ABSTRACT

The aim of home automation is to control home devices from a central control point. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of a low cost but yet flexile and secure radio frequency based home automation system. The communication between the remote and devices is wireless. RF transmission is robust, reliable and can be used up to 100mtrs. It uses the RF transmitter/receiver which operates a 434 Mhz and comprises of a pair of encoder/decoder. The proposed work has been done experimentally and has been verified in real time.

INTRODUCTION
Automation is todays fact, where more things are being completed every day automatically, usually the basic tasks of turning on or off certain devices and beyond, either remotely or in close proximity. The control of the devices when completely taken over by the machines, the process of monitoring and reporting becomes more important. There are clearly many benefits to home automation. The first is greater comfort and convenience especially for old and disabled. A second is improved safety and security. A third is a high level of control over operating costs (e.g., energy conservation). The remote control technologies have been used in the fields like factory automation, space exploration, in places where human access is difficult. With the development of low cost electronic components home automation migrated from being an industrial application to home automation. The home automation, our point of concern deals with the control of home appliances. In this project we introduced a low cost, flexible, wireless solution to the home automation. The novel approach in this paper discusses the migration of the initial control mechanism of devices with simple functionality. The basic aim of this project is to control the electrical appliances through a remote control using RF module. This RF module comprises of an RF Transmitter and an RF Receiver. The transmitter/receiver (Tx/Rx) pair operates at a frequency of 434 MHz. An RF transmitter receives serial data and transmits it wirelessly through RF through its antenna. The transmitted data is received by an RF receiver operating at the same frequency as that of the transmitter. The RF module is used along with a pair of encoder/decoder. The encoder is used for encoding parallel data for transmission feed while reception is decoded by a decoder. The Power Unit powers up the entire circuit, it contains both AC and DC modes of power i.e. if one of them fails then

the other one can compensate. A step down transformer which steps down 220V AC to 12V AC.A bridge rectifier for conversion of an alternating current (AC) input into direct current a (DC) output which provides full-wave rectification from a two-wire AC input, resulting in lower cost and weight. The 7805 Voltage regulator is used which stabilize the DC voltages used .The control unit controls all the appliances and to reduce the cost of the whole system we have eliminated the microcontroller and instead have used 4x16 Decoders, flip flops, Decimal counters and transistors. The most recent survey on smart homes was written by Chan and describes a general overview of smart home research 1. Market researches claim that most of the homes will be equipped with home automation systems in the very near future. According to market observers, the home automation market in India is growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 30 per cent. This growth is mainly driven by the consumer's desire for an up gradation of their lifestyle. By 2050, approximately 20% of th e worlds population will be at least 60 years old 2. According to the World Health Organization, 650 million people live with disabilities around the world 3. This paper demonstrates how technology and products that have been developed for the broad consumer market can provide great benefits for people who have functional limitations by improving convenience, safety, security, quality of life and independence.

HOME AUTOMATION USING RF

Home automation is the use of one or more logic to control basic home functions and features automatically. It includes the scheduling and automatic operation of water sprinkling, heating and air conditioning, window coverings, security systems, lighting, and food preparation appliances. Here, our emphasis is on lighting using radio frequency. In this RF system the digital data is represented as variation in amplitude of carrier wave. This modulation technique is known as Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK). The basic system includes the transmitter and the receiver. The transmitter contains the remote, power source, encoder IC, RF transmitter and antenna. The receiver contains the receiver, decoder, relay and the appliances which have to be controlled . The complete system deployment diagram is shown in fig. 1.

Complete System Deployment Diagram

WORKING
In this project we show that how we control electrical appliances with the help of WIRELESS REMOTE(Radio Frequency Module). As we press the switch from transmitter end then immediate data is to be transmitting in the air. Data receive in air by the Radio frequency module and proceed to the electrical appliances circuit. In this project we use two circuits one is transmitter and second is receiver. In the transmitter part we send the rf code by the transmitter by 4 switchs and in the receiver we use four relay coil for electrical output. As we want to switch on any electrical appliances we press the switch of the transmitter. As the switch is pressed, data is to be transmitting by the radio frequency module. In this project we use 433 Mhz modules for data transmission. We use one encoder ic for data transmission. All the switches are connected to the encoder. Encoder ic get the data from the switch and transmit the data in serial by the RF transmitter. In the receiver circuit we use RF module to get the data and decoded by the decoder. Decoder deliver the data into 4 bit and we use further control circuit to switch on/off. This circuit utilizes the RF module (Tx/Rx) for making a wireless remote, which could be used to drive an output from a distant place. RF module, as the name suggests, uses radio frequency to send signals. These signals are transmitted at a particular frequency and a baud rate.

