. (Them, They) 5. __________ are leaving for Lumut tonight. (Them, They) 6. My grandfather asked __________ to help him. (I, me) 7. Hamidah told us that _________ is not well. (she, her) 8. The cow is mooing loudly. ________ is in pain. (He, It) 9. The referee gave __________ another chance. (they, them) 10. ________ are going to write a letter to the editor. (Us, We) 11. The neighbour gave _________ a beautiful present. (her, she) 12. My sister wants _________ to look at his picture. (your, you) Possessive pronouns and possessive adjectives. Both possessive pronouns and possessive adjectives show belonging. Possessive pronouns are not followed by nouns in sentences. e.g: a) The toys are mine. b) The shoes are theirs.

Possessive adjectives are followed by nouns in sentences. e.g: a) Those are her books. b) They were my classmates. More examples:

possessive adjectives My Our Your Their His Her its

possessive pronouns Mine Ours Yours Theirs His hers

Underline the correct answer in the brackets. 1. This is (her, hers)guitar. 2. These stamps are (your, yours). 3. Gerry wants (his, he) money back. 4. The blue tie is (my, mine). 5. My manager wants (your, yours) reply now. 6. The tigress is feeding (it, its) cubs. 7. (Mine, My) drawing is the best in the class. 8. Those files are (their, theirs). 9. We know which shoes are (our, ours). 10. This is not my tie. I think this is (his, he). 11. The ring is Munas, this is (hers, her). 12. This toy belongs to my kitten. It is (its, it) toy. 13. (Their, Theirs) lesson ended at 6.00 oclock. 14. (Our, Ours) mother seldom goes out in the evening. 15. The bag is (her, hers) but she does not want it. Reflexive Pronouns. Are used to show that the action (verb) in the sentence affects the person doing the action. e.g: a) She helped herself to some food. b) He taught himself how to read.

c) They are laughing among themselves. The table below give more examples of reflexive pronouns. Personal pronouns I We You(singular) You(plural) They He She It Reflexive pronouns myself ourselves yourself yourselves themselves himself herself itself

Remember: there are no such words like hisself and theiselves. Fill in the blanks with the correct words from the box. Some words can be used more than once.

myself

ourselves

himself

itself

yourselves

themselves

yourself

herself

1. The horse fell and hurt _______________. 2. We caught the thief __________________. 3. I have to finish work __________________. 4. The boys are quarrelling among _________________. 5. Maggie washed all the clothes by _________________. 6. I told ____________________ that i must work hard. 7. I warned Salleh, You must look after ___________________. 8. Badrul reminded ______________________ to take his essay to school. 9. A cat is an animal which can look after___________________. 10. The teacher told her pupils, You must help _______________________.

Relative pronouns. Relative pronouns are used to join sentences. Different relative pronouns are used for people, animals and things. For people Who Whose whom Isaac is the boy who won the first prize. Jill is the girl whose book was stolen. The woman whom Fred saved is my aunt. For animals and things Which that That is the cat which stole the fish. This is the horse that won the race.

Fill in each blank with the correct word. 1. This is the kitten ____________ fell into the drain. (who,that) 2. My father killed the rat __________ I caught. (which, whose) 3. Palani is the boy ____________ danced in the hall. (which, who) 4. It was Alvins bag ____________ was missing. (that, whose) 5. The rabbit ____________ i bought is very cute. (who, which) 6. The boy _____________ lost the race is Lims brother. (which, who) 7. The girl _____________ book was torn is very angry. (whose, which) 8. I want to know to __________I have to give this file. (who, whom) 9. That is the boy ______________ story our teacher read to us. (whose, whom) 10. The old man ________________ we helped is Johans grandfather. (whom, which) ADJECTIVES 1. Adjectives are words that tell us more about people, animal, places and things. Examples: a) Samy is a tall boy. (tall tell us about Samy) b) That thick book is very heavy. (thick tell us about the book) c)Wild animals are kept in cages in the zoo. (wild tell us about the animals) d)Dollahs grandfather is busy. (busy tell us about )Dollahs grandfather is busy)

