Journal of Education and Practice ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper ISSN 2222-2!!" (#nline $ol.%& No.

'& 2(13

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Error Analysis on Tenses Usage Made by Indonesian Students

*atna+ ,a-assar .ouris/ 0cade/1& .an2ung 3unga& P# 3#" )(22%& Sout+ Sulawesi& Indonesia 4E-/ail of t+e corresponding aut+or5 ratna6a-par71a+oo.co/ Abstract .+is paper atte/pts to find out t1pes& sources and causes of errors on tenses usage in translating Indonesian into Englis+ /ade 81 t+e 1st se/ester students of .our and .ra9el depart/ent& acade/ic 1ear 2(12:2(13. 3ased on t+e anal1;ed transcrip& it +as 8een find out t+at t1pes of error /ade 81 t+e students in tenses usage were error of o/ission& error of selection and error of addition& particularl1 in using 9er8& ti/e signals and t+e use of au<iliar1 9er8& t+e sources of errors /ade 81 t+e students in using tenses co9er5 intra lingual error and inter language errors and t+e causes of error are= interference& o9ergenerali;ation& ignorance of rule restriction& and false concept +1pot+esi;ed. .+e Englis+ teac+ers suggested to e<plain t+e Englis+ pattern structure clearl1 and t+e students could use t+e tenses for/s of Englis+ correctl1 to a9oid interference& o9ergenerali;ation& ignorance of rule restriction& and false concept +1pot+esi;ed. Keyword5 error anal1sis& addition& o/issions& selection& /isordering& intererence. 1. Introduction Error anal1sis is an in9alua8le source of infor/ation to teac+ers. It pro9ides infor/ation on students> errors w+ic+ in turn +elps teac+ers to correct students> errors and also i/pro9es t+e effecti9eness of t+eir teac+ing. .+e stud1 of errors 81 t+e/sel9es would +a9e 8een /isleading= t+e stud1 of errors in contrast to t+e nu/8er of correct responses gi9es a good picture of w+ic+ ite/s are 8eing /astered and w+ic+ are not. .+erefore& t+is stud1 +opes to enlig+ten teac+ers on t+e errors t+at re?uire re/edial wor- so t+at ti/e is not wasted on teac+ing gra//ar ite/s w+ic+ pose little or no pro8le/s to t+e /a2orit1 of t+e students in relation to use gra//ar in general and particularl1 on tenses usage . In /a-ing a sentence in Englis+ eit+er written or spo-en& tense pla1s a 9er1 i/portant role. In Englis+& eac+ sentence alwa1s contains a tense. .ense is a 9er8 for/ or a 9er8 p+rase used to e<press a ti/e relations+ip. .+ere are t+ree 9er8 for/s usuall1 used to e<press ti/e relations+ips. .+e1 are5 si/ple for/& s - for/& and past for/. .+e si/ple for/ and t+e s - for/ are co//onl1 called t+e si/ple present tense= and t+e past for/ is co//onl1 called t+e si/ple past tense. In using Englis+ tenses t+e students will ine9ita8l1 /a-e errors eit+er in oral or written for/. 0ccording to t+e e<perience of t+e writer& t+e students usuall1 /a-e /ista-es or e9en errors on tenses usage in 9er8 for/s& t+e use of 9oca8ular1& and t+e use of ti/e signals. .+e students so/eti/es do not understand& w+en t+e 9er8 for/ will 8e used w+et+er in present& past or future for/. So t+is p+eno/enon is interested to 8e done an1 researc+ to get description a8out t+e -inds and t+e causes of errors in using Englis+ tenses. Indonesian learners of Englis+ as well as t+e students of ,a-assar .ouris/ 0cade/1 (0@P0* ,a-assar are aware of t+eir errors in /a-ing and translating sentences or te<t fro/ Indonesian into Englis+ and 9ice 9ersa 81 using tenses or ti/e correctl1. .+erefore& 8ased on t+e description a8o9e& t+is paper atte/pts to find out t1pes of errors on usage of tenses /ade in translating Englis+ sentences into Indonesian. 2. Review of Related iterature 2.1. !efinition of Error .+e following definitions of errors are deri9ed fro/ se9eral 9iews5 Ar1stal (1)!7 BerrorC is a ter/ used in ps1c+olinguistics referring to /ista-es in spontaneous spea-ing or writing attri8uta8le to a /alfunctioning new /uscular co//and fro/ 8rain. *ic+ard (1)!5 in relation to t+e speec+ or writing of a second a foreign language learner states t+at t+e use of linguistics ite/ (e.g. a word& a gra//atical ite/& a speec+ act& etc in a wa1 w+ic+ a fluent or nati9e spea-er of t+e language regards as s+owing fault1 or inco/plete learning. Error is so/et+ing done wrong& (Aurrent = 1)!( Error is s1ste/atic de9iation w+ic+ consistentl1 produced 81 t+e learner& (Norris+ 5 1)!3

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Journal of Education and Practice ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper ISSN 2222-2!!" (#nline $ol.%& No.'& 2(13

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Error is s1ste/atic de9iation fro/ t+e accepted code& (Norris+ 5 1)!7 Error is departure in t+e /essage intended to 8e con9e1ed& (Noss in Su-/awati& (1))5 5 23 Error is de9iation fro/ accurac1 or correctness 8elief in so/et+ing untrue= t+e +olding of /ista-e opinion& (*uru in Su-/awati& 1))5 5 23

