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enneagram monthly

Understanding Art
Barbato

February 2009 Issue 156

And How the Enneagram of Personality Can Help


This painting dives into her excruciating pain while also revealing the extraordinary strength of her spirit with which she resisted and overcame the trials life placed on her. The betrayals, violations and even torture, through all of which, Artemisia managed to arm her truth and maintain dignity. But before we go deeper into the analysis, just keep in mind that: Judith looks like Artemisia (wielding the sword) and Holofernes like the man that caused Artemisias suering; holding him down is the accomplice/servant who looks like Costanza, another victim of the same man, but more on that as the story unfolds. This painting, eciently and at a glance, reveals the craving for revenge racking the soul of the artist, feelings she managed to transfer into the canvas. Background: Artemisias Adolescence and Rape Artemisia was the only daughter of Orazio Gentileschi, an accomplished painter of notable fame in his own right, a friend and follower of Caravaggio. She was the only sibling with a remarkable artistic gift and therefore her fathers favorite. He lavished her with a lot of attention, an uncharacteristic behavior for him, quite the introverted and reclusive man that he was. Artemisias mother had died when she was 12, leaving her the chores of taking care of her younger brothers. Artemisias artistic talent had been noticed already at that tender age and she had began her journey to receive an education in culture and arta rare privilege for a female at the time. CONTINUED ON PAGE 19

rtemisia Gentileschi is one of the greatest female Antonio painters of all times. Her works are admired in museums around the world, but her fame is tied to two specic paintings: Judith Beheading Holofernes1 (p.19) and Yael and Sisera2 (p.20). These are paintings of traditional biblical stories that depict murdermore specically, the exact instance a homicide is committed. Artemisia was only 19 when she painted Judith beheading Holofernes, yet, its considered to be one of the seminal masterpieces of realism inspired by the school of Caravaggio. This painting is loaded with richness in specic and extremely interesting details that reveal the personality traits of the artist. The purpose of this article is to illustrate how the enneagram can be used to better understand a painting (our focus is on Judith Beheading Holofernes) and gain deeper insights into the tensions and forces that expose the artists nature and personality. First, the Origin of the Painting The immediate question that arises is: what could have motivated such a young and attractive girl, in love with beauty and life, to choose such a horrid scene? Moreover, how could she do it so well, capturing the richness and cruelty in exquisite detail? For an answer we need to look at traumatic events in Artemisias past, events that profoundly perturbed her life during the 18 months it took her to complete this work.

Subtypes in Relationship: Social

how long. (Yes, there are plenty of introverted social types). Social with Social Peter OHanrahan We also have many examples of how our anti-social s with other relationships between people of the same qualities have gotten in our way. One year we set out to join a new church, and subtype, there are both advantages and dangers. Theres no reason why two explored a number of places. We very much wanted to belong to a caring comsocial types cant be very successful in their intimate relationship, but it munity. But everywhere we went we found reasons why it wouldnt work for us: takes work. Other subtype combinations often look at two socials together and ask, not properly organized, not set up to receive new people, and on and on. It would Wheres the glue, wheres the bonding? My answer is theres plenty, and we can have been funny if it wasnt so painful. Really it was mostly about our social anxiety draw upon all three instincts - were not limited to our primary subtype all the time. and rigid expectations, which we projected onto these organizations. The point is We social types can switch gears too! that we reinforced our subtype pattern in a negative sense. It would have been a lot Im a social Eight married to a social Four, and we nd a lot in common when it easier with a Self Pres or a One-to-one type on hand to bring a dierent perspective, comes to talking about people and groups, and being part of organizations that are and likely they would connected more quickly with people without worrying about important to us (like the Enneagram networks). However, my wife Pat is introvertthe rules and structure. (We worked it out, more or less, with the help of some seried while I fall more on the extroverted side. So we dont always have smooth sailing ous self-assessment on our subtype issues). in social situations when it comes to deciding how often, how many people, and CONTINUED ON PAGE 17

In This Issue

letters editorial page 2

distinctions, type 6 conversation #34 where symbol leads Obama, Hillary, Biden, McCain. Palin Tom Condon Pat Wyman, Bill Dyke, Don the quorum Carol Ann Gotch page 4 Riso & Russ Hudson pages 11-16 page 7 page 10

enjoyed reading Stephen Hatchs article, Holy Ideas and the Enneagram Revised, in the November 2008 issue of the Enneagram Monthly, coincidentally, the same issue in which my article on the Essential Qualities was published (Ego and Essence...). In his article, Hatch suggests a reformulation of the Holy Ideas, calling them the Sacred Ideas. Obviously, rich territory is being revisited in an attempt to clarify our understanding of the Higher Aspects of the Enneagram; however, Id like to suggest that what Hatch is really exploring is not the perspectives of Higher Mind delineated by the Holy Ideas, but the specic aspects of Being or Essence itself, the loss of which causes each of the nine ego personalities to form. Both A.H. Almaas and Don Riso and Russ Hudson agree that the Holy Ideas are a particular direct perception of reality as a specic characteristic or facet of the unobscured perception of what is (Facets of Unity, p.6) and the view that arises when there is freedom from any xed position (Facets, p.59). What I would like to underline is that they are a perception or a view on non-dual reality available to us when we have access to the Higher Intellectual Center. They are not necessarily understandable by the Lower Intellectual Center, or egoic mind. As widely accepted Enneagram theory from Oscar Ichazo teaches, loss of the Holy Idea results in the xation of each type, which is only one part of the beginning of ego formulation and is not the same as the loss of Beingness. What Hatch seems to be exploring is a conceptual language for describing what part of our True Nature, that he calls sacredness, is lost when we lose this perception. He speaks of the presence that looms large, about serving as a vessel, about being grounded in the divine essence, or losing touch with their core essence, etc. To me, hes mixing his terms by talking about presence, groundedness, and essencethese are qualities of Being, not understandings that open to us with the Holy Ideas. Loss of the non-dual perspective

Letters
does contribute to a loss of True Nature, but there is no need to revise the Holy Ideas in order to talk about the nine dierent avors of loss of Being. The similarities in Hatchs approach and the RisoHudson approach to understanding the development of the nine ego personalities are apparent. In RH terminology, we call the sacred impulse at the core of each type the Essential Quality; Hatch is suggesting Sacred Idea. There are nine ways we experience our Essential Nature, thus the nine clusters of Essential Qualities that I refer to in my article. As we lose contact with these qualities of our True Nature, the ego takes over to try to regain contact and the whole type structure is formed. (See my article for more details.) Hatchs exploration of how type evolves from the loss of Being can be tremendously helpful to aid us in pondering more deeply this important facet of the Enneagram. However, we have to be very careful how we talk about things. Were not talking only about losing an idea, even a Holy Idea, but rather a fundamental, primal, catastrophic loss of Being whose ripples dramatically aect every part of the unfolding of our lives. Once we regain contact with this sacred Beingness, we can then also regain the perspective of the Holy Ideas. Katy Taylor: St. Paul, MN

aty Taylor critiques my attempts at revising the Holy Ideas, or what I call Sacred Ideas, as expounded in my article entitled Holy Ideas and the Enneagram Revisited, published in the November 2008 issue of Enneagram Monthly. She says that what Im really talking about are the Essential Qualities of Being that each type embodies, not Holy

Ideas. Quoting Almaas, Riso and Hudson, she points out that while Holy Ideas are a perception or view on Being, they are not really aspects of that Being, which remains distinct from our perception of It. First, I would like to say that I thoroughly enjoyed her Ego and Essence article, published in the same issue of Enneagram Monthly. Quoting from the RisoHudson Core Dynamics Sheets, she shows us that these respected teachers have developed a comprehensive system of Essential Qualities for each type. I hope that they or she write a book revealing the specics of this system in a detailed manner. Especially insightful for me is the Essential Awakeness of the SIX, and the Essential Balance of the ONE, which corresponds, I believe, to the Beauty aspect of Sacred Perfection in my system of Sacred Ideas. Regarding Taylors point about the need to distinguish between the Essential Qualities of Being and the various ways in which each type perceives that Being (the Holy or Sacred Ideas), I wonder whether such a distinction is always possible. For example, in the classical system as expounded by Almaas and Maitri, some of the Holy Ideas seem more like various qualities of Being Itself rather than perspectives on that Being. While such Holy Ideas as Holy Hope, Holy Faith, Holy Omniscience and Holy Love could conceivably be viewed as perspectives on Being rather than as aspects of Its Essence, others perhaps may not. For example, Holy Harmony, Holy Wisdom, Holy Transparency, Holy Perfection, Holy Origin and Holy Truth sound an awful lot like Essential Qualities of Being Itself. Or at least they do to me. This being the case, it is easy to see why the distinction between Essence and Idea ultimately breaks down for those of us who perceive in this manner. From my perspective, Being and our perspective on that Being are in some sense one and the same. This is precisely the point of much postmodern phiCONTINUED ON PAGE 15 losophy. We only view of dierent eras. Antonio live in Naples and is immersed in history. Within a block or two you can nd 3500 year old ruins next to 2000 year old ones, building that are 6, 7, 800 years old next to a brand new glass and cement structure that appeared yesterday. Being surrounded by concrete evidence of continuity gives us a dierent sense of history. Past turbulence and chaos gave rise to periods of peace and prosperity that again and again alternated across the centuries. A walk through an art gallery to the practiced eye can be as informative as watching David Daniels conduct a typing panel. Antonio loves drama and he picked a piece of art with a robust history to make a point that our type is visible whenever we deconstruct our actions or their product. Its a bit like doing detective work on graphology, only with the added meaning of a story our base impulses, motivations and urges are seen as pervading everything we do. Subtypes in Relationship: Social can be said to relate to the current time. Many enneagrammers opine that this decade is particularly heady and a good time for Sevens. Add to that our economy which is in the news stoking panic in many quarters

ell, never a dull moment, as the saying goes, gives fresh meaning to the curse of: may you live in interesting times. Im not sure if this is a Chinese proverb, but sounds like its better to be a dog in peaceful times, than a man in a chaotic period, which is a bonied Chinese gem. From an irresponsible Sevens perspective - sorry for the delay with this issue-, and strictly for entertainment value, chaotic times have a certain charm as long as its not at our expense. We have our own little tempest in a teacup over a few basic concepts regarding emphasis on the positive aspects of type energy versus seeing that energy in terms of its negative eects. Taking a closer look at our leaders after election is like doing an autopsy on a corpse. Its too late as far as the election goes, but a good opportunity to make a better diagnosis. Political leaders have a hand in shaping our destiny and thats a good reason in every election cycle to get otherwise mature people into a blind tizzy like teenagers with a crush. Typing politicians becomes extra challenging and a good practice in detaching from personal bias and exercising the thinking faculty. Talking about interesting times, objectively speak-

From the Editor


ing, we live in glorious decades without worries of, famine, pestilence, locusts or enemy armies tearing down our safe and cozy little nests complete with color TVs, microwaves, air conditioning and cars parked on paved roads....historically speaking, it doesnt get better than this. Talking about history.... In this issue Antonio Barbato visits the Renaissance, the Cambrian period of explosive creativity in the world of art that also ushered in science. Most of what we know about history comes through the sharp eyes of artists with a gift to transfer what they experience into their medium. The written records and sacred scriptures supply background information adding the element of time and meaning to what otherwise would be merely a visual or auditory record. Understanding Art and how the Enneagram of Personality can help adds an additional layer deepening information we can glean from masterpieces

february 2009

enneagram monthly

enneagram monthly
Volume 15, Number 2, Issue 156
Enneagram Monthly 748 Wayside Rd. Portola Valley, CA 94028 Phone: 650-851-4806 Email: em@guna.us Fax: 650-851-3113

contents
Understanding Art And how the Enneagram of Personality can Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Antonio Barbato 1 Subtypes in Relationship: Social . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Peter OHanrahan 1 Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Katy Taylor, Stephen Hatch, Beatrice Chestnut, Susan Rhodes, Peter Zappel & Jack Labanauskas 2 From the Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Dynamic Enneagram - Fine Distinctions: Sixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tom Condon 4 The Conversation # 34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carl Marsak, Susan Rhodes, & Jack Labanauskas 7 Following Where the Symbol Leads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carol Ann Gotch 10 Obama & Hillary Clinton: A Study in Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pat Wyman 11 Observing Obama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bill Dyke 12 Presidential Candidates: Type Analysis part 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Don Riso & Russ Hudson 13 Teachers Listing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Subscription Forms and Ad Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Editor and Publisher Jack Labanauskas Staff Writer Susan Rhodes Assistant Editor Sue Ann McKean Consulting Editor Andrea Isaacs

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giving food for thought to Sixes; no doubt, soon the more austere and frugal Fives will get their turn.... According to Oscar Ichazo the social instinct gives rise to types 5, 6 & 7. Thats not exactly Peter OHanrahans point of view. Peter sees the subtypes as more evenly spread across all types. Both views make sense, especially if you believe that our subtype energy can be red up or lulled to sleep according to the circumstances of our life. Tom Condons Dynamic Enneagram Fine Distinctions: Sixes stays in the realm of head type energy and provides keyword pointers to help us make those ner distinctions. This is a practical list of subtle features that Tom collected over a couple plus decades intensely working with the enneagram in many countries and cultures. Apparently, enneagram type transcends not only history but culture too. The Conversation 34 resembles the Letters to the Editor section this time. We have two parallel conversations going on that touch similar subjects at times. A lot of good points are made while others are refuted. Interesting stu. We could have had such discussions from the beginning, but better late than never. Following Where the Symbol Leads by Carol Ann Gotch is a positive and archetypally focused piece. Carol Ann and her husband David Walsh have a lifetime of experience studying and teaching aspects of the enneagram that go way beyond its application to mere personality type. I recall Three in One a lead article in the EM they wrote in June 1996. It was a precursor of what a few months later (September 1996) may have inspired Oscar Ichazo to come up with the idea of Trix i.e., typing an individual as reecting a style of one type in each triad. For example, Im a Head type 7, and going clockwise, my Gut energy happens to resemble that of a 9, while the Heart that of a 4; and since we must be endowed with all three types of instinctual energy to function, its only reasonable to assume it will resemble that of one specic type in each triad. In Obama & Hillary Clinton: A Study in Type Pat Wyman takes the MBTI factor into consideration and juxtaposes it with what we can glean from the enneagram type. Interesting and maybe controversial to some, Pat thinks Hillary is a type Three whereas shes often touted as a classic example of a One. Well, the enneagram is a work in progress and as far as Im concerned, politics wakes up the bias in us, so, instead of taking typing politicians with a grain of salt, I recommend a spoonful. Observing Obama is done with a cool and measured eye of someone who is thoroughly familiar with politics and the business environment. Corporations, especially large ones, are like little efdoms with their own hierarchies and politics. Bill Dyke is a veteran with years of front-line experience in several such corporations and has the scars to prove it. Some corporations work beautifully fullling the promise to shareholders employees and clients. Others fail and develop toxic strains that make life stressful and success elusive. Every time its similar dynamics and mistakes that make outcomes predictable. They say repetition is the mother of learning thats Bills strong suit; and as to societies weakness, we can quote Santayana: Those who cannot learn from history are doomed to repeat it. Don Riso and Russ Hudson continue with Presidential Candidates: Type Analysis and its Joe Biden, John McCain and Sarah Palins turn to go under the enneagrammatic microscope. The analysis is interesting, although some of the comments may not be your cup of tea, if youre a McCain-Palin fan. Thats always how politics works, isnt it? Perhaps well get a little debate going here, which is always my cup of tea.