 A receiver can receive these signals only if it is configured for that frequency.

RECEIVER

TRANSMITTER

 The input signals, at the transmitter side, are taken through four switches while the outputs are monitored on a set of four LEDs corresponding to each input switch. The outputs from the receiver can drive corresponding relays connected to any household appliance. This radio frequency (RF) transmission system employs Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) with transmitter/receiver (Tx/Rx) pair operating at 434 MHz. The transmitter module takes serial input and transmits these signals through RF.

 The transmitted signals are received by the receiver module placed away from the source of transmission. The system allows one way communication between two nodes, namely, transmission and reception. In every card we use one encoder ic with digital data base, this digital data base may be 16 bit or 32 bit. In this project we use 4 bit data base to show the basic concept of this project Easily available encoder and decoders are HT12 E and HT 12D. HT12 E is encoder ic and HT 12D is decoder ic We use 18 pin version of encoder and decoder ic. The RF module has been used in conjunction with a set of four channel encoder/decoder ICs. Here HT12E & HT12D have been used as encoder and decoder respectively.

COMPONENT ANALYSIS
Encoder (HT12E IC)
HT12E is an encoder integrated circuit of 212 series of encoders. They are paired with 212 series of decoders for use in remote control system applications. It is mainly used in interfacing RF circuits.

Application Diagram of HT12E encoder

The parallel signals generated at transmission end are first encoded (into serial format) by HT12E and then transferred through RF transmitter (434 MHz) at a

baud rate of around 1-10 kbps. It has a transmission enable pin which is active low and begins a 4-word transmission cycle upon receipt of a transmission enable. This cycle is repeated as long as TE is kept low. As soon as TE returns to high, the encoder output completes its final cycle and then stops. It uses a low power and high noise immunity CMOS technology whose operating voltage is 2.4~12 V. The value of resistance R2 is 470 Kohm.

CONTROL UNIT
The control unit controls generates binary code by using transistors. It converts 16 decimal inputs into 4 bit binary data which is fed into the encoder IC.

TRANSMITTER & ANTENNA

The RF transmitter is an electronic device which, usually with the aid of an antenna, propagates an electromagnetic signal such as radio. The transmitter and receiver are tuned at same frequency. Data rates are more than 10k bps and the output power up to 10dBm [6]. It performs a low voltage operation down to 2.2V. It is shown in fig.4.

The antenna transmits the signal in the ultra-high frequency range which is received by the antenna of the receiver.

TRANSFORMER
A transformer is a static electromagnetic device that transfers an electrical power from one circuit to another without change of frequency. It accomplishes this by electromagnetic induction and where the circuits are in mutual inductive influence of each other. A transformer consists of a core and two or more windings coupled electromagnetically. There are primary windings and secondary

windings. The winding in which in which energy is delivered is known as the primary winding while the winding to which energy is received is known as the secondary winding. It is shown below.

An Ideal Transformer

WORKING PRINCIPLE OF A TRANSFORMER

A transformer works on the principle of mutual induction between two or more inductively coupled coil .It consists of primary and secondary windings. When the primary winding is energized by sinusoidal voltage, an alternating current flows in the primary winding. The alternating current so produced in the primary winding set up an alternating magnetic flux in the core .The alternating

flux link up the secondary winding thereby inducing e.m.f in the secondary winding. The type of transformer used in this project is a step-down transformer, which steps the voltage from 220v to 12v.