2. We can also use adjectives to compare people, animals, places, and things. There are three degrees of comparison : positive, comparative and superlative. The positive form of the adjective is used when no comparison is made. Examples: a) She is a smart girl. b) He is a fast runner. c) The cat is a quiet animal. The positive form is also used when comparing two person or things that are similar. Examples: a) We are as slow as the other group. b) She is as kind as her father. c) Thomas is as hungry as his uncle. The comparative form is used when two unequal persons, places or things are compared. The comparative form of many adjectives is formed by adding er to the adjective followed by the word than. Examples: a) He is older than my father. b) I am taller than my sister. c) They are younger than I am. The comparative of some adjectives is formed using more + adjective + than Examples: a) This problem is more difficult than that. b) My book is more interesting than yours. c) She is more hardworking than her brother. The superlative form is used when three or more persons, places or things are compared. The superlative form of many adjectives is formed by adding est to the adjective.

We must use the before the adjective. Examples : a) This is the shortest way to the post office. b) The Kancil is the smallest car in Malaysia. c) Malek is the strongest boy in his class. The superlative form of some adjectives is formed by adding most before the adjective. Examples: a) Harlina is the most beautiful girl in my village. b) Tan is the most hardworking boy in the school. c) Chun Chong is the most disobedient pupil in class. Note: The spelling of some adjectives changes completely when they are used in the comparative and superlative degrees. Underline the correct answers. 1. Mr. Peter is a (kind, kinder, kindest) man. 2. Many (rich, richer, the richest) people live in town. 3. Which is (short, shorter, the shortest) of the three routes? 4. Hassan is as (thin, thinner, the thinnest) as his brother. 5. Farouks writing is (neat, neater, the neatest) than mine. 6. (Strong, Stronger, The strongest) man will carry the heaviest box. 7. Many people helped Sasha because she was (poor, poorer, poorest). 8. The people were happy when their (cruel, crueller, the cruellest) ruler died. 9. Mr. Liew is (important, more important, the most important0 person in this office. 10. Sumathi is (hardworking, more hardworking, the most hardworking) pupil in this class. 11. Fook Lais results were (good, better, the best) in the school. 12. Melina used to be (popular, more popular, the most popular) than Rohani. ADVERBS 1. Adverbs of manner tell us how an action was done. Adverbs of manner are formed by adding ly to adjectives.

Examples: a) The pupils talked softly. b) We walked home quickly. c) Musa asked politely for more food. d) She put the baby gently on the bed. We can also use adverbs to compare how people or animals do things. There are three degrees of comparison : positive, comparative and superlative. The positive form of the adverb is used when no comparison is made. Examples : a) Lee swam quickly. b) Fatimah spoke loudly. c) Puan Mariam drove carefully. The positive form is also used when comparing the actions of two persons or things that are similar or equal. Examples : a) We worked as carefully as the other class. b) Fatimah spoke as loudly as her friends. c) Taha spoke as clearly as Nathan. The comparative form of adverb is used when two unequal persons or things are compared. Is form by adding more to the adverb. Examples: a) She spoke more angrily than Mrs Tan did. b) Fred walks more slowly than Kumar. c) Your dog barks more fiercely than mine. The superlative form of the adverb is used when the action of three or more persons or things are compared. Is formed by adding the most to the verb.

Examples: a) Jane dances the most gracefully in her group. b) The new teacher speaks the most gently in our school. c) She sang the most beautifully in the contest. Complete the sentences below with either the positive, comparative or superlative form degrees of the adverbs in the brackets. 1. He wrote his answers __________ (clearly) on the answer sheet. 2. Helen spoke __________________ (softly) than Johan. 3. Badrul drove the _________________ (fast) in the race. 4. Jerome dresses _______________ (smartly) than his brother. 5. He plays the violin ______________ (bad) than Karim. 6. The fire is burning _________________ (brightly) than before. 7. She ran the _______________(far) among all her friends. 8. The cat moved _________________ (quietly) than the dog. 9. We walked _________________ (slowly) because we were late. 10. The pupils work ______________ (hard) for the examination. 11. They write _________________ (neatly) in their exercises book. 12. We arrived here ________________ (soon) tahn the other team. 13. My mother can cook ______________ (well) tahn my aunt Salina. 14. Pak Harun fought __________________ (bravely) of all the soldiers in the war. Adverbs of frequency. a) often b) usually Examples c) always Aziz enjoys fishing. He often goes fishing during the holidays. Marina comes here almost every day. She usually comes here in the evening. David drinks milk every day. He always drinks milk in the morning. d) seldom e) never Ben does not like comics. He seldom reads comics. John has not come here even once. He has never come before.