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elf-preservation Sixes can be warm and ingratiating; have a graceful, diplomatic sociability. Try to bring out the best in others and speak well of most people. Good communication skills; can tell people hard truths in a skillful or funny way. Generally more phobic than counter-phobic. Sensitive to using power fairly and constructively not at someone elses expense. Could be tough in negotiations but basically have a win-win attitude. Consider everyone an equal. Their home environment is especially important, home could feel like a feathered nest sheltering the Six from the worlds dangers and drubbings. Good at practical tasks and managing the material details of living. Often habit-bound and want the elements in their world to be known and predictable. When less healthy, the Self-preservation Sixes personal warmth is more like a tactic, a kind of charm oensive meant to de-fang the imagined hostility of others. May actively worry about their ability to materially survive; catastrophic fantasies about material loss.
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Self Preservation Sixes

Dynamic EnneagramFine Distinctions: Sixes


Tom Condon
If they sense aggression or disapproval in the environment, they counterphobically zero in on it. Then they use humor, charm, self-depreciation to make friends out of possible enemies. Might act ingratiating and vulnerable in a way that invites rescue. More nervously dependent than other Six subtypes. Less in touch with their own hostility, since that is the opposite of the weak, warm person they present themselves to be. Victimizing victim. Can take a one down position in relationships, non-verbally placating and beseeching, casting you into the role of an adult, making you the responsible, powerful one. Intimate Sixes Lead disciplined lives that bring them strength physical, emotional or spiritual. Being strong calms their fears. Creative; need to transform a harsh world into a beautiful one; often confused with Self preservation Fours. This subtype brings an artists eye and an aesthetic perspective, an acute awareness of beauty, a love of nature and landscape. Sixes with this subtype tend to act strong or alluring when insecure. More likely to be counterphobic; they take risks, talk tough, worry about looking weak, having their fears show. When beauty is the focus they try to seem attractive to contain fear, get approval and distract others. Some need to create and make things, to transform what they see and feel into something tangible. Can be image conscious; their preoccupation with beauty can mutate into personal vanity; a stronger connection to Three. May hide and contain their fears behind an attractive mask; a sense of protective distance and once-removed control. A deant/aggressive life stance is possible, an imitation of strength. Anti-authoritarian and knee-jerk rebellious. Intimate Sixes may project their power onto a sexual partner or sexuality itself; some report feeling addicted to sex. Project power onto authorities and then ght with them. Can be reckless, impulsive and prone to bad judgment. Whatever the question the answer is no; can be mistaken for Eights. This subtype can conict with the Self preservation impulse in Sixes. Being creatively daring, open and unguarded is at odds with surviving and staying safe. If self preservation Sixes are addicted to security, Intimate Sixes are addicted to insecurity. Social Sixes Steadiness and stamina. Willing to work hard in a dedicated way; a sense of mission. Diplomatic; can say things and not say them at the same time. Social Sixes tend to be dutiful and especially dependent upon authority. They are usually more often phobic than counterphobic. Idealistic; want to be of service to a group or a tradition. Take on responsibility for the cause and, to that end, do things willingly and well. When acting independently they will still refer to others in their mind for safety and agreement. Imagine that they cant live without the groups support. May think of themselves as a soldier in someone elses army; a mentality of dutifulness that is akin to being a slave. Might romanticize the boss and then later tear him/her down. Passive/aggressive. The connection to Nine is stronger with this subtype. May become joiners, hiding within a group norm, concealing their sense of deviance by attacking those outside the group who are dierent. Their natural diplomacy devolves into a hesitant cowardice about stating their own position and taking independent stands. Catastrophic fantasy is of being banished from the group and being unable to survive. Six with a Five Wing Generally introverted and often intellectual. Can have many interests and a surprising range of competencies and skills. May be bookish; some are interested in history or feel rooted in the past or related to a long tradition. Can test potential friends for a long time but once youre in, youre in a friend for life. May use the strength of their minds to contain, distance or understand their fears. Afraid of the intensity of their emotions. They are often kinesthetic and auditory, especially auditory tonal aware of and sensitive to tones of voice and the implications they carry. Intellectually curious and make take to psychotherapy and self-knowledge because it is interesting. They can be dicult to read and have a tip of the iceberg quality revealing little but hinting at hidden dimensions and inner intensity. Can feel torn between needing to be seen and wanting to withdraw for protection. Can have a wary standosh quality and project a willed remoteness. When afraid they can act arrogant, cryptic or cynical and aloof. Some are argumentative and litigious, even tending towards violence. Can be thin-skinned, sensitive to insults and slights and petty about keeping score: entertain conspiracy theories behind closed doors.

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february 2009

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May stand back and scrutinize events suspiciously. Sometimes their arrogance covers a sense of social shame. Can hide their aections and loyalties to be safe. Underneath they are romantic and idealistic. An ongoing tension between wanting to be dependent versus being independent. Might spend time alone worrying or plotting against their enemies, a kind of private paranoia. May also like secretive behind-the-scenes group activity. The realm of spies and espionage. Sneaky vengeance, passive/aggressive toward others, self-attacking and self-destructive at home. Can be passive aggressive as well as depressive, dour and humorless. Six with a Seven Wing Generally outgoing, with a nervous quality. can be charming, sociable, ingratiating. Have a cheerful, forward-looking drive are curious about life and can be idealistic. Comedic gifts and a good sense of humor. Usually are more visual and talk faster than Sixes with a Five wing. Have an optimistic sunny outlook and focus on the positive. Some struggle with appetite and addiction. Can be self-contradicting, either simultaneously by seeming to want two things at once or sequen-

tially by asserting one thing and then taking the opposite position a moment later. When threatened, one defensive tactic is to become obviously unhappy but impossible to please. Counterphobic Sixes with this wing can be noticeably accusative or argumentative. Can become insecure, irritable, curmudgeonly, petty, irrational and chaotic. Subject to mood swings, inferiority complexes and runaway fears. May have hair-trigger are-ups of paranoia. Can falsely accuse others and not seem to realize it. Focus on positive futures as a way to avoid present anxieties. Can be grandiose; create big plans that they are secretly afraid of and may later sabotage. Overtly paranoid Sixes usually have this wing. Sixs Connection to Nine Brings brings faith, patience and the capacity to trust life. Sixes nd their place in the larger order of existence, feel aligned with the Big Flow, part of the larger order of nature. Develop a friendlier safer image of the universe and feel like they belong to life. Can strengthen the Sixes sense of mission and connect her to a feeling of destiny and to the personal power necessary to fulll it.

The Six nds her courage as well as values worth being courageous for. Healthy Nineish Sixes experience faith, not as a concept but as a body feeling. When Sixes are in touch with this connection they may experience a more mystical sense of spirituality rather than the authority structure of an organized religion. They may also respond more strongly to nature and a sense of place or land. They search for their own true feelings instead of relying on outside authorities to tell them what to do. More likely to live in the present. Can become numb, spaced-out and lazy. Fractured, chaotic thinking. Go in circles; a Nine does this to avoid focused action while a Six is avoiding independent action that may provoke attack. Merge dependently with their environment, more passive towards authority, may be noncommittal or ambivalent in relationships Nine-like Sixes can get habit-bound, rut-prone, cautious and stuck. They take comfort in making things predictable, embracing little rituals and habits, trying to avoid taking risks. Sixes can also procrastinate like Nines, going in circles, obsessing about everything except the most obvious step to take. The motivation is to avoid claiming their own power.

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They may procrastinate, forgetting about things that have tangible consequence. Then they wake up and hyperactively save the day. Sixs Connection to Three Brings Sixes self-condence, productivity and skillfulness. The will and focus to nish what they start. Able to make decisions and take action, sometimes exhibiting leadership qualities. Brings an optimistic sense of possibility. This connection also supports a striking professionalism. Highly capable, if not always completely condent. Many have good organizational and administrative talents. They are also strong on quality control what they do, they do well. They feel armed by what they produce. Threeish Sixes can have a con artist streak. They want to appear dierent than they are; hide their deviance with charm. May mock and revile success but secretly envy it in others.

They can immerse themselves in activity as a way to manage anxiety, especially when counterphobic. Sixes are also prone to Three-like compensatory hyperactivity they go in circles and do too much, especially when under stress. Can stab you in the back, while believing they are the victim. Or present a meek front while conspiring behind the scenes. They are competitive and want to best others but hide such motives to appear likable. Can become the unfair authority whom they would ordinarily fear. Perform well mainly to avoid criticism, especially from authorities. Ambitious for what they should want based on the expectations and opinions of others but out of

touch with what they do want. Very unhealthy Sixes have more conscience than very unhealthy Threes, but they still can be manipulative, calculating and vengeful. [NOTE: In the August issue 2008 we had part 2 of The Dynamic Enneagram - Sevens. It ended with a promise of a part 3 about How Sevens Grow and Change. Alas, Tom was on an extended teaching tour in China, Japan and a few other places and this article had to be delayed. As it happens, Tom is working on it while on his current trip back to the Far East. Please be patient a little while longer, its postponed but not forgotten]

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The Conversation #34


Carl Marsak: iso and Hudsons type analysis of Barack Obama in the Jan. 2009 EM is deep and comprehensive, sensitive and well balancedand a good example of how attributing type to a public gure can be done intelligently and then, hopefully, put to good use. It is a great example of building a case for, using evidence from many domains of life, and then considering at least one other type before coming to a reasoned hypothesis. They read books and articles, listened to interviews, observed consistent behaviors and reactions, took into account Obamas sense of himself and motivations, his selfpresentations, energetic and talking styles, recurrent themes he brought up in his campaign, etc. Then they apply various Enneagram theories, trait descriptors, and their own ideas, such as Theme Songs, Missing Pieces, and Social Roles, and come up with what makes the most sense, that our new president is a Social Three with 4 Wing. For what it is worth, I came up with the same conclusion months ago after having read both his books and seen his early and now famous speeches, especially the ones in Berlin and the one on race relations and its history in America. However, I confess to believing that George W. Bush is a Counter-phobic 6 with strong 7 Wing, not a 9 like Gerald Ford and Ronald Reagan, and that it is Laura Bush who is a 9but now that they are back in Texas, who cares? Now the question becomes what do we, as Enneagram practitioners and American citizens, do with the above information and wisdom? How can we use it to keep the Obama administration honest, transparent and on track with the best of their/our national agenda? Now I would like to comment on: 1) Susan Rhodes response to my response in the last EM, and 2) On the third and nal installment of her series of articles entitled Type is with us from Birth. First, as for damning with faint praise, my admiration and appreciation was genuine, although partial. I believe it is possible to question someones motivations, appreciate and even admire their eorts, and profoundly disagree with some or all of their conclusions. I also want to briey respond to Jack, who remarks that my own critique shows how gifts of the type can be portrayed as weaknesses, simply by labeling them as type biases. I do see your point Jack, and I grant that Susans ability as a Type Four to notice such things is a Gift of Spirit. However, the amount of emphasis she places on these perceptions and the probable overgeneralizations involved, render them subject to type bias and critique. Its true that all theory emerges out of and gets refracted through human subjectivity and Enneatype structure, but for it to have objectivity (in the Gurdiean rather than scientic sense) it also has to, at least partially, transcend the type in question and be observable, comprehensible, applicable, and even aesthetically pleasing to others. Next, and this is directly addressed to Susan, I am exploring and dialoguing with your ideas, not with your personal and type-related issues, feelings,

Carl Marsak Susan Rhodes Jack Labanauskas


etc. After all, if I didnt take your ideas seriously I wouldnt bother to put so much time into reading and responding to them. If you publish them in a public forum then they are fair game for discussion and debate, and sometimes dicult disagreement