Dro/ w+at +a9e 8een suggested 81 so/e linguists a8out errors a8o9e& t+e writer concludes t+at w+at is /eant 81 error +a9e is t+e incurrent use of language s1ste/ ele/ents . 3ased on t+e state/ents a8o9e it can 8e said t+at error occurs if t+e learner +as not 1et learnt an ite/ alt+oug+ t+is ite/ +as 8een co9ered in class. Dor e<a/ple& a teac+er +as taug+t t+e use of t+e si/ple past tense& 8ut t+e learner still gets it wrong w+en +e:s+e writes a sentence in t+e si/ple past. .+is pro8le/ /ig+t 8e caused 81 t+e wa1 t+e teac+er teac+es (t+e /et+od +e:s+e uses& gradation of /aterial& etc. . 0ll t+ese can result in t+e learner not learning& 8ecause +e:s+e is not /oti9ated 81 t+e lesson& in ot+er words& t+e learner is present in t+e class 8ut does not learn. 2.1.1. "lassification of Errors 0 nu/8er of different categories for descri8ing errors +a9e 8een identified. Dirstl1& Aorder (1)73 classifies t+e errors in ter/s of t+e difference 8etween t+e learnersC utterance and t+e reconstructed 9ersion. In t+is wa1& errors fall into four categories5 omission of so/e re?uired ele/ent= addition of so/e unnecessar1 or incorrect ele/ent= selection of an incorrect ele/ent= and misordering of t+e ele/ents. Ne9ert+eless& Aorder +i/self adds t+at t+is classification is not enoug+ to descri8e errors. .+at is w+1 +e includes t+e linguistics le9el of t+e errors under t+e su8-areas of /orp+olog1& s1nta<& and le<icon (Aorder& 1)73 . Ellis (1))7 /aintains t+at Eclassif1ing errors in t+ese wa1s can +elp us to diagnose learnersC learning pro8le/s at an1 stage of t+eir de9elop/ent and to plot +ow c+anges in error patterns occur o9er ti/e.F .+is categori;ation can 8e e<e/plified as follows5 Omission5 ,orp+ological o/ission S1ntactical o/ission Addition5 In /orp+olog1 In s1nta< In le<icon Selection5 In /orp+olog1 In s1nta< Ordering5 In pronunciation In /orp+olog1 In s1nta< In le<icon 4 fignisicant for BsignificantC= 4prulal for BpluralC 4 get upping for Bgetting upC 4 Ie is a dear to /e friend. 4 -e1 car for Bcar -e1C 4 ,1 friend is oldest t+an /e. 4 I want t+at +e co/es +ere. 4 .+e 8oo-s is +ere. 4 .+e Hondon # I sta1ed t+ere during fi9e 1ears ago. 40 strange t+ing +appen to /e 1esterda1. 4 ,ust sa1 also t+e na/esG

0n error /a1 9ar1 in /agnitude. It can include a p+one/e& a /orp+e/e& a word& a sentence or e9en a paragrap+. Jue to t+is fact& errors /a1 also 8e 9iewed as 8eing eit+er global or local (cited in 3rown& 2((( . Klo8al errors +inder co//unication. .+e1 pre9ent t+e /essage fro/ 8eing co/pre+ended as in t+e e<a/ple 8elow5 * I like bus but my mother said so not that we must be late for school. #n t+e ot+er +and& local errors do not pre9ent t+e /essage fro/ 8eing understood 8ecause t+ere is usuall1 a /inor 9iolation of one seg/ent of a sentence t+at allows t+e +earer to guess t+e intended /eaning as follows5 4 If I +ear fro/ +er& I would let 1ou -now.

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Journal of Education and Practice ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper ISSN 2222-2!!" (#nline $ol.%& No.'& 2(13

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2.1.2 Sources of Errors 0s t+ere are /an1 descriptions for different -inds of errors& it is ine9ita8le to /o9e furt+er and as- for t+e sources of errors. It +as 8een indicated in t+e fist part of t+e stud1 t+at errors were assu/ed as 8eing t+e onl1 result of interference of t+e first language +a8its to t+e learning of second language. Iowe9er& wit+ t+e field of error anal1sis& it +as 8een understood t+at t+e nature of errors i/plicates t+e e<istence of ot+er reasons for errors to occur. .+en& t+e sources of errors can 8e categori;ed wit+in two do/ains5 (i interlingual transfer& and (ii intralingual transfer. Interlingual Transfer Interlingual transfer is a significant source for language learners. Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics (1))2 defines interlingual errors as 8eing t+e result of language transfer& w+ic+ is caused 81 t+e learnerCs first language. Iowe9er& t+is s+ould not 8e confused wit+ 8e+a9iouristic approac+ of language transfer. Error anal1sis does not regard t+e/ as t+e persistence of old +a8its& 8ut rat+er as signs t+at t+e learner is internali;ing and in9estigating t+e s1ste/ of t+e new language. Interlingual errors /a1 occur at different le9els suc+ as transfer of p+onological& /orp+ological& gra//atical and le<ica-se/antic ele/ents of t+e nati9e language into t+e target language. Intralingual Transfer Intralingual errors result fro/ fault1 or partial learning of t+e target language rat+er t+an language transfer. .+e1 /a1 8e caused 81 t+e influence of one target language ite/ upon anot+er. Dor e<a/ple& learners atte/pt to use two tense /ar-ers at t+e sa/e ti/e in one sentence since t+e1 +a9e not /astered t+e language 1et. L+en t+e1 sa15 4 EIe is co/es +ereF& it is 8ecause t+e singularit1 of t+e t+ird person re?uires EisF in present continuous& and E-sF at t+e end of a 9er8 in si/ple present tense. In s+ort& intralingual errors occur as a result of learnersC atte/pt to 8uild up concepts and +1pot+eses a8out t+e target language fro/ t+eir li/ited e<perience wit+ it. Hearners /a1 co//it errors due to t+is reason in /an1 wa1s as in t+e following e<a/ples5 4 Ie /ade /e to s/ile. 4 I donCt -now w+1 did +e go. Si/ilarl1& *ic+ards (1)7%5 173 distinguis+es two t1pe of error& t+e1 are interlanguage errors and intralingual error. Interlanguage errors are t+ose t+at are caused 81 t+e interference of t+e learners> /ot+er tongue (nati9e language & w+ereas& intralingual errors are t+ose t+at reflect t+e learners> co/petence at a particular stage& and illustrate so/e of t+e general c+aracteristics of language ac?uisition. 2.1.$. "auses of Errors Durt+er/ore& *ic+ards t+en su8di9ides t+e intralingual or de9elop/ental errors as t+e causes of errors into5 O ergenerali!ation. 0ccording to Jaco89ist ?uoted 81 *ic+ards (1)715 17% & o9ergenerali;ation or transfer is t+e use of pre9iousl1 a9aila8le strategies in new situations. In second language learning so/e of t+ese strategies will pro9e +elpful in organi;ing t+e facts a8out t+e second language& 8ut ot+ers& per+aps due to superficial si/ilarities& will 8e /isleading and inapplica8le - o9ergenerali;ation co9ers instances w+ere t+e learner creates a de9iant structure on t+e 8asis of +is e<perience of ot+er structures in t+e target language. 4 I want learning Englis+. 4 .+e /eat s/ells fres+ly. 4 Joctors alwa1s gi9e us good ad9ices.

