Professional Documents
Culture Documents
LABORATARY REPORT ON
ANALYSIS ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND BEHAVIOUR OF MATERIALS: TENSILE TEST
BY
Submitted to: Prof. DAVID CHESHIRE MSc MECHANICAL ENGINEERING FACULTY OF COMPUTING, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY Submission date 25th OCTOBER 2013
CONTENTS
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
THEORY
The Tensile test plays a very vital role in determining the property of material by providing number of data of the specimen. By this we can test the properties and then the material can be used for different roles in daily life keeping in mind its mechanical property like tension, compression, and torsion and bending. [http://ocw.metu.edu.tr/pluginfile.php/1216/mod_resource/content/0/Tension_Test__ekme_Deneyi.PDF] STRESS: Stress is the internal resistance, or counterforce, of a material to the distorting effects of an external force or load. These counter forces tend to return the atoms to their normal positions. The total resistance developed is equal to the external load. This resistance is known as stress.
[http://me.yeditepe.edu.tr/courses/me402/lab%20manuals/tension%20test.pdf] Here by the definition it means that the stress is a resistive force which acts opposite to the applied force with the same magnitude. STRESS = FORCE/AREA. STRAIN: Strain is defined as the ratio of (Final Length Actual Length) to the actual
length.
STRAIN = dL/L MODULUS OF ELASTICITY : It is a description of the material to deform elastically when a certain amount of force is applied to it. The ratio between stress and strain is termed as Youngs Modulus of Elasticity.
E = STRESS/STRAIN.
FIGURE-1
The graph illustrates the relationship between stress and strain for a ductile metal. YEILD STRESS: It is defined as that point from where the material does not retain to its original shape also after releasing it from the applied force. From here it enters the plastic region. In the graph above after the point B plastic limit starts. ULTIMATE TENSILE STRENGHT: This is the highest value of stress which a material is able to withstand before breaking.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_tensile_strength
METHOD
FIGURE-2
Material used: CARBON STEEL. CODE REFERENCE: C HEAT TREATMENT: NORMALISED AT 8600 CELCIUS. 1. Measured the dimensions of the given specimen that is its diameter and its gauge length. D=4.98mm L=27.25mm FIGURE-3 Diagram of the Specimen:
https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=tensile+testing&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=9rN qUr63IJGrhQfb9oHwCA&sqi=2&ved=0CAcQ_AUoAQ&biw=1440&bih=799#facrc=_&im gdii=_&imgrc=gR9bAuMClWytcM%3A%3B-k78z6_401TNM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.hsc.csu.edu.au%252Fengineering_studies%252F application%252Flift%252F3210%252Fimage009.png%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.h sc.csu.edu.au%252Fengineering_studies%252Fapplication%252Flift%252F3210%252Findex .html%3B305%3B357 2. Now take the slack in the machine and then zero the machine. 3. Now run the NEXGEN software and select the Simple Tensile.bch 4. Now enter the values of diameter and the gauge length which we measured from the specimen in the Batch Document.
5. Now run the batch document, suddenly steadily increasing load will start applying on the specimen and it will measure the elongation at each load step. At certain point the specimen will fail. 6. Now save the data recorded throughout the test using 200 data points.
Results:
Using the theory and the formulas then plotted the graph between Stress v/s Strain in the excel sheet using 200 data points. FIGURE-4
600 500 400 STRESS [MPa] 300 200 100 0 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 STRAIN
Graph from the excel: Stress v/s Strain Final Gauge length = 35.510mm Difference in gauge length = 35.510-27.25 = 8.26 mm Strain = dL/L = 8.26/27.25 = 0.30311 Upper Yield Stress = 342.14 MPa Lower Yield Stress = 339.77 MPa Ultimate Tensile Stress = 526.78 MPa
FIGURE-5
Graph which the Machine has generated with the given values of gauge length and diameter. Now from the recorded data by the machine the values are: Youngs Modulus = 27616 MPa Upper Yield Stress = 350.59 MPa Lower Yield Stress = 334.09 MPa Ultimate Tensile Stress = 527.59 MPa
SOFTWARE STIMULATION
Figure 6
This is the entering door to the software. The figure 6 is generated by clicking on STATIC STRUCTURE. Here first choose the Engineering Data to put the values of Yield strength and Ultimate tensile stress.
Figure 7
In this page values of stress are given according to the material property, which is in this case is tensile yield strength = 350 MPa and tensile ultimate strength = 527 MPa. After this return to the project.
Figure 8
Figure 9
Figure 10
In figure 10 choose the plane on which the base of the element is to be drawn here XZ plane, so that it can be extruded in Y direction.
Figure 11
In figure 11 the basic geometry is a circle because the base of a cylinder is a circle, keeping the diameter = 4.98mm as of specimen. Then by clicking the command extrude and generate and go to model section. Figure 12
This figure contains a geometry with D = 4.98mm and Length = 27.25mm in the model section. Click on the Static structure for applying support and load.
Figure 13
In figure 13 frictionless support has been provided on the base of the specimen.
Figure 14
Figure 14 depicts the surface where the force is applied and in +Y direction with the magnitude of 169.6566 N. The value was taken from one of the 200 data which appeared from the test CALCULATION: Stress = 8.7145 MPa. Elongation = 0.1052 mm. Stress = Force/ Area Force (F) = Stress* Area Area= 3.14*r^2 = 19.46831 mm^2 So, F = 169.6566 N
Figure 15
Click on solutions for applying stress (equivalent non mises), strain (equivalent non mises), and deformation (total and directional). Then click solve to get the stress, strain and the deformation.
Figure 16
Figure 17
Figure 18
Figure 19
Results:
Stress = 8.7136 MPa Strain = 0.435 Total Deformation = 1.1875 * 10^-6 m Directional Deformation = 3.2547* 10^-8 m
Bibliography
1. Wikipedia 2. Google 3. https://www.google.co.uk/webhp?source=search_app&gws_rd=cr&ei=JaJqUuf4BYK LhQfj0IGADw#q=why+does+there+is+a+fall+of+strain+after+the+ultimate+tensile+ stress 4. [http://ocw.metu.edu.tr/pluginfile.php/1216/mod_resource/content/0/Tension_Test__ekme_Deneyi.PDF