(hows that for awesome alliteration!). If you dont want to engage in this sort of give and take then I suggest something along the lines of that bumper sticker that says: If you dont believe in abortion, dont have one! Enough said Thirdly, Susan says that she has objected only to equating type with neurosis or xation and saying that it is the disagreeable product of our early frustrations in life. Again to be clear, one of my major objections to her recent writings is that she seems to be setting up multiple straw men and then knock-

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february 2009

ing them over in order to make other points, especially the very important understanding that type may very well be with us from birth and have very high, very spiritual or transpersonal reasons for its existence and functioning, reasons that have nothing to do with early childhood experiences and object relations, defense mechanisms and other psychodynamic and psychoanalytic theories and results. Maybe I am missing something here, maybe I am just a dense and clueless Enneagram teacher and writer, but I ask her again, who exactly out there, in the real world, is busy equating Enneatype with neurosis or xation in any consistent or meaningful way? Not me or any of my friends. Who exactly is going about saying that our Enneatype is a product of our early childhood frustrations and woundings? Susan goes on to say that she objects to equating the Freudian enneagram with the enneagram itself, because once we do that, we are forced to dene personality itself as neurosis and the types as categories of neurosis. This is a demoralizing premise that I entirely reject (p. 18). O.K, she has a right to reject it but lets be real here, this is a premise that Susan has just created out of her own fertile imagination. After all, until Susans recent articles there was no such thing as the Freudian enneagram. However, words and concepts can have great power, and it will continue to be important to critically examine, and if necessary refute strongly Enneagram writings and theories that may be detrimental to our larger community of practitioners and students. Again, enough said Finally, I want to take a look at her latest article, because there is much in it of value that needs to be reiterated and even amplied. Susan says that part of her purpose is to demonstrate how it is possible to conceptualize the enneagram and the enneagram types in a way that remains true to Gurdies dynamic vision of the enneagram, and at the same time describes an expanded model of personality that can help us see more clearly the relationship between ego and essence. This is to my mind a laudable goal. But in so doing we will have to be very careful not to construct a new and false dichotomy: Enneagram of Gurdie and process = good; Enneagram of Ichazo/ Naranjo and type = bad. Nathan Bernier and others are trying to reconcile and integrate the two, and this I believe is truly cutting-edge work in our eld. KCNA_MAG_AD_UniverSelf_3 [ConverPage To continue, Susans teaching that it may be more

useful and accurate to see the enneagram types as xed, rather than xated is a good distinction, and bears further reection and analysis. Likewise her sagely reminder that individuality is not the same as xation. If the latter were truly the case then Christianity, with its understanding of the Word being made esh in the personal and limited body-mind of Jesus of Nazareth would lose its historicity, power and raison detre. Something similar would happen to Hinduism with its doctrine of Avatars. Incarnational spirituality, to use David Spanglers wonderful term, always presupposes the value of linking together the universal and unique, without pathologizing the latter. Thanks to Ken Wilber and other critics of our system, many are seeing and teaching the Enneagram from an integral perspective, one that brings together and integrates vertical and horizontal elements, both typological and processual, and I believe that Susans extensive work can, at its best, help to facilitate this discussion and integration. To continue, Susans subtitle for this nal article is A New Theory on the Origins of Type & the Nature of Type Motivation. I dont think that her theory is new, as she herself credits Almaas for mentioning this four years ago, but Susan is indeed currently leading the charge in making this explicit, and then describing the manifold benets to considering what I believe to be an esoteric truism. In my experience, many if not most metaphysically inclined Enneagram teachers have already assumed that type incarnates with us at birth, but this has not been written about and discussed publicly, as Susan is doing at this moment in our collective history. Again, I applaud her eorts, and in this case her conclusions. To make this personal, from the time I rst encountered the Enneagram in San Francisco in 1987 I assumed that type was innate, but then again I already had an extensive background in Hinduism and Buddhism, and later esoteric studies (Theosophy, Anthroposophy, Alice A. Bailey, Platonism and Neo-Platonism, Pythagoreanism, Hermeticism, Magic, Jewish and Christian Kabbalah). According to Buddhist abhidharma a person incarnates with lots of baggage in tow, including bijaksharas (karmic seeds), samskaras (karmic imprints), and vasanas (karmic tendencies). We are denitely not born as a blank slate, 2/14/2009 2:42:08 PMa tabula rasa. In Jewish Kabbalah there is the understanding that our soul, when

we are born, has dropped down from and retains connection with one of the nine sephirot (only the Messiah comes out of the tenth, Ein Sof), which continues to exert inuence throughout our life. Enneagram theory can contribute to this profound understanding by adding that we come, to quote Wordsworth trailing clouds of glory from God who is our home, complete with an invisible Enneatype structure (but as Almaas pointed out, not with our xation, passion and subtype orientation). Susan does, however, usefully and at times even brilliantly, elaborate the nature of type motivation based on the now explicitly stated understanding that type is innate. Unfortunately I am now running out of time for further comments, but hope to continue my response next month. For now let me conclude by saying that she accurately notes that the prevailing (and now built-in) psychoanalytic assumption is that all holding environments are inadequate. She calls this a very shaky proposition, and the only proposition that can be advanced by someone [Almaas and Maitri? Palmer and Daniels? Riso and Hudson?] who sees that type is innate but who also wishes to remain faithful to the traditional teachings on the personality enneagram. Well, I freely admit to being one of these unfortunate souls. Kabbalah holds that we are born not as tremendously awed and bad individuals reeking with original sin, but into a pre-existing and rather broken world (or holding environment), and as such it becomes our job, using the Enneagram and other spiritual and psychological tools to engage in tikkun olam reparation of the World. I pray that Enneagram theory and practice (including the knowledge that type is indeed with us from birth and is a gift from God) can contribute to these eorts. Susan Rhodes: arl, you seem to imply in your remarks to Jack that I am averse to getting feedback on my ideas. Not at all. I am perfectly happy to exchange ideas with you or anybody else. But I prefer to stick to specics. Otherwise, there can be no meaningful exchange of ideas. So heres my response to some of the questions you raise. The main thrust of your arguments seem to be that my ideas are either old hat, inaccurate, or extremist. I dont object to you voicing your views, but can you really support them? A lot of your arguments rely

CM

MY

CY

CMY

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on mischaracterizing my position,e.g., that I believe that Gurjie enneagram = good, Ichazo enneagram = bad. If I really believed that, do you think I would spend so much time writing about the personality enneagram? All Im trying to do is point out that some ideas which we have assumed to be fundamental to the personality enneagram are actually subjective rather than objective. I did not invent the idea of a Freudian enneagram. It was already there, embodied in the Enneagram of Fixations. Where did the idea of xation come from, if not from Freudian theory? You also say Nathan Bernier and others are trying to reconcile the personality and process enneagram. Where did you get that idea? In the book he wrote, Bernier discussed the process enneagram in a way that makes it possible to infer certain ties to the personality enneagram, if you read between the lines. But to my knowledge, Bernier never talked about the personality enneagram at all in that book. It was I, not Bernier, who made the link between the two enneagrams (see my article in the April 2007 EM). You should know, since you praised my analysis rather eusively in a following issue. And who are these others doing this cutting edge work on bridging the gap? Where can we nd them? (By the way, the book Im publishing later this year is built entirely on the idea of seeing the personality enneagram from a process-oriented view. I hope the work does, in fact, turn out to be cutting-edge.) Re: the phrase type bias. When you say that my ideas reect a type bias, I assume this isnt meant to be a compliment. We all know that having a type bias is not a good thing. Its something were supposed to disidentify with or transcend. Why? Because it means were not totally objective (as if that were possible). If people really saw the types as value-neutral-simply as dierent points of view--then we wouldnt talk about type bias as something negative. So your very idea that my ideas are type-biased is a good example of the negative way that people still view the types. You wonder who is equating the enneagram types with neurosis or xation in a meaningful way. Well, certainly Ichazo and Naranjo have done so; I cited numerous examples in my recent articles. Theyre not the only ones, of course; there are plenty of other books and articles written since that time that take a similar view; and I have been present at many enneagram events where teachers talk about the types mainly in terms of xations, defense mechanisms, etc. However, its also my view that most presentday enneagram teachers make a concerted eort to downplay the extreme negativity of early enneagram teachings. Remember Ichazos negative remarks about Don Riso, who he sees as pampering the lower xated ego (Letters to the School, p. 79; sees pp. 69-107 for similar remarks about other enneagram authors). And of course Arica tried to prevent Helen Palmer from publishing The Enneagram, ostensibly because she was stealing their teachings. But its my guess that the actual motive was also to keep the teaching pure--i.e., focused on xation. I denitely agree that the tone of the teachings is not as negative as it once was. I credit 2nd- and 3rd-generation enneagram teachers for trying to put

a more positive spin on those teachings. I also credit people with trying to formulate theories that would explain the original teachings (e.g., by exploring how xation arises, when it develops, etc.). But when we do this, were going to nd theoretical holes that cant be explained via the traditional approach. Im trying to point out some of those holes in order to spur us on to deeper thinking. I realize that were all trying to use the enneagram for a positive purpose, however we dene it. As for remaining faithful to the original teachings on the enneagram--well, ne. But what exactly are the core teachings? How would you dene them? Are they the Arica teachings? Naranjos teachings? Somebody elses? Are some parts of those original teachings more essential than other parts? These are the kinds of questions we can usefully discuss. But I dont see how harkening back to the original teachings is going to get us anywhere unless we know what is meant by original. Also, I should point out that just because something is original doesnt mean its 100% correct. Thats what Ken Wilber was trying to point out in his book Integral Spirituality, where he talked about the importance of religious leaders (and followers) sifting out which parts of each religion are essential and which parts are not (because they have become dated over time). A nuns habit was probably quite practical for life in the 12th century, but its not practical today. Thats why most orders eventually adopted a new dress code. So from my perspective, its not sucient to say I am sticking with the original teachings, as though that is necessarily the best strategy for nding truth. We also have to understand why traditions exist if we are to distinguish sacred teachings from social customs. Also, even people who delve deeply into an area of study can interpret the same teachings in dierent ways. Many people are Christians, but what are the core teachings of Christianity? People obviously differ in their ideas about this. I expect that people will always dier in their ideas about the core teachings of the enneagram, too. This is not a problem; its just human nature. We are never going to arrive at some kind of grand consensus about the enneagram that everybody will embrace as Objective Truth. But we could possibly develop a community that encourages creativity, discernment, and tolerance. Jack Labanauskas: ey Carl, I thought the Riso/Hudson typing of Obama was accurate too. Its the level of health that gave me pause. Obama asserts with condence but does not explain why his plan would work. What if his actions turn out to be unusually reckless, can we still claim hes unusually healthy? OK, lets concede that everything is done with the best intentions. It does not alter that these are mammoth proposals that he wants to ram down our throat. Immediately. Neither Obama nor his team are experienced or competent to run these things, nobody is. But they dont care. They dont want to leave any opportunity for clear thinking, for careful debate, for serious analysis. They (team Obama and Congress)

are sprinting to the nish line with the help of a compliant media and over the heads of an overwhelmed or starstruck electorate. My question is: Do we assess the level of health by the result of an individuals actions or by his or her intentions? As to your comments to Susan about the link between the process and personality enneagrams: I recall that in 2007 you were all gung-ho about her work in this area. Since Susan mentioned your favorable remarks in the EM, I thought Id look up what you had to say at that time. Here it is (EM #139, page 10): It strikes me that the article by Susan Rhodes Personality vs. Process: the Missing Link (EM April 07), is incredibly timely and important...Susan makes a very good point when she notes that in general the personality enneagram (as received from Ichazo, Naranjo, Palmer, Riso & Hudson and others) is built primarily on spatial metaphors, and the process enneagram (as received from Gurdie, Ouspensky, and others) is based primarily on temporal metaphors. I have long believed that the key missing link in enneagram theory, is the linking together and integration of these two schools of thought and practiceIt is time that we in the enneagram community work to bring together these two major lines of spiritual transmission. Related to this theme, Susans chart on Page 8 (EM April 07) is highly insightful and useful because as she puts it, the information in the left column elucidates the deeper purpose behind personality motivation at each of the points. It hints at the idea that core motivations we associate with each enneagram point do not originate on the level of the personality, but are part of a deeper or more allembracing nature. A month later, at the IEA conference during our little meeting of EM Conversationalists you again complimented Susan on her insights and encouraged her to continue her work in this important area. Well, she did. So what changed between then and

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enneagram monthly

february 2009

ver the past twenty years, my main focus with the enneagram has been the integrating of body, soul, and spirit. My husband David Walsh and I have been working with the enneagram symbol for over thirty years. The enneagram is foundational to all we do. It has informed our lives. Both of our backgrounds are in spirituality and theology and education. As we deepened our study of the enneagram over the years, it has brought to life for me the importance of following where the symbol leads. In this brief introduction to our continuing work, I would like to provide a context for what I mean by soul and how the enneagram opens a way to soul and spirit. Soul is the bridge between body and spirit. It is the dwelling place of the true self, where the material and spiritual essences of who we are reside. Nourishing soul is paramount for us if we want to be true to who we are. In the heart of our souls, we can entertain other-ness and can be truly open to receiving the world in which we live. In the heart of our souls we experience true freedom and release our creative capacities for the evolution of the cosmos. Being open to the spirit is a journey into silence and into a world of a dierent kind of activity and presence. It is the unseen world. The enneagram gives us clues and guides us on this journey. The archetypal impulses of 1, 2 and 3 reveal the development of body, of 4, 5 and 6 reveal soul development, and of 7, 8 and 9 reveal spirit.