3ased on t+e a8o9e state/ents& we can sa1 t+at t+e cause of error in t+is case is not t+e influence of t+e learners> /ot+er tongue 8ut it is t+e influence of t+e target language w+ic+ t+e1 +a9e alread1 learnt& for e<a/ple5 EIe runs fastl1F. In t+is sentence& t+e learner produces an error 8ecause +e:s+e generali;es t+at ad9er8s of /anner /ust alwa1s 8e for/ed 81 adding >l1> to t+e ad2ecti9es. Ignorance of "ule "estriction. .+is -ind of error is closel1 related to o9ergenerali;ation. .+at is t+e learners fail to o8ser9e t+e restrictions of certain structures. In t+is case& t+e1 appl1 a rule in t+e conte<t of a sentence w+ere actuall1 it is not necessar1& e. g 5 .+e /an w+o/ I saw +i/ 1esterda1. .+e student does not -now t+at it is i/possi8le to /ention t+e person referred to 81 t+e relati9e pronoun 81 anot+er pronoun as well. Incomplete Application of "ule. .+is /eans t+at t+e learners appl1 a rule in t+e conte<t of a sentence& alt+oug+ t+e rule is not 1et co/plete. .+e students /a1 use a state/ent for a ?uestion 81 adding a ?uestion /ar- at t+e end of t+e sentence& for e<a/ple5 EIe goes to sc+oolGF

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#alse $oncepts %ypothesi!ed. Dalse concepts +1pot+esi;ed refers to fault1 rule learning at 9arious le9els. .+ere is a class of interlingual errors w+ic+ deri9e fro/ fault1 co/pre+ension of distinctions in t+e target language. .+ese are so/eti/es due to poor gradation of teac+ing ite/s so/e students get confused and cannot differentiate 8etween go and co/e& 8ring and ta-e& too and 9er1& etc. .+e1 use t+e present tense instead of t+e present continuous tense or t+e ot+er wa1 round. .+is /ig+t 8e caused 81 learners not pa1ing /uc+ attention to t+e difference 8etween ite/s. .+e1 consider too and 9er1 are t+e sa/e as well as go and co/e& etc.