Adverbs of time tell us when something happens or had happened. a) before examples i. She read the passage before she answered the questions. ii. We ate our food before we drank the water. b) after i. They went home after the party. ii. He cut the cake after the children sang a song.

Write the correct word in each blank. 1. We go to the filed open. We _________________ go there in the evening. ( usually, never) 2. You should look carefully _________________ you cross the road. (before, after) 3. They ran ______________ because they wanted to win the race. (slowly, quickly) 4. I do not know the way because I ______________ go to his house. (seldom, always) 5. The teacher scolded Adam for speaking _________________ (politely, rudely). 6. Joe was sad because he did _________________in his test. (badly, well) 7. The baby smiled when his mother rocked him _________________ (gently, roughly) 8. They finished their work early because they worked ___________________. (fast, lazily) 9. He keeps his things _____________ on ths table. (neatly, sweetly) 10. I have not been there even once. I have __________________been there. (always, never) PREPOSITIONS Prepositions are words that we use before nouns or pronouns.

There are 3 kinds of prepositions. There are prepositions of place and position, directions and time. Prepositions of time. In Examples: a) Jalil was born in 1986. b) The holidays will be in December. c) We leave for Penang in a weeks time. d) We go to school in the morning.

At Examples : a) We will my father at night. b) The class began at three oclock. c) At what time hes leaving?

On Examples : a) Malaysia gained in independence on 31st August 1957. b) He goes swimming on Tuesday. c) On what day is Deepavali? During Examples : a) We will visit our grandfather during the holidays. b) It is cool during the night. c) We had a quiz during our History class yesterday. For

Examples :

a) The football trained for a month. b) We lived in Subang Jaya for three years. c) They will be in America for a fortnight.

Choose the correct answers from the words in the box. Around Behind between in at along off through for on

1. She put her _____________ the bed. 2. Azimah is sitting _______________her grandparents. 3. I am going to take ________________ my jacket. It is too hot. 4. The little girl is hiding _______________ her mother. 5. The Tans lived in Kenya ______________ five years. 6. The dogs jumped _______________ the burning hoop. 7. The boys swim _______________ the lake every Sunday. 8. The children chased one another _____________ the tree. 9. Walk _______________ this road. Turn right at the first junction. 10. Vinny will be waiting for his friends _________________ school. CONJUNCTIONS

Conjunctions are words thst join words, phrases and sentences. and, because, but, so, therefore, although, if examples: a) and i. Gary like nasi lemak. Bala likes nasi lemak. Gary and Bala likes nasi lemak. ii. The baby can stand. The baby can crawl. The baby can stand and crawl.

b) But i. Lim wants to play football. Halim wants to play hockey. Lim wants to play football but Halim wants to play hockey. ii. Fariza wants to help her brother. Fariza is sick. Fariza wants to help her brother but she is sick. c) So i. She was hungry. She cooked some food. She was hungry so she cooked some food.

ii.

They were tired. They rested for an hour. They were tired so they rested for an hour.

d) Although i. They came to the class. It was raining. They came to the class although it was raining. ii. We must finish our work. We are sleepy. We must finish our work although we are sleepy. e) If i. Saras can help you. She has the book. Saras can help you if she has the book.

ii.

You will not get wet. You have an umbrella. You will not get wet if you have an umbrella.

f)

Because

i.

The baby is crying. The baby is hungry. The baby is crying because he baby is hungry.

ii.