Following Where the Symbol Leads


Carol Ann Gotch
In an expanded edition of Soul Stu, which David and I wrote fteen years ago, we have included soul descriptions of each of the archetypal spaces. Free verse suits this kind of exploration and I have included a meditative excerpt so you could taste with your subtle senses where destiny calls, in this case, the 1 space. The interior work of the rst archetypal space, and this is true for all of us, is to let the reaction surface. This surge of intense energy awakens us to life and gives us the fodder to begin the transformative work. We go o track when we allow our reactions to relate to someone elses experience rather than our own. We lose touch with the immediacy of our BE PERFECT experience and then attach to these reactions. See Anger arises out of the in the moment, this moment, just this moment. judgment that it is an- See purity, others fault and we neatness, inherent order, move into reforming beauty and harmony. and correcting rather See without subjective judgment. than meeting the experience with honesty. Our sensibilities, in Release thought. the form of gut energy, See no thing. are held back, and are Breathe. Breathe a pure form of manifestation, not integrated into the this moment,
in need of no thing, lacking no thing.

heart of awareness. The transforming process, which meets the reaction with conscious breathing and mindfulness receives our reactive energy and works with it in a way that is open and centered. In this kind of activity, our head and heart and gut begin to align and we allow the uid quality of energy to ow. We can now participate in the movement of life, in the moment, and act in ways that are perfect (made their way through), in maturing ways that lead to wise action, integrity and true morality. A soul reection of this same archetypal impulse takes the natural assets and urges and desires of the 1 space and changes them to subtler and ner energies in service of the true self. This could be described thus:
Thinking that once flowed onward, one thought to another, in line of reasoning, now is transformed into a stream upwards. What to do ascends in an unspoken question. Inner being, inner illuminating, experiences a meeting with the sky world of spirit and returns with answers. In an awakening moment, the power of thinking becomes the power of vertical memory what is, is known and is acted. Be ripe. Be full. Age a moment. Let it mature into its natural dying and its natural rebirthing into the new. Expand it heavenwards with presence and attention, in wonder and joy, which only come from the inner chambers of the heart. Be fitting. Feel integrated and whole. Contain the warmth and the cold, setting aside the unripe, leaving it to mature on its own, for each seed knows its way to fullness. Breathe abundant blessing upon this moment. Fill it and release it. All is one in the joyful rhythm of life. Breathe in the breath. Breathe this and only this. This moment is perfect. Be in this moment, this moment that dies and rises in the breath. Be in this moment totally present in the perfection of the moment. BE PERFECT.

Carol Ann Gotch & David Walsh


present

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Let this inner mobile spirit, this source of strength AWAKEN WITHIN. Let everything that is unclear, nebulous and wrong, give way to make room for the strong, the clear, the penetrating.

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Obama & Hillary Clinton: A Study in Type


Pat Wyman
primary conrmed what I have long suspected, that Thinking women have a more dicult time of it than Feeling men. During the campaign, there was a great deal more negative press about Hillary Clintons personality than there was about now-President Obamas Feeling function. A patriarchal culture prefers women to be in the supporting role rather than the leadership role. In any international negotiations, Secretary Clinton will be more likely to make decisions based on logic; President Obama will be more likely to base decisions on the impact of those decisions on people. As an INTJ, Secretary Clinton naturally has the following traits:
Appears arrogant/aloof, Analyzes, Emotionally distant, Unemotional, Argumentative, Competitive, Confrontational, Critical, Demanding, Difficulty being relational, Systems-focused, Firm, Logical, Opinionated, Problem solver Eloquent, Decisive, Diplomatic, Enthusiastic, Team-oriented, Hard-working, Inspirational

ow that the election is over, I cant help but wonder how the President and his choice for Secretary of State will work together and what part personality will play in their eectiveness. There are considerable similarities in their personalities but there are signicant dierences as well. Looking at the MBTI and Enneagram types of each helps to illuminate some of the subconscious impact of personality type on their contributions. Hillary Clinton has taken the MBTI instrument and conrms what most type experts had guessed: she is an INTJ (Introverted, Intuitive, Thinking, Judging). It is this part of her personality that causes many people in the Enneagram community to see her as a One. INTJ and One look very similar. During the trying times of her life, however, there was no evidence of a Ones anger, retribution and shoulds. Instead, there was the condent smile of the Three mask. If President Obama has taken the instrument, he has not made the results public. I feel he is an INFJ (Introverted, Intuitive, Feeling, Judging). INFJs are known for their communication skills and the media all seem to acknowledge his exceptional communication abilities. There are some notable similarities in their personalities. Because both are Intuitive and Judging, they share the following personality characteristics:
Visionary, Idealist, Big picture oriented, Comfortable with change, Conscientious, Decisive, Future oriented, Goal oriented, Good at followthrough, Insightful, Intuitive, Leader/administrator, Loyal, Needs closure, Organized, Problem solver

Because of having a double dose, it is easy to observe these traits in the two candidates. In addition each personality combination has traits that are in opposition. Traits that appear in a persons Enneagram type can be in direct opposition to traits in that persons MBTI type. For instance, as an INTJ Secretary Clinton values integrity. As a Three, she can compromise her values in order to win the approval of others. The personality traits that are conicting in Hillary Clintons INTJ-3 are:
MBTI Independent Inflexible Truth based Integrity Critical/sarcastic Truthfulness Enneagram Needs approval Adaptable Packages Can compromise values Charming Lives a role

When these same personality characteristics appeared in Thomas Jeerson, they were not seen as problematic. Put them in a woman, and the cultural reaction is strong and immediate. Hillary Clinton is criticized as too strong for a woman yet the fear of having a female president was that she would not be strong enough. It makes no logical sense but subconscious reactions generally dont. As an INFJ, President Obama naturally has the following traits:
Relational, Sensitive, Empathetic, Pleaser, Tolerant, Understanding, Sincere, Compassionate, Desires harmony, People-focused, Affirming, Warm, Appreciative, Encouraging, Supportive

She nds herself shifting back and forth between the expression of each of these pairs. This can be confusing not only to the recipient but to she herself. President Obama, as an INFJ-3, has his own set of conicting traits:
MBTI Enneagram Sincere Chameleon Idealist Can compromise values Work must be Work must bring meaningful recognition Drawn to saving Materialistic the world Not competitive Competitive Caring/com- Can use others to passionate achieve success

One signicant dierence comes from their differing temperaments, NT (Intuitive and Thinking) vs NF (Intuitive and Feeling). These two temperaments have dierent core values. The NT values intelligence and mastery. The NF values helping people. This dierence in temperament was obvious during their campaigns and would inuence the way they would address a problem situation. I think the factor having the most impact is their dierences in the Thinking/Feeling dimension and the cultural reaction to that part of personality. Thinking and feeling determine how a decision is made. It has nothing to do with brains or emotions. Thinking types make decisions based on logic. Feeling types make decisions based on how that decision aects people. What makes this dimension especially interesting is that 2/3 of Thinking types are male, giving us a cultural stereotype of what males act like. Conversely, 2/3 of the Feeling types are female, giving us a cultural stereotype of what females act like. We expect men to be logical, analytical and objective. We expect women to be caring, considerate and warm. As a whole, we are confused when we encounter the 1/3 composing the opposite: Thinking women and Feeling men. There is a subconscious repugnance. Hillary Clintons problems during the

These are the traits we generally expect in a First Lady. Culturally, we have misgivings when these traits are too obvious in a man. Men can often cover the outward expression of these traits in business and/ or sports with the aid of their Enneagram type. As a Three, President Obama does not come across quite as soft and gentle as an INFJ who is a Two or Six (phobic) would. When certain traits appear in a persons MBTI type and in that persons Enneagram type as well, those traits can be called non-negotiables. In other words, that person gets a double dose and has no way of experiencing things dierently. For instance, as an INTJ, Secretary Clinton is competitive. As a Three, she is competitive. She has nothing within either of her personality components that allows her to be other than competitive. (Again, a trait that is not questioned in a male.) The traits that appear in both the INTJ and the Three are:
Conscientious, High standards, Emotionally distant, Competitive, Decisive, Assertive

Because I see the MBTI part of personality as the True Self and the Enneagram as defense, I have been interested in how much I see the Three controlling these two candidates. It would be easy to speculate on how their Three defense has inuenced their behaviors heretofore. To what extent did the Three keep Ms. Clinton in her marriage and in the primary race? To what extent did the Three induce President Obama to compete without the obligatory amount of experience? More importantly, what part of personality will govern their decisions and behaviors in the years ahead? If each is guided by his/her MBTI type, then it is only a matter of if we agree or disagree with their individual political stands. If each is guided by his/her Three defense, then the time spent in their respective oces will be more about personal achievement than what is in the best interests of the country.
Pat Wyman Three Keys to Self-Understanding www.patwyman3keys.com

As an INFJ-3, President Obama has the following traits in both parts of his personality:

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11

Observing Obama
Bill Dyke
slogans, campaign promises, campaign strategies and campaign speeches are designed to win the election. Politicians dont have to really believe in these slogans, or expect to keep the promises, any more than Dustin Homan had to become a Native American in Little Big Man, or an idiot savant in Rain Man. He only has to convince the audience that they should suspend disbelief for a few hours (or months, in the case of the politician) and pay their money to watch him play that part. As George Stephanopoulos famously said on national television (Stephanopoulos was, at the time, Chief of Sta to Bill Clinton after having successfully managed his 1992 campaign) He kept all of the promises he intended to keep. I havent really seen anything that tells me we have made much progress in the last 15 years. It seems to be business as usual. In their article The 2008 Presidential Candidates: Types and Analysis (EM, Jan. 09), Don Riso and Russ Hudson argue for Barack Obama being a healthy Three with an unusually high Level of Development, as opposed to an average Three with more human-like qualities:
We see in Obama a formidable identity artist in his ability to become what he thinks people want, to embody in himself and, importantly, to project to others what he intuits what they want to see in themselves. In effect, the Three becomes the screen on which others project their own hopes, ideals and aspirations, and few in American politics have done this as successfully or completely as Barack Obama. An average three will, however, do this as the projection of an image which increasingly has little connection with his or her real substance. A healthy Three, on the other hand, will actually embody and project the aspirations of others because he or she has become what they point toward: they actually become the ideal they seem to be. (emphasis added)

bout 15 years ago, I heard Jerry Brown speak at an IONS (Institute of Noetic Sciences) conference, I think in Santa Fe. At the time, Jerry had already been Governor of California and an unsuccessful (but memorable) candidate for President of the United States. In his speech, Jerry was low key, informal and understated, but what he said was staggering. This was a man who had been to the pinnacle of state and national politics, who had seen and heard it all, and he painted a picture of a broken system. Browns premise was simple: the way the American political system has evolved and developed, you cant x it from within. It has been consciously designed so that in order to be successful in American politics, you have to leave your principles, ideals and values behind and work your way up; compromise by compromise, deal by deal, going along to get along, or you will be destroyed. The power brokers are in complete control and there will be no palace revolts. I had never heard before, and have never heard since, a more believable politician. He had examples and documentation for all of his assertions. He wasnt running for anything, he wasnt recruiting campaign workers or soliciting contributions; he was just reporting from the front lines. He won my respect then, and I continue to have enormous respect for the man today, and I tend to believe everything he says. If you want to reform the system, Brown said, it will take a lot of work and a lot of time. It must start at the neighborhood level; invite your friends and family in for coee and to discuss the local issues. Make a plan for action. Volunteer for something. The entire system will have to be replaced, not reformed. Brown also warned that political campaigns are not about issues or platforms or values, they are about winning the election. No politician can accomplish anything unless they are elected, and all campaign

(Author of The Literary Enneagram: Characters from the Inside Out)

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How are we supposed to know whether we are observing (and following, and voting for) an average Three who is just doing an exceptional job of faking it, or a healthy Three who is actually becoming the ideal of what we always aspired to be? Threes are the masters of persuasion, of pulling o the big con, of convincing you they are the only ones that are telling you the truth. How can you break the code? Being a pragmatist, I look for evidence. I look for examples in the Threes past that demonstrate their commitment to the principles and priorities they say they hold dear. In Sarah Palins case, for example, she came to national attention by throwing out and replacing a substantial part of the entrenched political machine in Alaska, so even if (or perhaps because) she is a Seven, I tend to believe her when she says she is dedicated to reforming politics. Barack Obama, however, is a dierent story. He ran his campaign on the themes of change and re-

form, and won the election, which a politician needs to do. He fullled on his intention to win; his promise to bring reform and change is eagerly awaited. And how condent should we be? Well, what is the evidence? What does his past performance reveal? Obama is a product of the Chicago and Illinois political cultures. His only previous elected positions have been as Illinois State Senator, and United States Senator representing Illinois. Chicago and Illinois politics have been in the news a lot in the last few weeks. Their Governor (a member of Obamas political party) has been impeached and may be indicted on criminal charges; Obamas replacement as US Senator (a member of Obamas political party) is under investigation for possible perjury charges and is being asked by the present Illinois Governor (a member of Obamas political party) to resign. Two former governors have been convicted and have served or are serving prison sentences. In short, the Chicago and Illinois political cultures need a lot of change and reform. Yet there is no evidence that Obama has ever done anything to change or reform these woeful cultures. There is no indication that he led any type of reform movement, or exposed any corrupt activities (of which there must have been many.) There is no record of any change of any policy or procedure initiated by Obama to cause any signicant reforms in Chicago, Illinois or Washington politics. The national media, of course, has reported extensively on this lack of evidence which would back up his professed commitment to change and reform (wink, wink). The only possible conclusions that we can draw from this lack of evidence are: He missed the whole thing, all of the corruption, all of the deals, all of the criminal behavior, much as he claimed to have missed all of the Reverend Jeremiah Wrights rants over a 20 year membership in Wrights church, or He, in Jerry Browns terms, put his ideals, values and principles aside, making deals, making compromises, going along to get along. Neither is particularly encouraging for a person described by Riso and Hudson as an authentic exemplar of the American Dream. In my opinion, a lot of politicians are Threes. They like the attention, like the competition, like the power. They arent particularly burdened by the needs of the little people, they really only matter at election time. I think Obamas o-the-record comment about people getting in nancial trouble and clinging to their guns and their religion shows (when their guard is down) how arrogant and elitist a Three can be. Perhaps Obama is a healthy Three. Perhaps he will, in country music terms, put his chequered past behind him. Perhaps he is not just doing an exceptional job of faking a commitment to reform. Perhaps he will create evidence of his commitment in the future. Perhaps he sincerely wants to x the broken system. Lord knows we need it. There is always the audacity of hope.