0not+er caused of error /entioned 81 Keorge (1)72 is >redundanc1 reduction>. .+e error /ig+t 8e /ade as a result of 8lending structure learnt earl1 in t+e learning se?uence& for e<a/ple5 E>Mesterda1 I wal- at Hosar1 3eac+.F .+e ad9er8ial /ar-er >1esterda1> in t+is sentence is& for t+e learner& sufficient to indicate a ti/e reference& and conse?uentl1 t+e -ed is o/itted fro/ t+e ste/ of t+e 9er8= and w+en we add -ed /eans we /a-e redundanc1. .+is -ind of t+ing s+ould 8e paid attention to in teac+ing. 2.2 !efinition of Tenses .+e ter/ NtenseN is deri9ed fro/ t+e Hatin translation of t+e Kree- word for Nti/eN (H1ons& 1)'!5 3(% . .+e et1/ological /eaning is not /uc+ different fro/ t+e definitions presented in /an1 dictionaries and gra//ar references. Kenerall1& /ost le<icograp+ers and gra//arians toda1 define tense as t+e 9er8-for/ denoting ti/e (of. Iorn81 and Parnwell& 1)7)= Ordong& 1)'!= Kuntra/ 1)!5= swan& 1)!(= Iodges et al.&1))( . Dro/ t+e co//on definition& it can 8e clearl1 depicted t+roug+ a se?uence of sentences as follows5 - Ie writes a letter to +is sister e9er1 wee- Ie wrote a letter to +is 8rot+er 1esterda1 - Ie will write a letter to +is 8rot+er e9er1 ot+er wee-. - Ie will write a letter to/orrow. - Ie is writing a letter at t+e /o/ent - Ie was writing a letter w+en +is 8rot+er called +i/. 0ll of t+ese sentences s+ow t+e sa/e actions= +owe9er& t+e1 are different in ter/s of point of ti/e and situation. Dor instance& t+e first sentence& as t+e 9er8-for/ and ti/e ad9er8ial indicate& re9eals t+at Ie writes a letter to +is 8rot+er regularl1 (e9er1 ot+er wee- up to now. It differs fro/ t+e second sentence w+ic+ uses past for/. .+e second sentence /eans t+at Ie used to write regularl1 (e9er1 ot+er wee- . Now& +e doesn>t write letters regularl1 an1/ore. #89iousl1& t+e s+ift of 9er8 (tense in Englis+ influence t+e /eaning of a sentence. .+is is of course& dia/etricall1 different fro/ t+e feature of t+e 9er8s of Indonesian. .o descri8e w+en an e9ent +appens& t+e 9er8 is not switc+ed at all. It onl1 e/plo1s ti/e-/ar-ers or ti/e ad9er8ials. Hoo- at t+e following gra//atical constructions5 & I'bal menulis surat (minggu lalu). * I'bal (selalu) menulis surat. & I'bal menulis surat (tiap dua hari). & I'bal (sementara) menulis surat. In t+e e<a/ples& it is clear t+at t+e 9er8 N/enulisN cannot re9eal t+e ti/e-point wit+out t+e +elp of t+e ad9er8ials. 0lt+oug+ 9er8s in Englis+& as stated 81 /an1 linguists& refer to t+e ti/e= t+e1 alone so/eti/es cannot carr1 t+e features of ti/e. .+is is supported 81 a Ar1stal>s researc+ in Lil-ins (1)!(5 32 w+ic+ e<a/ined t+e co-occurance relation e<isting 8etween 9arious t1pes of te/poral ad9er8ials and t+e tenses of Englis+. Ie t+en concludes t+at t+e /eanings not onl1 lie in t+e 9er8s& 8ut also so/eti/es in t+e for/s of 9er8s and ti/ead9er8ials. .o su/ up& t+e 9er8 for/s in Englis+ refer to t+e ti/e. .+e ti/e -/ar-ers or ad9er8ials are so/eti/es re?uired to gi9e t+e fullest and s+arpest senses to t+e sentences. 2.$ T%e "lassification of Tenses .+ere are different wa1s of classif1ing t+e nu/8er of tenses in Englis+. It is certainl1 dependent up on our interpretation on w+at tenses are. .+e classification of tenses& +owe9er is co//onl1 8ased on se/antic interpretation and for/ of t+e 9er8 (Iodges& et al. & 1))(5 7%= Dran-5 1)725 52 . Se/anticall1& eac+ tenses roug+l1 indicates a -ind of ti/e. #n t+e 8asis of t+is 9iew& so/e gra//arians present a t+ree-tense s1ste/ (present& past and future . ,ost gra//arians& +owe9er& present a si<-tense s1ste/ in w+ic+ t+e1 include t+e +ere tenses plus t+ree perfect tenses (t+e present perfect& past perfect& past perfect . .+e following c+art displa1s t+e paradig/ of t+e si<-tense s1ste/.

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.a8le 1 Alassification of .enses Tenses Present Lrite& writes Active &oice 'rogressive a/ is writing are Past Duture Present Perfect Past Perfect Duture Perfect wrote s+all:will Lrite +as:+a9e written +ad written s+all:will +a9e written was s+all:will 8e writing +as:+a9e 8een writing +ad 8een writing s+all:will +a9e 8een writing a/ is written are was 'assive &oice 'rogressive 0/ is 8eing written are Las 8eing written Lere 8eing written S+all:will 8e written Ias:+a9e 8een written Iad 8een Lritten S+all:will 4 4 4 4 4 4

were writing were written

Ia9e 8een written 4

3ased on for/& gra//arians group t+e tenses into two for/s na/el1 present and past. Eac+ of t+e/ is /ar-ed 81 different for/s in t+e le<ical 9er8 itself or in t+e au<iliar1 used wit+ it. .+e se/antic co/ponent of ti/e is onl1 secondar1 to t+e structural for/ (Dran-& 1)725 52 . $. Researc% Met%ods .+is researc+ is a descripti9e /et+od. It is intended to gi9e a descripti9e account of t+e t1pes of errors& sources of errors& and t+e causes of errors in using Englis+ tenses. .+e population of t+is stud1 is t+e first se/ester students of .our and .ra9el ,anage/ent of 0@P0* ,a-assar& acade/ic 1ear 2(1(-2(11& t+ere are 1) students. 0nd all of t+e/ were ta-en as t+e sa/ple of t+e researc+ .o o8tain t+e data needed& t+e researc+er uses t+e translation test. .+is translation test re?uires twel9e tenses t+at is for/ed in t+e s+ort conte<t. In t+is case& t+e students are pro9ided wit+ Indonesian sentences& t+en t+e1 are as-ed to translate t+e/ into Englis+ 8ased on t+e correct tense. In collecting data& t+e writer as-ed t+e students to translate t+e Indonesian sentences to Englis+ using t+e correct tenses. In anal1;ing t+e collected data& t+e writer applies t+e tec+ni?ue of error anal1sis t+roug+ test 81 using t+e following steps5 1. Error Identification; in t+is part& errors are identified 81 writing all t+e errors 8ased on t+e result of t+e test& +ere t+e writer classified t+e -inds of errors are /ade 81 t+e students in eac+ tenses and t+en gi9e an anal1sis. Error Description; in t+is step& t+e de9iating sentences are pro9ed w+et+er t+e1 contain errors& or /erel1 contain /ista-es. If t+e1 reall1 contain errors& t+en t+e1 are classified t+e t1pes of error and t+e possi8le causes of error.

2.