BATTERY
An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Each cell contains a positive terminal, or cathode, and a negative terminal, or anode. Electrolytes allow ions to move between the electrodes and terminals, which allows current to flow out of the battery to perform work. Primary (single-use or "disposable") batteries are used once and discarded; the electrode materials are irreversibly changed during discharge. Common examples are the alkaline battery used for flashlights and a multitude of portable devices. Secondary (rechargeable batteries) can be discharged and recharged multiple times; the original composition of the electrodes can be restored by reverse current. Examples include the lead-acid batteries used in vehicles and lithium ion batteries used for portable electronics. Batteries come in many shapes and sizes, from miniature cells used to power hearing aids and wristwatches to battery banks the size of rooms that provide standby power for telephone exchanges and computer data centers.

WORKING PRINCIPLE OF A BATTERY

Batteries convert chemical energy directly to electrical energy. A battery consists of some number of voltaic cells. Each cell consists of two half-cells connected in series by a conductive electrolyte containing anions and cations. One half-cell includes electrolyte and the negative electrode, the electrode to whichanions (negatively charged ions) migrate; the other half-cell includes electrolyte and the positive electrode electrode to which cations (positively charged ions) migrate. Redox reactions power the battery. Cations are reduced (electrons are added) at the cathode during charging, while anions are oxidized (electrons are removed) at the anode during discharge. The electrodes do not touch each other, but are electrically connected by the electrolyte. Some cells use different electrolytes for each half-cell. A separator allows ions to flow between half-cells, but prevents mixing of the electrolytes. Each half-cell has an electromotive force (or emf), determined by its ability to drive electric current from the interior to the exterior of the cell. The net emf of the cell is the difference between the emfs of its half-cells. Thus, if the electrodes have emfs and , then the net emf is ; in other words, the net emf is the difference between the reduction potentials of the half-reactions. The electrical driving force or across the terminals of a cell is known as

the terminal voltage (difference) and is measured in volts. The terminal voltage of a cell that is neither charging nor discharging is called the open-circuit voltage and equals the emf of the cell. Because of internal resistance,[14] the terminal voltage of a cell that is discharging is smaller in magnitude than the open-circuit voltage and the terminal voltage of a cell that is charging exceeds the open-circuit voltage. An ideal cell has negligible internal resistance, so it would maintain a constant terminal voltage of until exhausted, then dropping to zero. If such a cell

maintained 1.5 volts and stored a charge of one coulomb then on complete discharge it would perform 1.5 joules of work. In actual cells, the internal resistance increases under discharge and the open circuit voltage also decreases under discharge. If the voltage and resistance are plotted against time, the resulting graphs typically are a curve; the shape of the curve varies according to the chemistry and internal arrangement employed.

Symbol of battery

RECEIVER
The Receiver Box will be fitted into the normal switch board of the room and we can configure the line connections as fully automated or semi-automated. The Receiver Box will get the signals from the remote control. It will then decode the serial signal into 4 bit binary data. The binary data will be then converted into equivalent decimal form. With the help of this decimal system we can operate up to 24 or 16 electrical appliances in a room. The addressing can also be done on the decoder chip to increase the number of rooms to 256. The Receiver Box also has an uninterruptible power system so that incase power fails the conditions of the respective appliances remains same i.e. the appliances which were ON remains ON

and the appliances which were OFF remains OFF. The RF receiver is shown in fig.. and its application diagram is shown in fig.9.

Fig.. RF Receiver

DECODER (HT12D IC)

HT12D Decoder is used to decode the RF Signal. They are 212 decoders are a series of CMOS LSIs for remote control system. application which are paired with 212 series of encoder. For proper operation, a pair of encoder/decoder with the same number of addresses and data format should be chosen. The Operating voltage is 2.4V~12V. They interpret the first N bits of code period as addresses and the last 12-N bits as data, where N is the address code number. A signal on the DIN pin activates the oscillator which in turn decodes the incoming address and data. The decoders will then check the received address three times continuously. If the received address codes all match the contents of the decoders local address, the 12 -N bits of data are decoded to activate the output pins and the VT pin is set high to indicate a valid transmission. This will last unless the address code is incorrect or no signal is received.The output of the VT pin is high only when the transmission is valid.

