DECLARATION FORM

I certify that the attached work is entirely my own, except where material quoted or paraphrased is acknowledged in the text. I also certify that it has not been submitted in any other unit or course.

Signed Name IC Number

: : NUR AMIRA BT MOHAMED SIDIK : 930925-02-5770

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

All the praises to Allah, because I was able to complete this task on time. Thanks a lot to my lecturer, Dr. Chin Phoi Ching for her guidance in completing this task. She helped me a lot by giving information regarding this assignment. Thanks also to friends who have helped me in completing this task. They give information to me regarding this assignment. They do not stingy to share information that they get with me. All their assistance is useful to me in completing this task. In addition, I would like to thank to my parents that always give their moral support and encouragement so that I can complete this task on time. Their support and encouragement make me more motivated to finish this tasks. Finally, thanks to all who have helped me directly and indirectly in completing this tasks.

Task 1 The traditional game that my group choose is Galah Panjang . This game usually played by teenagers and sometimes played by adults. Galah Panjang played on a court or grip drawn on vacant land. The court is containing two columns and several rows depending on the number of the players. The court will be bigger if there are more people play this game. For example, if there are 10 players, the court will consist of four lines. If the players are eight people, the court will consists of three lines. The size of the court is approximately two metres against 1.5 metres. The court line can be drawn by using rope, flour or string. This game involves two groups. One group will become the defender whereas the other group will be the attacker. The defender will defend the court so that the attacker cannot pass through it. In each group one people will be appointed as the leader. Then, the leader need to vote to determine which group will be the defender and attacker. After the determination, the group that will be the defender will defend the court. The leader of defender will defend the centre line and free go to any lines in the court. The attacker group will gather in front of the court. Next, the leader of attacker will touch with the defender that defends in front of the court. The touch indicates that the game has started. The attacker needs to run to finish their entry into the court. The defenders will defend their lines without exceeding the facer other. The player will win if one of the attackers managed to cross the line in the court from the start until the end of the court and then turn back to the front without being touch by the defenders in the court. When one of the attackers wins the game, it means that the attacker group also win. After the first game finish, the attackers and the defenders will switch their position. The game will continue as the beginning. Like other games, Galah Panjang also has its own rules. The attacker team will consider lost if one of the attackers is touch by the defender in the court. The attacking team player cannot retreat back after cross the earlier line in the court. If the player does so, the team consider lost and will change position with defenders team. The attackers team will lose if there are players that being out of the court lines. The attackers team will win if one of the players pass through all the lines and 1

then return to the starting line. One point will be rewarded to the attackers team if one of their players pass all the lines in the court and managed return to the starting line. The team that get the highest points will consider win the game. I choose traditional game Galah Panjang as it induces learning theories. According to Burns (1995), learning is the permanent change in behaviour including both observable activity and internal process like thinking, emotions and attitudes. It also can be defined as the way leaner perceive environment, the way people interpret the incoming stimuli, and how people react and behave from the stimuli. Overall learning is the behaviour that results from the experiences. In learning theories, there are many theories that can be applied in traditional game Galah Panjang. First is behaviourism. Behaviourism is the theory that focuses on objectively observable behaviours and discounts any independent activities if the mind. It describes how learning behaviours are directly related with environmental stimuli. The stimuli can cause response by having it put with a trigger. According to Aristotle (384-322 B.C), people will remember things together when they are similar, when they are contrast and when they are contiguous. In behaviourism theory, there are three behaviourists that induce this theory. They are Ivan Pavlov, B.F. Skinner and Edward Thorndike. Pavlov discovered classical conditioning. It focuses on the learning of involuntary emotional or physiological responses like fear, increased muscle tension, salivation or sweating. These are called respondents as they automatically responses to stimuli. Human and animals can be trained to react involuntary to a stimulus that later will had no effect, or very different effect on them. Pavlov found this conditioning after did experiments with dogs. He wanted to determine how long it took for a dog to secrete salivary after it had been fed. At first, the dogs salivated as expected while they were being fed. Then the dogs do not salivate when they only hear the sound of bell. Next, when there is the sound of bell with the food, the dogs will salivate. After that, the dogs will salivate even though they only hear the sound of the bell. After repeated this experiment several times, the dogs begin to salivate after hear the sound of the bell even though there is no food. The food become unconditioned stimulus, the