The table is going to break. The legs are weak. The table is going to break because the legs are weak.

g) Or i. ii. Does Julie want a red dress? Does Julie want a blue dress? Does Julie want a red or blue dress?

Fill in the blanks with the correct answers. 1. The girls enjoyed the show __________________________ the boys did not. (but, so, if) 2. My cousin ate some durians ________________________ mangos teens. (and, if, later) 3. He was thirsty _____________________) he bought a drink. (so, or, because) 4. Mandy will fail the test ________________________ she does not work hard. (if, but, or) 5. Latifah helped Daud, ____________________ she was in hurry. (although, if, next) 6. Soraya ________________________ Rizal will sweep the floor. (but, and, then) 7. I enjoy reading comics _____________________ they are interesting. (so, then, because) 8. We were very tired ____________________ we slept. (if, so, although) WH- QUESTIONS The following words are used to ask questions. 1. Who, whom and whose are used for people. Examples: a)To whom must I send this letter? b) Who won the first prize in the contest? c) Whose book was found in the dustbin? 2. What and which are used for people and things. Examples : a) What is she doing there? b) Which chair is broken? c) What were the cats playing with? 3. Why is used to ask for reasons.

Examples :

a) Why did Henry cry? b) Why does she like to sleep in the afternoon?

4. How is used to ask the way in which something is done. It can also be used to ask about amount and number. Examples : a) How do you make a kite? c) How much water does she need? d) How many people will be here tomorrow? 5. Where is used to ask about place. Examples : a) where are they meeting? b) Where is the game going to be held? 6. when is used to ask about time.

Examples : a) when does the school holiday start? b)when will your father come?

Who which what where why

i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x. xi. xii. TENSES

when how whom whose

_________________ are they laughing? _________________ do you tie a knot? With _____________ did you come? _________________ is going to help me? _________________ son won the race? _________________ the shoe begin? _________________ is the highest building? _________________ are the children doing there? __________________ flowers are most beautiful? _________________ will the concert be held? _______________ do you look so worried? __________________ car is that near your gate?

We uses different tenses to show when an action happens. The Simple Present Tense. 1. The Simple Present Tense take two verb forms. . with s for singular subject (He, She, It, Alex) . without s for plural subjects (We, They, Joe and Lili) Examples: He She It Farid I You We They Zalia and Latifah enjoy like music enjoys likes

More examples: a) He enjoys collecting stamps. b) She sings in the band. c) Wendy writes very neatly. d) The dog barks at cats. e) I like to eat ice cream. f) You run fast.

g) We watch television at night. h) They sell vegetable at the market. i) Mariam and Sabariah carry a lot of books to school.

The form of the verb to be in the simple present tense.

Read the table below. I You We They Sam and Badrul He She It Ghazali is are hungry. tired. clever. am

We use : am only for I eg: I am hungry. is for all singular subjects (he, she, it, Farid) except you. Eg: She is ten years old. Haris is the tallest boy in class. It is a very greedy cat. are for the singular subject you, and for all plural subjects (we, they, Samy and Jasmine) eg: They are late for class. We are all happy to meet you. You are lucky to win the first prize.

Jessica and Marlina are good friends. The form of the verb have in the Simple Present Tense. Read the table below: He She It Edward I You We They Zizan and Johan have Some food has

We use : has with singular subjects (he, she, it, Fred) Examples: a) He has three cat and a goldfish. b) She has the newest toys. c) It has two leaves. d) Gary has a lot of coins from England. have with plural subjects (we, they, you, Sunny and Sumitha) and also for singular subjects I and You examples: a) I have some interesting some interesting storybooks. b) You have a letter from your pen pal. c) They have a Bahasa Malaysia test on Tuesday. d) Salina and Ramli have a new car.

The forms of the verb do in the simple present tense. Read the table below. He She It Danny I You We They Khalil and Fauzi do the exercises. does

We use: do with plural subjects (we, they, you, Henry and Devan) and also for singular subjects I andYou. Examples : a) I do not like eating mangoes. b) You do go to the cinema often. c) We do all our homework in the afternoon. d) They do all the packing in the factory. e) Their and his uncle do not want to go for the party does with singular subjects (he, she, it, Fred) examples: a) She does her best to please her father. b) He does not want to play football. c) It does not like to eat fish. d) James does his exercises in the morning.