(. )indings and !iscussions 0s t+is researc+ atte/pts to anal1;e an error in eac+ tense /ade 81 t+e students& t+e translations gi9en refer to four /ain t1pes of tenses& na/el1 present tense& past tense& future tense and perfect tense wit+ twel9e t1pes of tenses all toget+er. In t+is researc+& t+e writer onl1 selected one or two errors to represent t+e errors /ade 81 t+e students in eac+ t1pe of tense to 8e anal1;ed. .+e sentence c+osen to 8e anal1;ed was t+e /ost co//on /ista-e /ade 81 t+e students. Error description and error anal1sis /ade 81 t+e students in eac+ tense identified in t+e following description. (.1. Error *ade by t%e students in using 'resent )or* 3ased on t+e sentences using present tense& it +as 8een found t+at t+e errors /ade 81 t+e students in using present tense (si/ple present tense and present continuous tense are error of o/ission (o/ission of s:es& to 8e and 9er8 ing and error of selection (selection of ti/e signals and 9oca8ular1 . .+e results of t+e anal1sis can

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8e seen in t+e following description5 (.1.1.Error of +*ission ,o*ission of s-es. Source Sentence 5 EJia 8era-ting di dala/ fil/ +orrorF Erroneous .ranslation 5 EIe act/ in +orror fil/F Suggested .ranslation 5 EIe acts in +orror fil/F Source Sentence 5 EMen1 sedang /enunggu 8isF Erroneous .ranslation 5 EMen1 + waiting for t+e 8us Suggested .ranslation 5 EMen1 is waiting for t+e 8usF Source Sentence 5 E0na--ana- sedang 8er/ain 8olaF Erroneous .ranslation 5 E.+e c+ildren are pla1P foot8allF Suggested .ranslation 5 B .+e c+ildren are playing foot8all .+e t1pe of error in using 9er8 can 8e classified in interlanguage error and t+e cause of error is t+e interference of t+e learnerCs /ot+er tongue. (.1.2 Error of Selection ,Selection of ti*e signals. Source Sentence 5 ,Ahmad sering menga-ar bahasa Inggris di rumahnya. Erroneous .ranslation 5 E0+/ad sometimes teac+es Englis+ in +is +ouseF Suggested .ranslation 5 B0+/ad often teac+es Englis+ in +is +ouseF Source Sentence 5 ,Dia mengundang saya makan malam sekali sebulan. Erroneous .ranslation 5 EIe in9ites /e to dinner one of monthF Suggested .ranslation 5 EIe in9ites /e to dinner once a monthF .+e t1pe of error /ade 81 t+e students in t+e sentence a8o9e is intralingual error 8ecause t+e error is caused 81 o9ergenerali;ation. .+at is t+e student used Eso/eti/esC instead of EoftenF .+e results of t+e error anal1sis /ade 81 t+e students in using present for/ can 8e seen in t+e following ta8le5 .a8le 2. Error *ade by t%e students in using 'resent )or* 0o "%aracteristic of Ty1es of Errors Source of Errors "auses of errors errors 1. $er8 Error of o/ission (o/issions of s:es= to 8e Ba/:is:are& Q ing Error of selection Interlanguage Interference

2.

.i/e

Intralingual

#9ergenerali;ation

.+e ta8le a8o9e s+ows t+at t+e t1pes of errors /ade 81 t+e students in using present for/ is error of o/ission (o/ission of s/es in si/ple present tense and o/ission of to be Ba/:is:are and 9er8 BingC in present continuous tense and error of selection (selection of ti/e signal in si/ple present tense . (.2. Error *ade by t%e students in using 'ast )or* 3ased on t+e sentences using past for/& it +as 8een found t+at t+e errors /ade 81 t+e students in using si/ple past tense is error in selection of irregular : regular 9er8 and error in selection of ti/e signal& w+ile in using past continuous tense& errors are /ade 81 t+e students are o/ission of E9er8RingF and o/ission of 9r8 E8eF. .+e results of t+e error anal1sis can 8e seen in t+e following description5 (.2.1. Error of Selection of Irregular and R egular &erb Source Sentence Erroneous .ranslation Suggested .ranslation Source Sentence Erroneous .ranslation Suggested .ranslation 5 ,Saya menulis surat kemarin. 5 EI write a letter 1esterda1F 5 EI wrote a letter 1esterda1F 5 ,Saya memanggil "udi tadi malam. 5 EI call *udi last nig+tF 5 EI called *udi last nig+tF

(.2.2. Error of Selection Ti*e Signal Source Sentence 5 E0li /e/8eli 8u-u ini dua /inggu 1ang laluF

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Erroneous .ranslation Suggested .ranslation