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Presidential Candidates: Types Analysis Part 2


Joe Biden: 7w6, Social Instinct Dominant (The Enthusiast) iden seems to be a high-average Seven, operating around Level 4 for the most part. He brings a lot of energy and exuberance to whatever he does, has a quick wit and a highly developed sense of humor. He is curious, leading him to have wide-ranging interests in foreign aairs and government. Biden is also known as a talker and to be overly loquacious on the Senate ooroften to both the amusement and dismay of his Senate colleagues. Biden has the typically Seven habit of saying whats on his mind and of not worrying about playing it safe or saying the politically correct thing. This has gotten him into some trouble on dierent occasions, but his Delaware constituents admire him for his honesty and forthrightness because he often says the very things they feel but do not have the platform for saying. Biden is thus an interesting mix of the Social Seven with the Social Six (Everymanwe could even dub him Joe the Senatorwhich endears him to his constituents). On the other hand, Bidens very verbosity and tendency toward techno-speak often leaves his listeners baed and bewildered by what he is saying: too much information and be overwhelming, and is an indication of the Sevens tendency to talk too much, go o on tangents, and get into areas that he may or may not know enough about (as we will also see in another Seven, Sarah Palin, below). Being more selective in his comments and having a clear sense of priorities in the things he speaks about and does will likely be a problem for him as a Seven in the Vice-Presidents oce, as it has been during his Senate career. The Six-wing also shows up in his history as a loyal family man. He lost his rst wife and daughter in a car accident two weeks after winning his Senate seat, but committed himself to raising his remaining two sons, even with an hour and a half commute from Wilmington, Delaware to Washington DC. Unlike a lower functioning (Level 5 or 6) Seven, Biden did not avoid his responsibilities when his personal life got dicult, but found his own honor and integrity by remaining committed to his family and being focused on his work as a Senator.

Don Riso & Russ Hudson


odds.McCains campaign, like his life, has been marked by its embrace of living dangerously and by clear runs of fortune and disappointment.McCains passion for gambling and taking other risks has never been a secret....He was a Navy yer, trained in the art of controlled crash landings on aircraft carriers. He spent his youth sneaking booze behind the backs of his schoolmasters and reveling in his stack of demerits. He came of age on shore leave in the casinos of Monte Carlo, in a Navy culture that had long embraced dice in the ocers clubs. (Time magazine online, Election 08: Candidates Vices: Craps and Poker by Michael Scherer and Michael Weisskopf.) McCain also demonstrated a strong will and the determination to resist control and defeat by his captors during the Vietnam War; he survived captivity and torture as a POWindications that he isa ghter, a physical and emotional survivor, and probably courageous enough to be considered a bona de war hero. Throughout his political career, McCain has demonstrated a high level of courage, personal honor, and respect for othersalong with toughness, the ability to be decisive and to wield power, and to go against popular opinion in pursuit of what he thinks is rightall qualities of the high-average Eight. The theme of honor is important for all Eights, and unfortunately, McCains honor was tarnished during the campaign when he frequently misrepresented Obama (and allowed others on his sta to do so as well). However, McCains concession speech on November 4th showed real strength of character and magnanimity of spirithallmarks of the healthy Eight, which he once again has embodied after the rough and tumble of the election was over. (As many have noted, had he been able to communicate these qualities throughout the campaign, he might well have won.) The Nine-wing (The Bear) makes McCain more willing to be conciliatory and work across the aisle, and to communicate with an easy-going aabilityand warmth. Contrary to some Enneagrammers, we dont think that McCain is a counterphobic Six even with counterphobia, there would still be a palpable undercurrent of anxiety which aects this subtypes ability to make quick decisions, to trust ones actions, and to be relaxed and at ease. McCain is simply not coming from fear but from perhaps an excess of self-condence in his ability to survive against the odds, as he has done many times in the past. Further, McCain is clearly not a head type (Six) but a gut type (Eight)one piece of evidence for this is his impulsive and short-sighted choice of Sarah Palin for Vice President. This is a good example of McCains tendency to go with his gut instincts rather than carefully and methodically thinking through his optionssomething Obama tellingly pointed out by calling McCain erratic under pressure. Sarah Palin: 7w8, Sexual Instinct Dominant (The Enthusiast) Palin is an example of an average Seven who gets herself into trouble by talking about things she does

John McCain: 8w9, Social Instinct Dominant (The Challenger) McCain comes across as grounded, stable, and secure with himself. His campaign bus was called the Straight-Talkin Express and the personal quality he most often emphasized throughout his career is that he is a Maverick. (Straight talking and maverick are two key words that we have independently used for many years to describe the average Eight.) McCain is also a well-known risk-taker, someone who loves to test his mettle by taking on the thrill of danger, going against the rules, and pulling victory from the jaws of disaster. Enjoying craps opens up a window on a central thread constant in Johns life, says John Weaver, McCains former chief strategist, who followed him to many a casino. Taking a chance, playing against the

not know about and then attempting to change the subject, or by tryingtotalk herway out of her missteps. In short, like average Sevens, she can be too talkative and unfortunately, and during the campaign, she kept putting her foot in her mouth. Like many Sevens, she is also unpredictable, perhaps one of the reasons why the press gives her so much attention since they never know what she will say next. We see Palin as someone who is funny, perky, and sassya fast-learner who has a lot of self-condence. She is also energetic, ambitious, and is not afraid to speak her mind, even when she is ill-informed. However, like other average Sevens, she also tends to be supercial and glib, attempting to wing it with answers to reporters, even when she has been briefed by her sta. Two noteworthy examples: Palin said of Russia that Theyre our next door neighbors, and you can actually see Russia from land here in Alaska. While true, this is not a credible basis for claiming to have international relations experience, as she seemed doing. The other similar fracas had to do with the false allegation that she did not know that Africa was a continent, not a country. This false accusation was started by Martin Eisenstadt, allegedly a McCain supporter who goes on to say: Did we outright give her a geography quiz when we started the prep? No, of course not. But yes, in the context of the prep, it slowly became apparent that her grasp of basic geo-political knowledge had major gaps. Could she have passed a multiple choice test about South Africas or NAFTA. Probably. But it was clear that she simply didnt have the ease of knowledge that we come to expect from a major party political candidate. Other slights came up, too: Not knowing the dierence between Hezbollah and Hamas. Or the dierence between the Shiites and Sunni. Or when it came to international terrorist organizations, knowing that the IRA was in Northern Ireland, and ETA in Spain. (from Eisenstadts website: www.Eisenstadtgroup.com/2008/11/10.) Despite these shortcomings, Palin brought a certain upbeat energy to the political scene and to McCains campaign. One of the political commentators said that Palin was the energizer bunny of the Republican Party,which is close to the Social Role that wehave assigned for many years to the average Seven (The Energizer). Palin is also aggressive and dislikes being without options. On a Rachel Maddow Show (MSNBC), Palin said that she prays to God to show her a little crack in the door and then she will push right through. Palinis always looking for an opening to push her way into new opportunities for herself, for the excitement of the new, as well as to further her own personal ambition. Palin is all about action and movement, although often impulsively so. She also seems to be interested in using power to inuence society with her religious and political agendas and to have little compunction about using her political position to punish her political enemies (for example, as in the Trooper Gate and other scandals as Alaska governor.) These attitudes and behaviors can be attributed to her Eight-wing, which is a personality component that she and John McCain share.

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A few overall comments:

areAssertivesThree (Obama), Seven (Biden and Pa-

1) Differences in Obama/McCain Campaigns In Obamas campaign, his advisors often told him to ght back and that he was being too cool. This difference between the two candidates was graphically illustrated on a Newsweek magazine cover: Mr. Hot vs. Mr. Cool,.(October 6, 2008) This is a very apt distinction between an Eight and a Three.... Throughout the campaign, McCain, an Eight in the Intensity Harmonic Group (a triadic grouping discovered by us), followed his gut instincts and was accused of being erratic and impulsive, even choosing Palin after only one telephone interview. By contrast, Obama, a Three, in the Competency Harmonic Grouphe isrational, shrewd, and thinks things through, even to the point of potentially being overly rational and premeditated. As long as Obama stays healthy and close to his personal ideals, he will actually embody and foster the values he talks about, the very thing that McCain failed to do (and which may have cost him the election). 2) Both McCain & Obama called for change. As a Three and an Eight, both Obama and McCain are in the Assertive Hornevian Group (another triadic grouping taughtby us). Assertives are always interested in making change happen; it is therefore not surprising that both would be advocating change, which would not likely be the case if Obama were a Nine and McCain a Sixtwo of the most psychologically conservative types of the Enneagram. Further, it is noteworthy that all four of the major candidates

lin), and Eight(McCain). In this Group, the Three is most outwardly restrained in his or her personal assertionthe style is more about personal ambition, not willful self-assertion, and the quest for personal excellence, especially when the person is healthy. 3) Anyone who is successful in politics, particularly in national politics, would do well to have a high Social Instinct. Everyone in this group of 2008 Candidates is Social Instinct Dominant, except Sarah Palin, who is Sexual Instinct Dominant. In our opinion, those politicians who are not Social Instinct Dominant will have a hard time in the national political arena. For example, Adelai Stephenson, Michael Dukakis, John Kerry, Jimmy Carter, Richard Nixon, and many others who were not Social Instinct Dominant had diculty connecting with the electorate or dealing with the press. They also found the act of campaigning itself to be especially drainingthis in distinction to Ronald Reagan, Bill and Hillary Clinton, Gerald Ford, and FDR, among others, who are all Social Instinct Dominant and who seem to be energized by the act of campaigning itself. 4) Its interesting that both V-P running mates are Sevens (Biden and Palin). For better or worse, both Obama and McCain unconsciously chose Sevens as their VP running mates.Sevens can make good spokespersons for the main candidate, as well as bring energy, new ideas, humor, curiosity, and candor, among other qualities

depending on their Level, Instinct, wing, and life experience. The downside is that Sevens tend to be impulsive and may be too candidly outspokenfor their high-visibility position. We speculate that Obama may have chosen Biden because he intuited that he needed someone with more experience andwho has a lighter spirit than he has. Obama is inspiring, but is often too professorial and seriousBiden is funny, a story-teller, folksy, and can reach the common person. On the other hand, McCain may have intuited that he needed someone strong like him, but who is also younger, a fresher face who can make his straight talking seem conservative and statesmanlike by comparison. Also, because of his age, McCain may have felt that he needed someone who could energize younger people and women, attracting the Hillary Clinton votes. *** As noted at the beginning of this piece, this kind of analysiscould go into much more detail. Understanding the personality types of candidates for public oce isof extreme importance to voters. Likewise, understanding the personality types of foreign leaders is of extreme importance to President-Elect Obama, and in this, the Enneagram can play an important role. Using the Enneagram to understand the personality structures, particularly of anyone in power, is one of its most important and legitimate practical uses. --Don Richard Riso and Russ Hudson with Katy Taylor, Joyce Stenstrom, and Jessica Dibb The Enneagram Institute, January 12, 2009

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CONTINUED FROM PAGE 2 Ultimate Reality through a particular conceptual lter. Unlike some postmodern theorists, I view that lter as translucent rather than merely as opaque to the Reality beyond. However, I dont think it is possible to perceive Being without it. In my view, a clearer picture of Being occurs not from transcending our Ideas about It, but by adding all of those Ideas together, and in being open to experience an endless number of other Ideas about Being, many of which are not yet born. More importantly, however, is my view that from a Divine perspective Being and perception of Being are the same. This was certainly the view of Meister Eckhart, the 14th century German Christian mystic. Eckhart said that In God being and understanding are one, and the nature of God is intellect, and for him to be is to understand. Furthermore, When we receive God in being, then we receive him in the forecourt in which he dwells. But where is he then in his temple, where he appears in holiness? Intellect is the temple of God . . . God is intellect which lives in knowledge of itself alone . . . As commentator Oliver Davies points out, Eckhart conceived the dynamic nature of God to result from the fact that he is Being itself in self-reection. When he declares that the essence of God is intelligere, he is systematizing the idea and stressing that God is entirely in act in the perpetual activity of self-knowing, self-reection. His Being is in fact identical with this eternal act of self-knowing. (Oliver Davies, God Within: The Mystical Tradition of Northern Europe. New York: Paulist Press, 1988. p. 45.) If this is true, then it is impossible to rely too heavily on a distinction between the Essential Qualities of Being and our perception of It in the Holy or Sacred Ideas. It is for this reason that my system of Sacred Ideas may seem to blur the distinction between the two. Stephen Hatch Fort Collins, CO

