Appreciation

Thanks God, we give thanks to the Almighty for His grace and we can set up a report entitled Structural Analysis 1 (CC502)'. Appreciation and gratitude goes to Pn. Siti Asmahani Binti Mohamed as lecturer Structural Analysis 1 for their help, cooperation, guidance, advice and practical ideas that poured along the run. Thankfully we have colleagues who help others and help each other work, here are our group members Roffandi, Luqman, Nurul Shafiqa, Asyikin, Effah and Amiera are always striving to complete this structural analysis work. Moreover, not least thank you to friends, colleagues and all those who have helped us either directly or indirectly. Hopefully reports this produced a certain extent helped to increase the effectiveness student learning and enhance students' knowledge in the subjects studied civil engineering in general and in particular structural analysis. Thank you.

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Introduction
All relevant buckling problems can be demonstrated with the WP 120 test stand. Buckling, as opposed to simple strength problems such as drawing, pressure, bending and shearing, is primarily a stability problem. Buckling problem number among the bestknown technical examples in stability theory. Buckling plays an important role in almost every field of technology. Examples of this are:

Columns and supports in construction and steel engineering Stop rods for valve actuation and connecting rods in motor construction Piston rods for hydraulic cylinders Lifting spindles in lifting gear

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Objective
To study behavior of different types of columns and find Eulers buckling load for each case. To determine critical buckling loads for columns with support. To examination the Euler theory of buckling. To investigate the influence of different material parameters.

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Apparatus
No. 1. Apparatus Column Buckling Apparatus Picture

2.

Weights

3.

Hanger

4.

Dial Gauge

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5.

Scale

6.

Vernier caliper

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Theory
If compressive load is applied on a column, the member may fail either by crushing or by buckling depending on its material, cross section and length. If member is considerably long in comparison to its lateral dimensions it will fail by buckling. If a member shows signs of buckling the member leads to failure with small increase in load. The load at which the member just buckles is called as crushing load. The buckling load, as given by Euler, can be found by using following expression.

P=

Where, E = Modulus of Elasticity = 2 x 105 N/mm2 for steel I Le = Least moment of inertia of column section = Effective length of column

Depending on support conditions, four cases may arise. The effective length for each of which are given as: 1. Both ends are fixed le = L/ 2 2. One end is fixed and other is pinned le = L/ 2 3. Both ends are pinned le = L 4. One end is fixed and other is free le = 2L

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Procedure
i) Pin a graph paper on the wooden board behind the column. ii) Apply the load at the top of columns increasing gradually. At certain stage of loading the columns shows abnormal deflections and gives the buckling load. iii) Not the buckling load for each of the four columns. iv) Trace the deflected shapes of the columns over the paper. Mark the points of change of curvature of the curves and measure the effective or equivalent length for each case separately. v) Calculate the theoretical effective lengths and thus buckling loads by the expressions given above and compare them with the observed values.

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Result & Calculation

Case

Effective length, Le Theoretical Observed

Critical load, Pcr Theoretical Observed

Both end pinned

=L = 30 = 2L = 2(30) = 60 = 0.5L =0.5(30) =15 = 0.7L = 0.7(30) = 21

One fixed end other end free

Both end fixed

One fixed end other end pinned

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Discussion

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Conclusion

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Reference
From internet: http://metalab.uniten.edu.my/~Halina/EXP4~1.pdf http://www.engr.mun.ca/~adluri/courses/5312/Labs/LABBuckling%20of%20columns.pdf http://ghrce.raisoni.net/download/lab_civil/Structural_Analysis_Lab.pdf

From lecturer : Structural analysis lecturer : Pn. Siti Asmahani Binti Mohamed

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