5 E0li 8oug+t t+is 8oo- two last weekF 5 B 0li 8oug+ t+is 8oo- two weeks ago

3ased on t+e sentences a8o9e& it +as 8een found t+at t+e t1pes of errors /ade 81 t+e students are error of selection (selection of regular and irregular and selection of ti/e signal and t+e resource of error is intralingual and t+e causes of error are false concept +1pot+esi;ed and o9ergenerali;ation. (.2.$ Error of +*ission ,+*ission of &erb Ing and +*ission of be. Source Sentence 5 ESa1a sedang 8ela2ar -eti-a Lati datang Erroneous .ranslation 5 EI was stud1P w+en Lati ca/eF Suggested .ranslation 5 EI was studying w+en Lati ca/eF Source Sentence 5 E@eti-a sa1a ti8a& Puput sedang tidurF Erroneous .ranslation 5 EL+en I ca/e& Puput P sleeping F Suggested .ranslation 5 EL+en I ca/e& Puput was sleepingF 3ased on t+e sentences a8o9e& it +as 8een found t+at t+e t1pes of errors /ade 81 t+e students are o/ission (o/ission of BingC and o/ission of E8eF and t+e resource of error is interlanguage and possi8le causes of error is false concept +1pot+esi;ed (w+ere t+e errors deri9ed fro/ fault1 co/pre+ension of distinction in t+e target language and t+e students +a9e poor /aster1 of t+e uses of tenses r and o9ergenerali;ation & and interference of t+e learner /ot+er tongue& w+ere in Indonesian t+ere is no Bto 8eC. .+e results of t+e error anal1sis /ade 81 t+e students in using past for/ (si/ple past and past continuous tense can 8ee seen in t+e following ta8le5 .a8le 3. Error *ade by t%e students in using 'ast )or* 0o "%aracteristic of Ty1es of Errors Source of Errors "auses of errors errors 1. $er8 Error of (Selection of irregular 9er8 Error of selection Error of #/ission of E9er8 RingF Error of #/ission of B8eC Selection regular : Interlanguage Dalse concept +1pot+esi;ed #9ergenerali;ation Dalse concept +1pot+esi;ed Interference

2. 3.

.i/e $er8

Intralingual Interlanguage

%.

0u<iliar1

Interlanguage

.+e ta8le a8o9e s+ows t+at t+e t1pes of errors /ade 81 t+e students in using past for/ (si/ple past tense and past continuous tense are error of selection (selection of regular:irregular 9er8 and selection of ti/e signal & and error of o/ission (o/ission of 9er8 ing and o/ission of to be BwasC : BwereC . (.$. Errors Made by t%e Students in using )uture Tense 3ased on t+e sentences using Duture .ense (Si/ple Duture& Duture Aontinuous tense& and Duture Perfect tense & it +as 8een found t+at t+e errors /ade 81 t+e students in using si/ple future tense is error of selection of using 9er8 infiniti9e and error of addition (addition of BtoC and addition of B8eC w+ile in t+e future continuous tense and future perfect tense& error /ade 81 t+e students is o/ission of B8eC& B9er8 ingC and o/ission of B+a9eC and error of selection of past participle 9er8. .+e results of t+e error anal1sis can 8e seen in t+e following description5 (.$.1 Error of Selection ,Selection of using infinitive and 1ast 1artici1le verb. Source Sentence Erroneous .ranslation Suggested .ranslation Source Sentence Erroneous .ranslation Suggested .ranslation 5 EJia 8er/a-sud a-an /en1elesai-an /inggu depan 5 EIe will intended to finis+ it ne<t wee-F 5 EIe will intend to finis+ it ne<t wee-F 5 ESa1a a-an selesai /enulis surat -epada orang tua sa1aF 5 EI will +a9e write a letter to /1 parentsF 5 EI will +a9e written a letter to /1 parentsF

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3ased on t+e sentences a8o9e& it +as 8een found t+at t+e t1pes of errors /ade 81 t+e students are error of selection and t+e t1pe of error is intralingual and t+e possi8le cause of error is false concept +1pot+esi;ed and interference of t+e studentsC /ot+er tongue. .+at is in Indonesian pattern is different fro/ in Englis+ pattern. (.$.2 Error of Addition ,addition to infinitive. Source Sentence 5 ,Saya akan menonton T0 tonight. Erroneous .ranslation 5 EI will to watc+ .$ tonig+tF Suggested .ranslation 5 EI will watc+ .$ tonig+tF Source Sentence 5Jo+n a-an /en1elesai-an pendidi-ann1a pada 8ulan iniF Erroneous .ranslation 5 EJo+n will be finis+ +is education in No9e/8erF Suggested .ranslation 5 BJo+n will finis+ +is education in No9e/8erF 3ased on t+e sentences a8o9e& it +as 8een found t+at t+e t1pes of errors /ade 81 t+e students in using future tense is error of addition (addition of BtoC and addition of B8eC and t+e resource of error is intralingual and t+e cause of error is interference of t+e learners /ot+er tongue. (.$.$. Error of +*ission ,+*ission of &erb Ing2 be2 and %ave. Source Sentence 5 ,Saya akan selesai menulis surat kepada orang tua saya. Erroneous .ranslation 5 EI willP written a letter to /1 parentsF Suggested .ranslation 5 EI will have written a letter to /1 parentsF Source Sentence 5 ,Tahun depan pada saat ini1 saya akan beker-a sesuai dengan apa yang saya sedang ker-akan sekarang. Erroneous .ranslation 5ENe<t 1ear at t+is ti/e& I will P wor- P as w+at IP doP nowF Suggested .ranslation 5E Ne<t 1ear at t+is ti/e& I will be wor-ing as w+at I am doing nowF Source Sentence 5,2ereka akan memperagakan cara memakai sabuk pengaman selama dua -am ketika tim assessor datang besok pagi. Erroneous .ranslation 5 E.+e1 will 8e de/onstrate t+e wa1 to use safet1 8elt for two +ours w+en assessor tea/ co/e to/orrow /orningF. Suggested .ranslation 5 E.+e1 will have been demonstrating t+e wa1 to use safet1 8elt for for two +ours w+en assessor tea/ co/e to/orrow /orningF 3ased on t+e sentences a8o9e& it +as 8een found t+at t+e t1pes of errors /ade 81 t+e students are o/ission (o/ission of au<iliar1 B+a9eC& o/ission of 9er8 BingC and o/ission of E8eF and t+e resource of error is interlanguage and possi8le causes of error is false concept +1pot+esi;ed (w+ere t+e errors deri9ed fro/ fault1 co/pre+ension of distinction in t+e target language and t+e students +a9e poor /aster1 of t+e uses of tenses r and o9ergenerali;ation & and interference of t+e learner /ot+er tongue& w+ere in Indonesian t+ere is no Bto 8eC. .+e results of t+e error anal1sis /ade 81 t+e students in using future tense (si/ple future& future continuous tense& future perfect& and future perfect continuous tense can 8ee seen in t+e following ta8le5

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.a8le %. Error *ade by t%e students in using )uture Tense 0o 1. "%aracteristic of errors $er8 Ty1es of Errors Error of Selection (Selection of infiniti9e Error of Selection (Selection of past participle 9er8 Error of 0ddition Error of #/ission of E9er8 RingF Error of #/ission of B8eC& and B+a9eC Source of Errors Intralingual "auses of errors Dalse concept +1pot+esi;ed #9ergenerali;ation Interference #9ergenerali;ation Interference

2. 3. %. 5.