Letters

humans, which seems to me to be misguided and impossible. 1.) Rhodes says type is with us at birth, and explains that my 2008 IEA journal article stimulated her to publish her views, but she argues (at great length) against something I never claimed. Because Rhodes never denes exactly what she means by type and simply equates type to personality, which is different from type, she greatly confuses these issues. Type and personality are not synonymous. I actually agree with Rhodes that type is with us at birth. And to be clear, what I mean by type being with us at birth is that the newborn baby is not a blank slate that the baby comes into the world with an essential self, with tendencies, characteristics, etc., that I believe we can call type. What I say in my journal article is that personality develops in childhood and that personality represents a complex mixture of ones innate type (with a person at birth) and ones early experience. 2.) For some reason, Rhodes seems hell-bent on proving nature over nurture. She claims this, says scientists have already proved this, and then seems to obfuscate the issue endlessly with footnotes so that EM readers will believe that she is saying something valid. As psychiatrist and researcher Dan Siegel (author of The Developing Mind and other books on the brain and development, keynote speaker at the 2005 IEA conference, and sometime co-presenter with David Daniels) has stated very clearly, the nature vs. nurture debate is over. Scientists and psychologists now agree that its nature and nurture that inuence the development of the human personality, not one or the other. 3.) Much of Rhodess three-part epic seems focused on denying or removing anything that might be perceived as negative from any conception of the Enneagram personality types. While I can understand and sympathize with her desire to see people in positive terms, as whole and complete and undamaged, the truth of human life is, for anyone who cares to look around or within, is that we humans do suer, we do have negative experiences and negative expressions. While I believe that at base humans are good and whole (and even divine), the truth of human experience is that it encompasses both positive and negative experience, if we choose to see it in those terms. It has been the brilliance of the Enneagram and its teachers to show how the negative, in the form of unconscious habit, can be observed and transformed. Just as an excessive focus on the negative is wrong, an excessive focus on making everything positive is also wrong. And a total denial of anything negative in the human experience is disproved by the evidence of everyday life and so will only lead to problematic, confused, and incorrect interpretations of reality and the Enneagram system. So, Rhodes bases her whole theory on undened terms, a false choice, and an impossible wish to erase the negative from our conception of human personality. If the Enneagram community is to ever have any impact beyond a relatively small group of passionate enthusiasts, we who are part of that group need to raise the level of our discussions to at least be

aligned with the actual state of the most recent ideas in established elds of thought that overlap with the Enneagrams potential purview. Beatrice Chestnut San Francisco, CA

hen I wrote a formal response to Susan Rhodess rst installment of her reply to my Enneagram Journal article in the December EM, I intended that to be my rst and last word on her incredibly lengthy series of EM articles. I nd that I am now compelled to comment briey here on her recent writings because of the incredibly large amount of space her speculations have lled in the Enneagram Monthly and because some positive comments in the EM on Rhodess writings make me think that she is confusing rather than clarifying important Enneagram-related ideas. The three points that I want to make here are: 1.) Rhodes does not define her terms and so confuses the issues she seeks to address; 2.) she creates a false dichotomy and then argues for nature over nurture when this debate has already been decided differently by scholars, researchers, and academics far more prominent than she; and 3.) her theory seems motivated by a desire to deny or remove any sense of anything negative about us

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to clarify. First, although my recent series of articles, The Enneagram is With Us at Birth, started with a reply to your article in the Enneagram Journal, the main thrust of the article series was not just to focus on that article, but to use it as a jumping o point to explore the idea that type is essentially innate rather than a form of xation that develops in response to childhood trauma.This is not the same thing as saying that human beings have no shadow side or that we never misuse the energy associated with our point of view. Its not the same thing as saying that environment plays no role in human development, either. Its simply saying that type exists at birth and represents a positive energy potential. By positive, I mean a source of energy like light or love. Of course, the type energy can be used or misused, like any form of energy. But to focus mainly on misuse puts too much attention on the negative potential of type. And we all know that focusing on negative ideas or energy is not very good for human beings, especially in the long run. In future articles, Ill be focusing on the research done by researchers like Marty Seligman in the newly-emerging positive psychology eld that demonstrates the truth of this assertion. But for now, Ill rely on the common sense of EM readers to judge the truth of this assessment for themselves. I think I also need to mention that just because I maintain that the type energy as essentially positive doesnt mean Im unaware of the challenges faced by each type. I just see the type energy as something that is intended to support our growth and development, not as something that keeps us trapped in psychological xation. I dont expect everybody to agree with my ideas, but I welcome the opportunity to participate in an ongoing discussion on the enneagram and the types. Im not trying to pick on you, Bea, or anybody else when I take issue with ideas with which I disagree. But it seems to me that much of the value of having forums such as the EM and the EJ is to foster the spirit of positive debate. Its not easy to have this kind of debate and still maintain a civil attitude. But I hope its possible, because I think its important to be able to agree to disagree without developing an us vs. them attitude. I have enormous respect for everybody who works with the enneagram, whether or not I agree with all their ideas. Ive attended workshops given by most of the major enneagram teachers and see that they all have something of value to oer. But I think I have something of value to share, as well, and I look forward to doing so on an ongoing basis. By the way, if you think my articles are long, just wait. Im writing a book called The Positive Ennea-

ear Bea, in response to your comments. Im going to keep my remarks here relatively brief, but theres a few things that Id like

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gram. Its a lot longer than any of my articles! But its not as theoretical, so I hope it will be able to get across my ideas in a way that helps people understand how we can work with the enneagram from a positive point of view and still address the very real challenges that confront each of the types. I must say that for all the ap about the idea of seeing the types as positive, I notice that most enneagram books and events have titles that sound upbeat, not negative. This years IEA keynote speaker is Robert Holden, who wrote Happiness Now! and is characterized as a pioneer in the positive psychology movement. And this years AET conference is entitled Creating a Positive Future. Are my goals really so dierent than anybody elses? I dont think so. I think that all of us who know the enneagram see its potential for helping people transform their lives. I hope that all of us who value the enneagram can stay focused on furthering our understanding of this wonderful system, so we can continue to keep learning and growing as a community. Susan Rhodes Seattle, WA

eems there have been two dominant topics in the EM lately: Is type inborn? And, is type positive or negative? Among enneagrammers, at least, I thought the rst question was settled (yes) and the second one (neither). I think Susan Rhodes does an excellent job as EM sta writer and I always look forward to her thoughtful and well researched articles. Much of what she writes supports what most enneagrammers already believe, yet she always gives readers much food for thought. Believe is the operative word here. Findings in psychology are always subject to interpretation. It is nearly impossible to scientically prove one way or the other, and besides, our prejudices cause us to reject conclusions we dont like anyway. The second point, Rhodes says type is positive. Actually, though, as a matter of denition, type is neutral and archetypal. It is ego which causes us grief. Type just accurately predicts over what and why (the egos conditioned patterns of grief ). Is grief positive? Maybe. As Carl Jung said, Before we can see the light, we have to walk in the shadow. Of course type is neutral while ego is positive and negative, harmful when unhealthy and helpful when healthy. For most of us it goes both ways depending upon our circumstances and challenges. De-pathologizing type is appropriate from a strict denitional standpoint, but de-pathologizing ego is another matter. It does strike me as funny, at a time in our society when extreme collective pathology (destructive ego) is causing a general cultural, nancial and structural meltdown we want to de-pathologize? Maybe we need to focus even more pointedly on the shadow side of ego, individual and collective. Can problems ever be solved by ignoring the cause (unhealthy ego)? Are we reections of societal pathology or is society a reection of our individual pathology? Ultimately, arent we both the cause and potential victims of our present societal crisis? Back to the inborn vs. acquired debate, maybe each of us comes into this world with one of three (not nine) orientations which are then conditioned

and solidied by our early holding environment into one of the 3 types in one of the centers based upon the types and levels of health of our nurturing and protective gures in our early holding environment. For instance, a head type newborn could develop into either a 5 (early holding environment promotes over-thinking and internal orientation), or 6 (early holding environment induces excessive anxiety and loss of trust), or 7 (early holding environment causes outward orientation and less introspection). Personally, I believe type is inborn, but maybe this theory is not so far-fetched. In this theory, the newborn head type can only develop into one of the 3 head center types at a particular level of health depending upon parental style and severity. A combination of inborn and developmental theories? What kind of scientic study could be designed to test this idea? Yes, Rhodes is correct in saying that our focusing too much on type pathology has probably tended to dominate most enneagram writing, teaching and thinking in the enneagram world. Yet I would argue that this is not wrong, just probably not the best way to sell the system to the public at large. As true enneagram believers we must ask ourselves whether our mission really should be about selling this profound system to the general public anyway? Do we really want the enneagram to be popularized like astrology and used like a silly game by people who are sold tshirts proclaiming their type by street vendors and chain stores. Do we want ashy infomercials by slick promoters selling enneagram self-help products on late night television? Do we want the system to be sold to people promising nancial success? Do we think popularizing the enneagram would help gain scientic respectability? Popularization generally leads to a dumbing-down of otherwise valuable ideas and ultimately their descent into superciality and insignicance and complete rejection by mainstream academia. Is this what we want? I very much enjoy Rhodes articles (amazing how much she has to say and how well she says it), but I wish she would write more about, for instance, her personal experience as a 4w5 woman...understandable since I am interested in better understanding and responding to my wonderful, yet often mysterious, 4w5 girlfriend. Peter Zappel Soquel, CA

ignorance. So the less ignorant we become, the less likely we are to identify with ego. Heres how I think of the type energy. Its like the sap that runs through a plant. Just as a plant reacts to every contact with the elements, we react in positive or negative ways to our environment. The type energy gives us something to work with, but it doesnt determine our response to the environment. We call an apple, not the sap, sour or sweet. Regarding rampant narcissism and the need to pay more attention to pathology, I have no problem with that. But paying attention should include accurately identifying the causes of pathologyand not blaming the straw man (type energy). I dont believe that Susan advocates a positive view of type in order to cheapen the enneagram so it can be sold to more people. Its to highlight the fact that too much focus on type energy as the problem is distracting us from using the enneagram in ways that are genuinely eective at helping us restore balance to our lives. Jack Labanauskas Portola Valley, CA

eter, in the second paragraph you summarize very nicely that type is value neutral. That has always been Susans point and hinges on the idea that energy per se is just energy, ergo positive, as in life energy. I see no reason why we shouldnt consider the type energy as providing us with life force which is positive, not in the sense of being good or bad, but in the sense of present or absent. Type energy is positive in that it is an active, energizing force. You also make the comment that it is ego and not type at the root of our problems. In an interview with spiritual teacher Francis Lucille a few years back, I asked him about this. He said it is ignorance, not persoanality that is the fundamental cause of our problems. I infer from this that ego grows out of

eter, you make many interesting points, especially the one about type energy being neutral rather than positive. Jacks comments about this matter are right on target. Type energy is neutral in terms of being archetypal in nature and therefore beyond our limited ideas of good or bad. At the same time, its active and dynamic, and in that sense is positive. In addition, I often speak of the types as positive because Ive heard so much talk about them being negative in the sense of constituting a limitation, especially a neurotic limitation. You also mention thinking that the question about whether type is innate has been settled. If so, I wonder why Terry Saracino expressed surprise during the Q&A when Almaas mentioned that type is innate at his San Francisco pre-conference address a few years agoor why he said it is bound to be a controversial notion in Facets of Unity. From what I see, the question is far from settled, which is why you are still able to make speculations about it in your commentary above. Ive read everything I could get my hands on about the origins of type, and most of it reects the idea that type is the result of early childhood conditioning. There are often vague references to the idea that type exists at birth as some kind of innate predisposition, but thats about it. The theory is this area is not well thought out, which is why Ive been writing about it. Jack is also right about the fact that Im not trying to positivize the enneagram in order to make it commercially successful. If you have a 4w5 girlfriend, youre probably aware that commerce is not usually a big interest to us bottom of the enneagram types! At the same time, I would like to make the enneagram accessible to more people and think we can teach it in a way that is both more inviting and truer to its innate spirit. Re your 4w5 girlfriend, she probably enjoys being a bit mysterious. But Im sure shes happy that you think shes wonderful. Susan Rhodes Seattle, WA