We use the simple present tense: For actions that take place at the time when we are talking about them. Examples: a) Jalil is in his office. b) My brother stays with our uncle in Ipoh. c) I live at No. 2 Jalan Ipoh. To show a habit or some actions we repeat. Examples: a) I wash my face everynight. b) He goes to school everynight. c) We play football on Saturdays. To show fact or a truth Examples: a) The sun rises in the East. b) The young of mammals drink milk. To show a future happening or action. Examples: a) He leaves for Perlis tomorrow. b) We hope to win the competition. c) The campaign starts next week. When we give instructions, directions and commands. Examples: a) Take the right turn after the post office. b) Cut the paper into two.

Fill each blank with the correct form of the verbs in the brackets. 1. The boys _____________________ a lot in class. (talk) 2. The pupils _____________________ many books in the class library. (have) 3. The kitten _____________________ through the hole and enters the room. (crawl) 4. Susie ________________________ very little water. (drink) 5. We ________________________ the captains of the schools teams. (be) 6. The puppy ______________________ among the boxes. (hide) 7. Seng Kee _______________________ the tallest boy in the class. (be) 8. Johari ______________________ in Petaling Jaya. (live) 9. Martin ___________________ his reading in the school library. (do) 10. My father _________________ to Singapore every month. (fly) THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE The form of the present continuous tense is as follows:

Subject + verb to be (am/are/is) + verb + -ing

Examples: Subject I We You They The teachers He She It Shamsul is are Verb to be am walk + (ing) = walking run + (ing) = running Verb + -ing

We use the Present Continuous Tense to show that: Something is happening at the time of speaking Examples: a) He is washing the car now. b) She is attending a meeting out of town. c) They are sitting for their test now. d) I am listening to my favourite singer. An action is happening over a period of time Examples : a) Maimunah is writing another book this year. b) He is training to become a mechanic. c) We are taking four subjects for our examinations. d) They are studying to become doctors. An action is planned for the future. Examples: a) I am going to Johor Bahru next week. b) He is teaching a new class next month. c) We are meeting my father tonight. d) They are camping on Gunung Ledang next Saturday. On action that is often repeated or is a habit. Examples: a) They are always fighting lately. b) My mother is often talking about you. c) We are always eating fried rice.

d) I am often telling her answers. Fill in the blank with the present continuous tense form of the verbs in the bracket. 1. My brother ____________________ very hard for his examination. (work) 2. Justin _______________ his teacher to help him. (ask) 3. We _______________________ to Taman Desa next week. (cycle) 4. The worker ___________________ nails into the wood. (hit) 5. The dogs ___________________ over the bone. (fight) 6. The teacher ____________________ the pupils present. (wrap) 7. I _________________________ from my brother. (hide) 8. You _____________________ to a famous film star. (talk) 9. The cat _______________________ its kittens fur. (clean) 10. I ___________________________ my Science homework. (doing) THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE The forms of the verb in the Simple Past Tense are as follow: -ed is added to the verb to form the past tense Examples: SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE Wash Talk play SIMPLE PAST TENSE Washed Talked played

The verb is spelt differently from the verb in the simple tense Examples: SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE Break Sleep SIMPLE PAST TENSE Broke Slept

Do Have Fly lay

Did Had Flew laid

The form of the verb is not changed. It is the same as the verb in the Present Tense. Examples: SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE Cut Hit Put read SIMPLE PAST TENSE Cut Hit Put read

Read the table below I You We They He She Rahim cut the branches. broke cleaned the vase yesterday. the garden last week.

2. We use the Simple Past Tense to show that an action: i. happened in the past or no longer happens

Examples:

a) They stayed with us last week. b) He studied in Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris. c) She broke her arm in the accident. d) I hit the tree near my house last night.

ii.