$er8 Infiniti9e $er8 0u<iliar1

Interlanguage Interlanguage Interlanguage Intralingual

.+e ta8le a8o9e s+ows t+at t+e t1pes of errors /ade 81 t+e students in using future for/ (si/ple future tense& future continuous tense& future perfect tense& and future perfect continuous tense are error of selection (selection of infiniti9e : 9er8 I and past participle : 9er8 III & error of addition (addition of BtoC and addition of B8eC & and error of o/ission (o/ission of 9er8 ing and o/ission of be B8eenC . L+ile t+e resource of errors could 8e intralingual and interlanguage and t+e possi8le causes of error are interference& o9ergenerali;ation& and false concept +1pot+esi;ed. (.(. Errors Made by t%e Students in using 'erfect Tense 3ased on t+e sentences using Perfect .ense ( present perfect tense& past perfect tense& present perfect continuos tense& past perfect continuous tense& and future perfect & it +as 8een found t+at t+e errors /ade 81 t+e students in using present perfect tense is error of selection (selection of B+as:+a9eC and selection of past participle 9er8 & error of o/ission (o/ission of 9er8 R ing& o/ission of 8e : past perfect B8eenC . .+e results of t+e error anal1sis can 8e seen in t+e following description5 (.(.1.Error of Selection ,Selection of 3%as-%ave4 and 1ast 1artici1le verb. Source Sentence 5 ,3ohn telah membaca tiga buah no el se-ak kemarin Erroneous .ranslation 5 EJo+n have read t+ree no9el since 1esterda1F Suggested .ranslation 5 EJo+n has read t+ree no9el since 1esterda1F Source Sentence 5 ,Dia belum men-awab surat saya. Erroneous .ranslation 5 EIe +as not answer /1 letter 1etF Suggested .ranslation 5 EIe +as not answered /1 letter 1etF 3ased on t+e sentences a8o9e& it +as 8een found t+at t+e t1pes of errors /ade 81 t+e students in using present perfect tense are error of selection of E+as : +a9eF& w+ere t+e students are suggested to use ha e 8ut t+e1 use +as or t+e 9ise ersa. 0nd t+e source of error /a1 called intralingual and t+e possi8le cause of error is ignorance of rule restriction. 0not+er t1pe of error selection /ade 81 t+e students is selection of past participle 9er8 w+ere t+e students are suggested to use 9er8 III for/ 8ut t+e1 still use first for/ of t+e 9er8. .+e resource of error /a1 8e called intralingual aand t+e cause of error is false concept +1pot+esi;ed. (.(.2.Error of +*ission ,+*ission of 3verb 5 ing42 6%ave7 and 1ast 1erfect been. Source Sentence 5 ,Dia sedang menunggu bis selama 45 menit. Erroneous .ranslation 5 EIe +as 8een waitP for t+e 8us for 2( /inutesF Suggested .ranslation 5 EIe +as 8een waiting for t+e 8us for 2( /inutesF Source Sentence 5 ,Saya sedang duduk di kursi selama satu -am. Erroneous .ranslation 5 EI +a9e 8een sitP on t+e c+air for an +ourF Suggested .ranslation 5 EI +a9e 8een sitting on t+e c+air for an +ourF Source Sentence 5 ,Ani sedang menger-akan tugasnya selama 6 -am ketika kami pulang ke rumah. Erroneous .ranslation 5 E0ni +ad P doing +er dut1 for t+ree +ours w+en we went +o/e 1esterda1F

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Suggested .ranslation 5 E0ni +ad 8een doing +er dut1 for t+ree +ours w+en we went +o/e 1esterda1F Source Sentence 5EDia akan membangun sebuah rumah baru selama 6 bulan men-elang bulan depan. Erroneous .ranslation 5 EIe will P 8uilt a new +ouse for t+ree /ont+s 81 ne<t /ont+F Suggested .ranslation 5 EIe will have 8uilt a new +ouse for t+ree /ont+s 81 ne<t /ont+F 31 loo-ing t+e e<a/ples of error a8o9e can 8e concluded t+at t+e -inds of errors /ade 81 t+e students in using present perfect continuous tense& past perfect continuous tense and future perfect tense are o/ission of 9er8 R ing& +a9e& and past perfect 8een.. 0nd t+e source of error can 8e called interlanguage and t+e causes of error is false concept +1pot+esi;ed. .+at is t+at error deri9ed fro/ fault1 co/pre+ension of distinction is t+e target language and t+e student +a9e poor /aster1 of t+e uses of tenses. .+e results of t+e error anal1sis /ade 81 t+e students in using perfect tense (si/ple perfect tense& past perfect tense& present perfect contionuous tense& past perfect continuous tense& and future perfect can 8ee seen in t+e following ta8le. .a8le %. Error *ade by t%e students in using 'erfect Tense 0o "%aracteristic of Ty1es of Errors Source of Errors "auses of errors errors 1. 2. 3. % . 5. 0u<iliar1 $er8 $er8 0u<iliar1 0u<iliar1 Error of B+a9e:+asC Selection of Intralingual Interlanguage Interlanguage Interlanguage Intralingual Ignorance of t+e rule restriction Dalse concept +1pot+esis Dalse concept +1pot+esis Dalse concept +1pot+esis Interference