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Subtypes in Relationship...
When two social types pair up, home tends to serve more as a social center than a place of nurture. Attention does not go easily to vital self preservation functions. Bookkeeping, paying bills, or even planning for nancial security gets put o or neglected entirely. Remembering to shop for food, budgeting time for meal preparation, or even enjoying being in the kitchen may not come easily. (Self Pres people might be horried with the lack of concern here, but somehow we manage to feed ourselves and our families!) Social types are just more interested in other things; meals are a necessary break from other activities, seldom a goal in itself. (Although we do appreciate being invited over to dinner by our Self Pres friends theres both good food and social contact). I remember one persons astonished response when I described how at a party we like to sit down with people in a circle in the living room and talk together as a group. She said: Thats not a party, its a meeting! Weve learned that its important not to impose our style on our guests, although for celebrations like birthdays or anniversaries we still try to get everyone together and hold the group space, at least for a few minutes. The overdoing of the social instinct will be reinforced and magnied with this couple. They may spend too much time thinking about other peoples relationships, whether they are accepted in social groups, and doing their social duty. Too much dutifulness leads to obligation and decreases fun and spontaneity. They have to follow the rules, do the right thing, with a kind of shared, social type superego. And its all too easy to feel embarrassed when the partner isnt doing it right. Agreement is not always helpful. When social rules, social duty and the need to t in are completely mirrored by the partner, the result can be a stiing conformity. Instead of having ones individuality overshadowed by a strong family orientation (like the Self Pres types), it is diminished by the more rigid aspects of social belonging. Everyone is impacted by the mores and expectations of their community. But two socials will feel this much more keenly. How much of ones self, what parts of ones self, will be sacriced in order to keep ones good standing in the community, to maintain the approval of the group? This is not necessarily a conscious process, although it should be if we are concerned about our development as individuals. Becoming too successful as a social type couple may prevent or at least impede the work of individuation. Its not unusual for people in midlife, or later, to discover that they have settled into a comfortable arrangement (in this case ruled by social instinct) that rewards conformity and keeps them from rocking the boat. If one partner starts to break out of the container, or signicantly change the agreements (stated or unstated), the partner may experience considerable social shame and embarrassment. Worrying about what the neighbors or people at church will say and losing social standing and prestige is not the best way to make decisions about an intimate relationship. The other main issue, no surprise here, is that two Socials may neglect spending signicant one-to-one time together. If they dont take care to schedule dates, just the two of them, not with kids or friends, it just wont happen. Its amazing how this can fall o the screen. My wife regularly complains that I dont take her on dates. This may be a common complaint in a marriage, but for a Social type its compounded. Social gatherings are not an adequate substitute. Every intimate relationship requires quality time to get to know and to stay in close contact with the partners thoughts, dreams, and hopes. Suggestions for two Social types in Relationship: Make special dates to go off with each other alone on a regular basis. Resist the impulse to add friends and make it a group. Make direct eye contact, breath deeply and build the energetic charge between you. Practice staying there longer and welcome whatever happens. Take time to do household tasks together: clean the house, work on the bookkeeping and bills, prepare a meal. (Not just before visitors or a party). Notice when your anti-social tendencies and beliefs reinforce one another and lead to excessive judgment of others or withdrawal from people who operate dierently. Try not to be overly critical about groups or organizations that arent doing it right. You can nd connections with individuals there if you are not caught up in the reactivity of your subtype. Blessings So far this Social with Social relationship may sound quite serious and dry. But there are blessings here as well. Its great to have a partner who shares your sense of purpose and meaning, and can see the wider world outside the home and family. Social types are mystied by people who dont seem to have any sense of responsibility or duty to the community and to the larger world. Other subtypes focus on these issues, at least some of them, but Socials understand one another here better. Social types can be very good at supporting the partner in having their own friends and groups. They take pleasure in hearing about their separate activities and their path of development. The process of individuation is welcomed. There is less of a need to control or to limit the partner to the family or to the marriage itself; rather these are strengthened by the small separations of daily life and returning with new ideas and experiences to share. New friends and new groups expand the horizons of the couple beyond the limitations of the immediate family. Each partner can be quite comfortable participating in the world alone or together. Two Social types can be very tuned in when participating with groups; they make sure that everyone is included and support each person in bringing forward their contribution. They see new comers as

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potential friends, whatever their family background or situation. Two social types working together can create an organized and welcoming group experience, linking together very disparate people to enlarge the social circle. When Social types are in balance, they have plenty of attention for their partner and home life. Their sexual energy is not dispersed but stays collected and available. As companions sharing similar interests and activities, they have resources which support them in weathering the ups and downs of daily life and which help them return to their intimate bonds. Social with One-to-one Imagine how for this couple, the dierent placement of attention in daily life creates both benets and problems. (Or perhaps you know this rst hand!) Enneagram teachers describe Social energy as around, out, and diused versus One-to-one energy which is more in, collected, and focused, a Social ood light versus a One-to-one spot light. The social types focus tends to be more dispersed among friends, social groups, and social activities. The One-to-one partner may also have friends, in fact their friendships may be very important to them, but they will depend on their partner for regular, deep contact. Not a bad thing for social types, who can appreciate the intimacy that their partner insists on. The predictable areas of conict have to do with how much time and attention goes where. The One-toones need for their style of relating may start out as an invitation, turn into a demand, and end with an accusation if the Social type (or Self Pres type) is not paying enough attention. Even when the Social type values one-to-one relating, they will have to make an eort to gather their attention and increase the level of intensity to satisfy the partner. Being friends with the partner is not enough. One-to-one types get frustrated with anything less than full-on relating, and may feel that their partner prefers to stay in more shallow waters. With practice, social types can get there, go deeper, and enjoy the contact. What One-to-ones can keep in mind is that the union state is frightening at times, although the partner may not say so directly. The Social type has to go down underneath some layers of personality, to open up and relinquish part of their type structure. They are more likely to associate this with being in bed, having sex, having time and safety. Its confusing to them when the partner seems to expect this level of intimacy during other times, or (seemingly) all the time. When the partners need for attention is more than the Social type wants to meet, or feels able to meet, the Social type can end up experiencing both a sense of inadequacy and a sense of being trapped. Will he or she buy into the all or nothing style of the partner, feeling that expectations of the partner are impossible to meet? If blame is to be assigned, maybe the Social type is decient in some way, too shallow or too unavailable. This can reverse direction as well. Perhaps the Social type will blame the One-to-one partner for being

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too needy, lacking in self regard, unable to take care of themselves. The Social type needs to take special care not to make their partner wrong for needing intense, sustained, and frequent intimate contact. Sometimes the Social partner will be able to get there and show up; other times they wont be able to (or wont have time to) and can take responsibility for that. The One-to-one partner has a dicult balance. They have every right to pursue their needs for contact and intimacy. Their job is to communicate what they want in a non-judgmental way and keep some exibility about timing and pacing. Its a big challenge to stay on the threshold of contact, or come back repeatedly, if the partner is not quickly available and responsive. The amount of contact, the when and where, must be negotiated. But to be happy in a relationship the One-to-ones absolutely need this intense connection and their Social partners must pay attention. Its important to know that the One-to-ones are not always right and the Socials wrong in the area of intimacy, although it can seem like this. After all, arent those One-to-ones more available, more open, more capable? Not necessarily! The One-to-ones bring all their personal issues to the table, or to the bedroom, like everybody else. At times, they will come from a place of not feeling whole and needing their partner to x this. This kind of projection is hard to recognize and hard to talk about, but the partner will feel they are being objectied and not personally seen, no matter how much the One-to-one insists dierently. The challenge is to take embodied responses such as irritations, physical contractions and unhappy feelings and bring them into awareness, sort them out as best as possible, and then communicate them to the partner in a friendly way. If a Social type feels decient or chronically one down in the area of intimacy, they will be less able to speak up when something doesnt feel right. Social types accuse their One-to-one partners (and intimate friends) of never being satised and having to have it their way. They say Im here making contact with you but youre still not happy with me; apparently Im not doing it right, or doing it enough. This makes me want to give up trying! Better for Social types to show up as much as they can and assert the value of what they have to give. If the Social type is responsible for creating all the boundaries, this will lead to long term resentment on both sides. In the social arena, dierent styles of relating can lead to conict. Social types are very invested in belonging, membership and position in groups or society. This is just plain disturbing to the One-to-ones. Why arent you primarily focused on me? How can you nd so much personal meaning and value outside the relationship? They can sense when the attention of their social partner moves out to other people. When a Social type enters a group, their attention circulates around the room to check out whats happening with everyone and assess the situation in terms of inclusion, structure, power dynamics, etc. And they continue to circulate while they are there, seeking contact with a number of people and often not remembering to touch base with their partner. Many a One-to-one person has felt abandoned by this behavior and they do not take this lightly. The partner will undoubtedly hear about it. On their side, the Social person can start

to feel trapped. It seems the partner wants to possess them, control them, scrutinize their every move. When they are tuned in, Social types know that their One-to-one spouses need to be checked in with and paid attention to. The benet is having their wonderful partner with them, next to them, in the group. What better combination for a Social type? And if they forget to stay connected, reparations can usually be made by scheduling a hot date just for two and vowing to pay more attention at the next social event. (Socials resist the temptation to add more people to the date!) This does not mean that jealousy or possessiveness is a one way street. Socials can feel threatened by the quick, intimate contact their partners make with others. Why did you spend all evening talking to that other man/woman? You were irting outrageously, and the sexual energy was so thick you could cut it with a knife! Everybody there noticed what you were doing and I felt humiliated. This One-to-one style can set o and re-ignite any insecurities felt by the Social type. What theyd really like is for their intense partner to turn it down a bit, or at least reserve their heat for people who are seen as safe. Of course the One-to-ones want to seek out the most energetic or attractive person to connect with, even though its not their intention to pull them into a sexual relationship (unless it is). Now they are the ones feeling controlled by a jealous partner, once again hearing the message that they have to shut down their energy and not follow their interest. Why bother to come to the event in the rst place if youre just supposed to sit around being supercial and bored? Just as Social types will feel stretched by their partners invitation to intimacy, the One-to-one type will often need support for stepping into the social world of their partner. Many One-to-ones (not all) experience insecurity in social situations or structured groups. Its not something they can handle with their usual tracking system how can you be one-to-one with this many people? They depend on the partner to help them feel safe, OK, and grounded. Suggestions for the Social type: Dont assume that your One-to-one partner wants to control you when she or he is tracking you closely. Its often simply their way of staying connected. When you need to take your personal space and get out from under their intense gaze, frame it as your need and not a reaction to them. Strike a balance of social time with one-to-one time. Accept some limitations on your social activity for the benet of your primary relationship. Be sure to check in with your partner about their need for face to face contact. Schedule time for just the two of you and put intimacy (and sex) on the agenda. Practice initiating instead of just responding. Communicate what you need for transitioning into intimate contact. If you feel rushed, or experience your partner making urgent demands, take responsibility for your reactions and avoid blaming your partner. Let her or him know that you are denitely interested in connecting but need to approach it a dierent way.

When you are in social gatherings be sure to touch base with your partner and let them know they are important. Make agreements to do this ahead of time. Give support and appreciation when they join you in activities with others, especially in structured situations where they may not know the ropes. Dont expect them to t into groups as easily as you do. Acknowledge honestly your inability to always supply the intensity the One-to-one seeks, and do your best to mobilize your own One-to-one instinct by increasing both your energetic charge (breathing deeply helps) and staying focused on them. Practice making and sustaining direct eye contact. Resist the impulse to diuse or circulate your attention. Give appreciation for the special gifts of your One-to-one partner, their capacity for intensity and intimate contact, and how they draw you back to this wonderful aspect of relationship. Tell them that they are the most important person in your life. (Do this often). Suggestions for the One-to-one type: Talk to your partner directly about your needs for one on one attention. Be as specic as you can in terms of time, focus, eye contact, etc. Remember that it may take time and practice for them to be able to meet you fully. Be patient, and be a good leader. When you feel hurt or neglected, dont give up on your partner. Do your best to communicate without blaming or giving them the message that they are inadequate. Hold the position that you both have the capacity for sustained, intimate contact. Keep the faith! Take time for activities and friendships which support you emotionally and creatively. Dont place all your expectations for contact, wholeness, or transcendence on your partner. You will get more of the deep, intimate contact you seek when you come from a place of being already nurtured, centered, and self expressed. Dont take it personally when your Social partner pursues social projects and their network of friends. Give them space to do this and/or join them when you can. At the same time, help them consider more carefully their social involvements before they say yes and support them around not becoming overextended. Practice noticing when your partner, friends or family members are giving you signals that the contact is too intense or too much, and pull yourself back into your own space. Use the centering exercises of sensing your own body, breathing deeply, feeling your feet on the oor or your back against the chair. When you are in social situations with your partner, ask for the support you need to feel included and stay relaxed. Mediate your zeroing in with someone fascinating. Include your partner when you are engaged in an intense one on one connection with another by turning your body to include them, making eye contact, moving your attention back and forth.

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Blessings The benets of this pairing are many. The Social type feels seen and loved for who they are as an individual (not just one of the group). They value the invitation to join their partner in the intimate space. This is a great balance for Social types who tend to lose themselves in overdoing group activities and spreading themselves too thin. There is a wonderful place to come home to in the presence of the partner. Here they have the opportunity for deeper contact beyond what is available socially, and in this connection they further develop their capacity not only for intimacy but also connecting with their own inner self. In slowing down and relaxing their social persona with their partner the Social type can nd a path of personal growth and development that they might not otherwise discover. Their partner provides an anchor for opening up to emotions, physical sensation, and even spiritual experiences. One-to-ones want the whole thing, connection at all levels, and can lead their partner there once safety

and trust have been established. For One-to-ones, having a Social type partner can expand their world and break the one-on-one trance. A Social is less likely to merge, or stay merged, in ways that are regressive (as in de-structuring the adult ego and losing sight of important agendas). They have other relationships and activities that support them. They dont entirely depend on their partner for a secure sense of self, which can be freeing for the One-to-one type. Instead of seeking wholeness/completion entirely through the relationship, they have other ways to nd their center and individuality. This alternation of intimate contact and separate activity can strengthen and develop both people. At their best, these two types can access deep intimacy while staying connected to friends and activities in the larger community. They have both worlds. In particular, the Social type can help their partner open up to new experiences, new people, and bring forth their contribution to the world. Through participating with groups who have agendas and causes One-

to-ones learn the benets of social duty and generosity and they get to have fun with people in new kinds of ways. (Sometimes even One-to-ones get tired of having to be so personally deep and intense all the time). Its not always the Social partner who brings the One-to-one into a larger world. However, there are plenty of One-to-ones who are extended far into the world having intense experiences with people, physical adventures, and work projects. They can share these exciting activities with their Social partners and help them let go of being conned in social structures where roles are dened and relatively static. At the same time, the Social types bring the quality of weaving people together in a network of meaningful relationships, so that its not all a series of disconnected if intense experiences. When the two types come together and cooperate well, there is the possibility of both spontaneous adventure and grounded community. Stay tuned, continued...

