CASE STUDY REPORT ON ECONOMIC LOAD DISPATCH

GUIDE

Prof. K. NARASIMHAN

RAJVEER SINGH FANDAN (133110021)

Metallurgical Engineering & Materials Science Department INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BOMBAY

INTRODUCTION: A good business practice is the one in which the production cost is minimized without sacrificing the quality. This is not any different in the power sector as well. The main aim here is to reduce the production cost while maintaining the voltage magnitudes at each bus. In an early attempt at economic operation it was decided to supply power from the most efficient plant at light load conditions. As the load increased, the power was supplied by this most efficient plant till the point of maximum efficiency of this plant was reached. With further increase in load, the next most efficient plant would supply power till its maximum efficiency is reached. In this way the power would be supplied by the most efficient to the least efficient plant to reach the peak demand. Unfortunately however, this method failed to minimize the total cost of electricity generation. We must therefore search for alternative method which takes into account the total cost generation of all the units of a plant that is supplying a load. Economic Distribution of Loads between the Units of a Plant To determine the economic distribution of a load amongst the different units of a plant, the variable operating costs of each unit must be expressed in terms of its power output. The fuel cost is the main cost in a thermal or nuclear unit. Then the fuel cost must be expressed in terms of the power output. Other costs, such as the operation and maintenance costs, can also be expressed in terms of the power output. Fixed costs, such as the capital cost, depreciation etc., are not included in the fuel cost. The fuel requirement of each generator is given in terms of the Rupees/hour. Let us define the input cost of an unit- i , F(Pgi) in Rs./h and the power output of the unit as Pgi . Then the input cost can be expressed in terms of the power output as F(Pgi) = aiPgi2 + biPgi + ci Rs./h

The operating cost given by the above quadratic equation is obtained by approximating the power in MW versus the cost in Rupees curve. The

incremental operating cost of each unit is then computed as Rs./MWh

Economic Load Dispatch

Minimize: F(Pgi) = Subject to:

aiPgi2 + biPgi + ci)

1. gi = PD + PL 2. Pgimin Pgi Pgimax

Where

(i=1,2,3,.......NG)

ai, bi and ci are cost coefficients PD = Load demand Pgi = Real power generation of ith generator NG = number of generator buses PL = Transmission power loss and PL = B00 +
giBi0

giBijPgj

where B00, Bio and Bij are loss coefficients

The above constrained optimization problem is converted into an unconstrained optimization problem. Lagrange multiplier is used in which a function is minimized with side condition in the form of equality constraints. Using Lagrange multiplier, an augmented function is defined as L(Pgi, ) = F(Pgi) + (PD + PL -
gi)

Necessary conditions for the optimization problem are = =( +( ) )=0 (1)

Bi0 +

gjBij gi)

= (PD + PL -

=0

(2)

= incremental operating cost of the ith generator

= incremental transmission losses

Taylor series expansion to second order of equation (1) and (2) are

The above equations can be written in the matrix form as

][

The derivatives can be obtained as follows = +

( ) = (2aiPgi + bi) + (Bi0 +
gjBij

1)

{i = 1,2,.......NG ; j = 1,2,.......NG ; j i}

And can be calculated as,

Problem: To determine economic load schedule to meet the demand of 150MW. Given- PD = 150MW Fuel inputs of two plants are given as F1 = 0.00889 F2 = 0.00741 + 10.333P1 + 200 + 10.833P2 + 240

The transmission losses are given by PL = 0.001 + 0.002 2*0.0002P1P2

Since for 2 units, PL = B11 Therefore, B11 = 0.001 B22 = 0.002 B12 = B21 = 0.0002 + B22 + 2B12P1P2

Also initial value of is =

= 11.81812 /MWh

Since, therefore, P1 = and P2 =

][

By Gauss elimination
[ ][ ] [ ]

Using back substitution

;