Otherwise it is always low. The application diagram is shown in fig.. The value of resistance R3 is 33 Kohm.

CONTROL UNIT
It uses 4x16 Decoders, flip flops, Decimal counters and transistors [9]. The 24 pin 7474 IC is used as a 4X16 Decoder. It utilizes TTL circuitry to decode four binarycoded inputs into one of sixteen mutually exclusive outputs when both the strobe inputs, G1 and G2, are low. The demultiplexing function is performed by using the 4 input lines to address the output line, passing data from one of the strobe inputs

with the other strobe input low. When either strobe input is high, all outputs are high. Its connection Diagram is shown in fig..

Toggle switch d flip flop using CD 4013 is used to toggle a relay or other load with a momentary push button. Several push buttons can be wired in parallel to control the relay from multiple locations. The only time a significant current flows - is while the output pins are in the process of changing state. The outputs are "complementary". When the transistor switches on - it connects the negative side of the relay coil to ground. And this causes the relay to energize. The transistor does a second job. It connects the negative side of the LED (light emitting diode) to ground which acts as an indicator. .

RELAYS
The appliances are connected to the relay unit. It isolates AC from DC and also provides switching of AC from DC.

ADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES
Ease of operability to the owner Low cost High level of security Savings of the energy bills Less consumption of time Save life during fire Highly efficient and flexible Reliable Provide comfort to elderly and disabled All in one user-friendly system

APPLICATIONS
Burglar Alarm, Smoke Alarm, Fire Alarm, Car Alarm, Security System Garage Door and Car Door Controllers Cordless telephone Other Remote Control System Wireless security systems Car Alarm systems Remote controls. Sensor reporting

CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE

An automated home is convenient and cost-efficient. It saves time and money as it is pre-programmed to automatically do daily routine events. By combining all the types of work which are being done individually by home automation, the work becomes more flexible in order that all the work is done at once. In this paper we introduced a low cost, flexible, wireless solution to the home automation. The novel approach in this paper discusses the migration of the initial control mechanism of devices with simple functionality using radio frequency.Home automation has wide scope in the future. Future homes will be able to offer almost all required services e.g., communication, medical, energy, utility, entertainment, and security. With microprocessor control however, home climate control systems can be programmed to meet precise preferences related to the time of day or the day of the week. Today, home automation is no longer a futuristic fantasy and just confined to the affluent class but a reality that is being associated with mainstream design as well and is slowly becoming a part of everyday life. Home owners from different social strata have begun seriously contemplating the adoption of technology to ensure comfort, convenience and personal security. According to market observers, the home automation market in India is growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 30 per cent. This growth is mainly driven by the consumer's desire for an up gradation of their lifestyle.

REFERENCES
[1] M. Chan, D. Est`eve, C. Escriba, and E. Campo, A review of smart homes Present state and future challenges,Comput. Methods Programs Biomed. , vol. 91, pp. 5581, Jul. 2008. [2] (2008, Dec. 1).Available: http://www.un.org/News/Press/

docs//2007/pop952.doc.htm 2012. [3] (2009, Jun. 23) http://www.who.int/disabilities/en/ [4] Simon Haykin, Digital Communications, Wiley, 1988 [5] Gao Wenhuan, Liu Runsheng, Basic knowledge of Electric Circuit. Higher Education Press. Beijing, 1996. [6] Melly, T.; Porret, A.-S.; Enz, C.C.; Vittoz, E.A., An ultralow-power UHF transceiver integrated in a standard digital CMOS process: transmitter, Solid-State Circuit, IEEE Journal, vol.36, no.3, pp.467-472, Mar 2001 [7] W. Yao and Y. E. Wang "Ultra-wide band pulse transmitting through resonant antennas", Int. J. Opt. Wireless Commun., 2006 [8] C. W. Solomon "Switched-capacitor filters: precise, compact, inexpensive", IEEE Spectrum, vol. 25, pp.28 1988 [9] Adel S. Sedra, Kenneth C. Smith, Arun N. Chardorkai Microelectronics circuits theory and applications, fifth edition. [10] B.G. Streetman and S. Banerjee, Solid state electronics devices, 5th Edition, PHI.