Understanding Art...
She was happy to be allowed to assist her father with preparation of paints and other tasks around the studio and to begin picking up the basics of painting. Her striking talent lit up a desire in her father to see her become a great artist, but as an unintended consequence, that turned out to be the root cause of her troubles and pain. One of Orazios colleagues was Agostino Tassi, a talented painter of illusionistic architectural decoration. Tassi was a master of perspective and Orazio arranged for his daughter, to study with him. In those days females were not allowed into the art academies and becoming an apprentice to a master was as close to schooling as it could get (later, in 1616, Artemisia became the rst ocial female member of the Academia di Arte del Disegno in Florence). We do not know if Orazio was aware of the risk this entailed, given that Agostino Tassi was well known for his violent temper and epicurean excesses. Maybe Orazio thought that tutoring his daughter would cement his own work relationship with Tassi. Little did he know how disastrous his decision would turn out. Coincidentally, one of Artemisias early paintings, Su-

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sanna and the Elders3 (two men in cahoots whispering something creepy to the repulsed young woman), may have represent her father and Tassi. As it happens, in the biblical story, both men are described as old and gray, but in her painting one is obviously dark haired and young. Artemisia painted this when she was 18 and the sole woman in an all-male environmentgood looking and aware of it, but still fairly innocent. On a rainy day in May of 1611, while she was working in Tassis studio on a portrait of her girlfriend Tuzias baby, Agostino Tassi came back and asked Tuzia to leave. He then raped Artemisia in spite of her vigorous resistance. Afterwards, he pressured Artemisia to silence with a promise to marry her. The deal was that theys say nothing and carry on as before for a few months. She felt trapped and blackmailed into accepting this deal from the man she had considered her teacher. Artemisia also felt betrayed by Tuzia and suspected that she had acted as Tassis accomplice in this sordid aair. From this day on, Artemisia had to grapple with the task of overcoming that part of the female psyche that made men considered women as inferior.

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Adding insult to injury, a few months later Artemisia found out that Tassi already had a wife and could not have married her anyway. Indictment and Trial Betrayed by Tassi and alerted to how dangerous this man was, it took Artemisia an extraordinary amount of courage and strength to seek justice. She rst told the story to her father and asked him to le legal papers (incredible as it sounds, she was practically illiterate) knowing full well that it would expose her to a long series of humiliating events. Orazio Gentileschi sent a petition to pope Paul V and initiated the drawnout court case for deoration and breach of promise to marry. Modern readers may nd this unbelievable, but rape was no big deal in those days, since there was always the assumption that by the mere presence and being alone with a man meant willingness to engage sexually. During the trial Artemisia was given a public gynecological examination and was tortured using a device made of thongs wrapped around the ngers and tightened by degreesa particularly cruel torture. Both procedures were used to corroborate the truth of her allegation, the torture device was used due to

estly and discreetly holds her horrendous trophy. A painting on the same theme6 (p.21) by Sandro Botticelli, a type Seven, shows Judith as very similar to the wonderful gure of Flora the goddess of nature in his famous painting Primavera (Spring). Judith seems to be nimbly dancing along while Holofernes head is carried by the old and wrinkly maid walking a few steps behind her. This image reinforces the impression of separation by using space, and accentuates the gulf between the social status of the plodding servant and the youthful beauty, her mistress. Other paintings where the theme of murder is more central, cover a wide range of dierences. For example, Gustav Klimt, a type Two, paints a beautiful Judith7 (p.21) who seems to be torn between love and deathshe embodies the capacity of woman to be so attractive as to make her dangerous and irresistible, but tells us nothing of the brutal deed she has just committed. His Judith seems to be rather lost in a reverie of pleasure. Quite dierent is the painting8 (p.22) of Michelangelo Caravaggio, a type Eight, who is known for

the belief that if a person can tell the same story under torture as without it, the story must be true. This method of torture had an additional element of horror for Artemisiasince the nger joints were tied and the torque applied, it often resulted in permanent damage and it could have hurt her ability to paint. In spite of the superhuman pain, Artemisia did not deviate one bit from her original story, but when the pain became maddening she screamed out at Tassi (who was present during the torture): Are these the rings you promised me???! Artemisia passed the test of torture and the judge sentenced Tassi to eight months as a galley slave. Even though the sentence was relatively light, her victory helped restore some dignity and repair her social status. Shortly thereafter, she agreed to a marriage of convenience and left Rome with a husband she did not love. The Picture Judith and Holofernes is one of the most often painted themes in painting history and it is worthy of note that except for the two interpretations4 by Artemisia, all were painted by men as seen through the eyes of men. This is important since I believe that the personality type, temperament and character of the painter injects its avor into each work of art. For example, Cranach the Elder5, a type Three, essentially limits himself to represent a woman dressed in splendid clothing assuming a pose of contentment, calmly pleased with herself in the role as a heroine who with mod-

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painting. These remarkable new themes were introduced by Artemisia and make sense when we go back and look at the modality in which aggression is expressed by dierent enneagram types (See my article Sword and Shield EM, June-Sept. 2004). Judiths faces shows a certain mood of fastidiousness. And it has little to do with the Biblical account in which this slaying was justied by God himself who condemned Holofernes for his impieties. In the picture Holofernes is not asleep as traditionally portrayed. Nor is he in agony as in the picture of Caravaggio but he is fully awake and conscious of what is happening to him. Judiths maid-servant is traditionally represented as standing in the corner of the scenean old woman of dark skin, a mute witness to the murder. In Artemisias panting its a very young woman, in the center of attention, actively engaged and assisting in the act of murder. unusual accuracy, fairness and precise representation of what is. His painting with its ice cold imagery was inspirational to Artemisia. The ferocity of the scene Caravaggio paints contrasts strongly with the removed beauty of Judith, who appears clinical, as if not at all connected to the deed she is just committing. That image expresses successfully and with extreme eciency the inhuman (maybe voiceless) scream, reinforced by the contortion and bodily spasm of Holofernesthe felt sense of the instant most feared and dreadful to man, the moment of passage between life and death. The large and powerful Holofernes is not quite alive anymore, note the upturned eyeballs, but hes not altogether dead yet either. His mouth frozen in a scream, his body contracting in the spasm of death, hand clutching the bed from which Judith has risen just a short while earlier. The details and the precision in the realism of the horrible decapitation is executed with utmost accuracy down to the smallest detail of anatomy and physiology. Art critics speculate that the picture was inspired by the rst hand impression Caravaggio had after closely witnessing the decapitation of Beatrix Cenci in Rome. However, unlike in any other pictures that have been painted of this theme, do we nd certain elements that are not only absent in the Biblical account, but prominently placed in the foreground of Artemisias Type Analysis We start with Artemisia Gentileschi because it is she who created the painting and it is her take on the persons in the picture that we see. In real life Artemisia was an obvious type Two; seductive with men, nurturing towards her younger brothers, ambitious, pursuing success in her profession and above all, she needed lots of special attention from her father. Lets not forget that Artemisia was the rst woman permitted entry into the exclusive circle of the all-male art academy of Florencethat in itself was a high honor, but not enough for her. Without a doubt the disproportionate bulk of attention she had received from her father since she was a small child contributed to a feeling of high expectations and pride in her self-worth. Her father Orazio Gentileschi was a morose man, saturnine, doubtful, prudent and

completely wrapped up in his work. He was an absolute perfectionist and uptight, almost incapable of expressing aection. His constrained silences would occasionally come to a rupture point and erupt into explosive attacks of sarcasm and anger that could turn violent. For that, he had earned quite a reputation with the papal police. And that, in an environment where ghts, brawls and riots were common, was quite and chievment. It would be not hard to type Orazio as a type Five with a strong inuence of a Six wing. Orazio directed all his aection to his daughter who not only shared a love of art with him but was also born the same day. A lot was written about their lives and it was fairly obvious that Artemisia must have been very afraid (this is typical of type Two) to lose the aection of her father. Even though this affection had changed after the death of her mother and had become more charged with conicts. The psychologist Eric Berne describes what had become almost daily arguments between Orazio and his daughter in his book, Games People Play. Berne found that in most families where there is a strong attraction between one parent and an adolescent sibling, violent ghts are often used to masquerade the strong attraction and to transform impulses that otherwise could lead to uncouth and dangerous acts. Life is full of conicting emotions and there is evidence that Artemisia also struggled with a desire for relief from the heavy inuence of her father. This was probable the reason why she allowed herself to be initially mollied by Tassis promise of marriage (marriage was the only way to regain honor lost by deoration). The painting itself was not done on commission ordered by a client, Artemisia chose to paint it on her own accord while she was going through the ordeals of the trial. To answer the rst question about her facial expression, we need to remember (see Sword and Shield) the nature of how hostility manifests in the type Two. Twos have a distaste for and are repulsed by physical violence. Such distaste is in part motivated in the Two by feeling too proud and special to engage in something so vulgar and beneath them as a brutal act. In the picture Judiths face expresses a schism between a gleeful wish for well-deserved revenge and her natural disgust and dissociation from sinking as low as to indulge in such a base act. Judiths face resembles more that of a surgeon making an incision, rather that the face of a heroine who is accomplishing her duty. Only the tension in the lower lip of the seemingly unperturbed Judith indicates repulsion and nervousness.

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AgostinoTassi was wild, even for an artist who generally were given a lot of leeway in those days; he lived outside all socially acceptable margins. His rap sheet was very long with a little bit of everything in it. First of all, the rape of his wife (which he had to marry), the rape of his wifes sister Costanza, assorted acts of violence, extortion, fraud, sodomy, insults, aggression and several attempts at murder which could never be pinned on him. He was of a jolly disposition, cheerful, rambunctious and generally a popular character. He was also resourceful and had managed to establish protectors in high places. To a large extent it was due to his gift as a painter that he was given slack. Even Artemisias rape case he lost in court, ended with a pretty mild sentence. Instead of doing hard time as a galley slave on the Grand Dukes galleys, he was allowed to skip the rowing department and got to paint on deck. Years later, he even managed to reconcile with both, Orazio and Artemisia. Tassi was notoriously haughty and arrogant, convinced he could get away with anything. A sly and strategic conniver, when he found out that his wife who had had enough of him skipped town taking jewels and possessions, he could not simply order his servants to kill her, but negotiated a deal to recover some of his possessions (Tassis wife was assaulted a few times, he was a suspect but not indicted). Reading his depositions in the transcripts of the court case what jumpes out is Tassis belief that he has

own misdeeds. Tassi was notorious at exaggerating, portraying his actions as way too bravea technique no doubt of covering up his fears, especially when dealing with those who were strong and powerful. This trait was well known and so dening of him that it earned the nickname Smargiasso (braggart). One particularly outrageous claim was him preening that he had the guts to look death in the face... Those who knew him laughed at this totally o-the-top statement. It was specically this trait that Artemisia highlighted in his face. The picture shows the face of Holofernes as completely terrorized, aware of what is happening and at the same time unable to defend himselfno tricks, no discounts, no excuses, he couldnt do anything in that moment. The weakness and his terror ll the canvas with the force of truth. The gure of the maid-servant makes this picture truly dierent from all other depictions of this theme. In no other picture is she young, good looking, of nice complexion or actively involved in the murder. Here, she is not just a witness. If we compare her facial expression with that of Judith, the maids face is set with rm determination to nish this job. We denitely get the feeling that the maid is participating for her own reasons. Shes fullling her own personal revenge on Tassi/Holofernes. The rm position of the maids body as she is holding down Holofernes, her hands pressed rmly

law, who, no big surprise here, was also raped by him when she was only 13. From Artemisias testimony in the transcripts of the trials I speculate about the character of Costanza. She appeared to be jealous, moody, possessive and alternating between violent eruptions of anger and spells where shed clam up, go mute and inert when recalling the shame and the violence she had suered. All in all, these traits suggest that Costanza was a type Four and as it were, Artemisia was helping to liberate her psyche by giving her a part in the act of vengeance. Driven by a sense of entitlement, the alibi for the type Four, (see Egos Alibis, EM, Nov. 2002), the maid/Costanza uses determination to compensate for the lack of physical strength. It is resoluteness that gives her the strength to block this large powerful mans body through all his contortions, with those slender arms. This scene reminds me of the movie Switch by Blake Edwards, where the nal act of the story turned around everything that happens in real life. We have here a painting whose purose is akin to a ritual of purication, the last act in a therapeutic process where both women liberate themselves from their past, from their humiliation, from the betrayal and the violence they had suered. Both women are actively restoring the injustices they were forced to suer passively. Conclusion Like few other pictures in the history of painting, Judith beheading Holofernes tells a complex story of intricate tangles in human relationships. It is brimming with a rich array of reactions between a fraudulent type Seven the perpetrator, a seductive type Two the victim, and a maid/servant type Four, each playing their part in this slaughter. The Enneagram of Personality allows us to enter into the psyche of the painter and to see how she managed to portray the characteristics of the three people so as to make them jump o the screen and into our consciousness. __________ 1 Artemisia Gentileschi; (shown); Uzi Gallery; Florence, Italy 2 Artemisia Gentileschi; Szepmuveszeti
Muzeum; Budapest, Hungary

3 Artemisia Gentileschi; Schoenborn Collection; Pommersfelden, Germany. 4 Artemisia Gentileschi (not shown); Capodimonte Museum; Naples, Italy 5 Lucas Cranach the Elder; Jagdschloss Grunewald; Berlin, Germany done nothing wrong. He was a master at re-framing his bad deeds and make them look pretty good. These personality traits along with his inclination toward optimism, made me believe that Tassi was a type Sevenalways forgiving and indulgent of his on his chest, his legs raised probably reminiscent of the position Tassi had her during the rape. Artemisias picture makes the maid-servant not only young but very young. I suspect that Artemisia gave her a likeness to Costanza, Tassos sisterin 6 Sandro Botticelli; Rijksmuseum; Amsterdam, Holland 7 Gustav Klimt; Belvedere; Vienna, Austria 8 Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio; Palazzo Barberini; Rome, Italy

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