Error of Selection (Selection of present perfect Error of #/ission of E9er8 RingF Error of #/ission of B8eC (past perfect 8een Error of o/ission of B+a9eC

3ased on t+e ta8le descri8ed a8o9e& it see/s t+at t+e error /ade 81 t+e students using Perfect .ense ( present perfect tense& past perfect tense& present perfect continuos tense& past perfect continuous tense& and future perfect & is error of selection (selection of B+as:+a9eC and selection of past participle 9er8 & error of o/ission (o/ission of 9er8 R ing& o/ission of 8e : past perfect B8eenC and o/ission of +a9e . .+e source of errors could 8e intralingual or intrelanguage and t+e causes of errors 9aried& it could 8e ignorance of t+e rule restriction& false concept +1pot+esis or interference. 8. "onclusions and Suggestions 31 anal1;ing t+e errors /ade 81 t+e students in using t+e Englis+ tenses especiall1 t+e twel9e tenses we can identif1 t+e -inds of error /ade 81 t+e/. In using t+e Englis+ tenses t+ere are so/e -inds of error w+ic+ are /ade 81 t+e students& 8ut in t+is case t+e writer would li-e to for/ulate 8ased on t+e researc+ findings and discussions. .+e1 are as follows5 .+e -inds of error /ade 81 t+e students in using Englis+ tenses include5 error of o/ission& error of selection and error of addition& particularl1 in using 9er8& ti/e signals and t+e use of au<iliar1 9er8. .+e t1pes of error /ade 81 t+e students in using tenses co9er5 intralingual error and interlanguage errors. .+e causes of error are= interference& o9ergenerali;ation& ignorance of rule restriction& and false concept +1pot+esi;ed

.o o9erco/e t+e errors are /ade 81 t+e students in using Englis+ especiall1 in Englis+ tenses t+e writer would li-e to suggest t+at5 .+e studentsC errors in using Englis+ tenses s+ould 8e corrected soon. .+e students w+o alwa1s /a-e errors in using Englis+ tenses s+ould 8e gi9en special attention.. .eac+ers or lecturers s+ould increase t+eir guidance to t+e students in learning Englis+ tenses. .+e teac+er or lecturer of Englis+ s+ould 8e a8le to e<plain and gi9e t+e Englis+ pattern structure clearl1. It is suggested for t+e students to /aster t+e tenses for/s of Englis+ in order t+at t+e1 can use t+e rig+t

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Journal of Education and Practice ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper ISSN 2222-2!!" (#nline $ol.%& No.'& 2(13

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for/ and can a9oid interference& o9ergenerali;ation& ignorance of rule restriction& and false concept +1pot+esi;ed. References 0s1i- Nur. (1))' . 7rror in 8uestion 2ade by the Third Semester Students of Islamic 7ducati Department #aculty of 7ducation of the State Institute of Islamic studies Alauddin 9-ung :andang. Onpu8lis+ed .+esis. O2ung Pandang5 Iasanuddin Oni9ersit1. 3rown& I.J. (1)!7 . :rinciples of Language Learning and Teaching. Englewood Aliffs. N.J. Prentice Iall. 3u+ari. (1)!) The Teaching Of ;riting To Semester #i e Students Of The 7nglish Department Of The #aculty Of 7ducation At IAI< Alauddin 9-ung :andang. Onpu8lis+ed..+esis. O2ung Pandang5 PPs On+as. Aorder& S.P.(1)73 . Introducing applied linguistics. ,iddlese<& Penguin. Ar1stal& J. (1)!7 . Dictionary of Linguistics and :honetics. 4nd 7ducation. New Mor-53asil 3lac-well inc. Ellis& *. (1))7 . The Study of Second Language Ac'uisition. #<ford5 #<ford Oni9ersit1 Press. Dran-& ,arcella. (1)72 . 2odern 7nglish1 0 Practical *eference Kuide. OS05 Prentice Iall& Inc. Keorge& I.$. (1)72 . =$ommon 7rrors in Language Learning= in <orrish& J. 1)!3. Hanguage Hearners and .+eir Errors. Hondon5 ,c,illan. Ias/iati. (2((3 . An Analysis on Descripti e ;riting Analysis (Analisis pada Tulisan Deskriptif). Onpu8lis+ed .+esis. ,a-assar5 State Oni9ersit1 of ,a-assar @es+a9ars& ,.I. (1))7 . $ontrasti e analysis and error analysis. .e+ran& *a+/ana Pu8. H1ons& J. (1)'! . Introduction to .+eoretical Hinguistics. Aa/8ridge5 Aa/8ridge Oni9ersit1 Press. *ic+ards& J.A. (1)71 . 0 Non-contrasti9e 0pproac+ to Error 0nal1sis. *ic+ards& J.A. (ed . 7rror Analysis. Hondon. Hong/an. *ic+ards& J.A (1)7) . 7rror Analysis. Hondon5 Hong/an. Lil-ins& J.0. (1)7! . Linguistics in Language Teaching. Hondon. Edward 0rnold. Ma+1a. ,u+.(2(() . Error 0nal1sis #n Osage of .enses. Onpu8lis+ed. .+esis. ,a-assar5 PPS Oni9ersitas Negeri ,a-assar

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