Has been finished or completed

Examples: a) The war ended yesterday. b) I wrote him a letter last week. c) He blew all the balloons by himself. d) We finished all the drinks. Fill in the blanks with the simple past form of the verb in brackets. 1. The rabbit ______________________ after it was hit by a car. (die) 2. The book I bought yesterday_______________ RM20. (cost) 3. The dog __________________ the strangers leg. (bite) 4. We ________________ a lot of fun at the picnic. (has) 5. The girls _______________________ all the cooking themselves. (do) 6. I ____________________ to meet her because I was late. (hurry) 7. My sister __________________a beautiful dress for me.(sew) 8. My friends ___________________up all my paint.(use) 9. The pupils __________________a letter to the newspapers.(write) 10. He __________________us that the story was a secret.(tell)

IV The Past Continuouns Tense

1 The form of the Past continuous Tense is as follows: verbto be+ verb +ing

(was/were)

Examples: (a) was eating (b)was rising Read the table below.

(c) were dreaming (d) were climbing

I He She It Norman You We They The children

was sleeping was eating

at ten oclock last night.

was sleeping was eating

2 We use Past Continuous Tense to show: That two past actions were happening at the same time Examples:(a) I was reading while she was talking to Elaine. (b)We were studying while Edwin was listening to the radio. (c)He was cooking while they were searcing for their keys (d)The cow was mooing while the sheep was bleating That action happened while another was still going on

Examples: (a)I was reading when she fell down. (b)He was giving her work when I came into the office. (c)They were playing when their mother called them in. (d)Ramli was cutting the bread when Zakian sceamed. That something was a past habit

Examples:(a)We always quarrelling when we were young. (b)He was always playing football when they stayed in Ipoh. (c)They were often missing breakfast because they got up late. (d)Rani was always bitting her nails when she was a teenager. A past action that happened over a period of yime

Examples:(a)I was washing my clothes for two hours this morning. (b)They were painting the house all day yesterday. (c)Sarah was cleaning the kitchen the whole morning. (d)The dog was barking the whole night long.

GRAMMAR PRACTISE 7 Fill in the blanks with the words given in the box. Was adding Were singing Were washing Was holding Were closing were dancing was driving were swimming was feeding was putting were listening was kneeling was building was changing were trying

1. The boys _______________________their shoes when it started to rain. 2. Aziz __________________________a new house when the flood come. 3. Prema was playing while the teacher _______________________her marks. 4. My mother _______________________the baby while I was watching television. 5. We _______________________on our new father knocked on the door. 6. They __________________________when the music stooped. 7. We were running while they _________________________in the pool. 8. The shopkeepers _______________________their doors when the thieves rushed in. 9. I _______________________my red balloon he lost his yellow balloon. 10. The children _________________________to the story when the bell rang. 11. Salim _____________________when he saw the accidents. 12. She ______________________to pray when her brother called her. 13. He ______________________the sweets in the bottle when it broke. 14. I____________________ the bulb when she called me. GRAMMAR PRACTISE 8 Fill the blanks with the past continuous from the verb in brackets.. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. They ___________________the game when it rained heavily.(win) When I came in,he_____________________the floor.(sweep) The thieves ______________________away when the police arrived.(run) When the teacher walked into the class, the pupils ________________________.(clap) She _______________________the house when she heard the news.(decorate) We ______________________the children quiet while he was studying.(keep) The policeman ___________________at the thieves who were trying to escape.(shoot) He ____________________in the race when he fell down.(lead) It started to rain when they ____________________the clothes up dry.(hang) We _____________________a lot of time on charity around this time last year.(spend)

LIST OF SOME VERB FORMS Simple Present Add Agree Allow Am/is Arrange Arrive Are Bake Bark Bathe Bear Beat Become Begin Bite blow Simple past Added Agreed Allowed Was Arranged Arrived Were Baked Barked bathed Bore Beat Became Began Bit blew Continuous Adding Agreeing Allowing Being Arranging Arriving Being Baking Barking Bathing Bearing Beating Becoming Beginning Biting blowing Past Participle Form Added Agreed Allowed Been Arranged Arrived Been Baked Barked Bathed Borne Beaten Become Begun Bitten blown