salivation is the conditioned responses and the sound of the bell is the conditioned stimulus. B.F. Skinner develops the concept of operant conditioning. He said that people learn to behave in certain ways as they operate in the environment. According to Skinner, the consequences of certain behaviour will determine whether the person will repeat the behaviour or distinguish the behaviour. It occurs through reinforcement and punishment for certain behaviour. There are two types of reinforcement which are positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement. Reinforcement strengthened or makes the behaviour repeated. Positive reinforcement is the favourable events that presented after the behaviour. For example, get sweets after answer teachers questions in the class. Negative reinforcement involves the removal of an unfavourable event after the display of behaviour. For example, the student does not have to do chores if they do their homework. Punishment is the presentation of an unfavourable event in order to weaken the response it follows In behaviourism learning theory, Edward Lee Thorndike also discovered the law of effect. It suggest the responses that followed by satisfaction will become determinedly attached to the situations and will able to do it if the same situations occur. Thorndike discovered this law by doing experiments with the cat in the puzzle box. A hungry cat was placed in the puzzle box with food outside the box. The cat tries to open the box by pressing the box. There is a device in the box that will make the door of the box open if the cat presses it. After several times try, the cat manages to press the device and get outside of the box and eat the food provided. Thorndike made observations that the cat get out from the box by trial and error. When the cat accidentally presses the device and the door is open, the cat tends to the same thing if it placed in the puzzle box again. These steps show the trial and error of the cats to get out of the box. This conditioning is the connection in the nervous system between stimuli and responses that will eventually become involuntary. In traditional game Galah Panjang, there is learning theory behaviourism discovered by Pavlov that is classical conditioning. In this game, there are 3

punishment and reward. If the attacker manage to cross the lines from the beginning until the end of the courts, and managed to run to front again, the attacker group will be rewarded as they can play again in this game. If the attacker being touch hand by the defender in the courts, the attacker group will be punish as they cannot continue the game and must change the position with the defender group. There is also Thorndikes conditioning in this game. It is the trial and error. In Galah Panjang game, the attacker need to try many times to past by the defender that protects the lines in the court. The attackers need to try many time in order to get the best way to pass by the defenders in the court. The repeated action of the attackers will make them aware and know the strategy to go through the defender without being touch. The players that take the role of attackers have the prior knowledge about the game. This will make them know and can win in this game in the future as they already have the prior knowledge about it. Galah Panjang game also induces social cognitive theory. Social cognitive theory states that social and cognitive factors, as well as behaviour, play important roles in learning. It encompasses learning and performance of cognitive, social and motor skills, strategies and behaviour. Cognitive factors involve the expectations of students for success; social factors include observations of their parents behaviou r. According to Albert Bandura, when students learn, they can cognitively represent or transform their experiences. He also persuades observational learning. It is about learning that involves acquiring skills, strategies and belief by observing other people around them. He also does Classical Bobo Study. This experiment demonstrates how observational learning can occur even when a student watches a model that is not reinforced or punished. The children will imitate the behaviour of the person around them. In this study, children are left alone in a room filled with toys including Bobo doll. The behaviour of the child to the Bobo doll being observed after the child watched film with aggressors behaviour. Some of the child will react like in the movie that they watched. They will punch and beat the doll like what they see in the movie. This show that children imitate from the movie to the same situations that they experiences. Bandura believes that when a child observer a behaviour but does not make imitation or response to the behaviour, the child still has acquired the responses in cognitive form. In Galah Panjang game, when the attacker want to 4

pass the defender in the court, the defender will imitate the movement of the attacker as the defender does not allow the attacker to pass through him. The defender learns behaviour of the attacker through observation. The imitation will make the attacker panic and that can cause the defender to touch the attacker and thus make the attacker group lost. This will give benefit to the defender group. Besides, in this game, there is also cognitive learning theory. Cognitive learning theory is based on how people think. The information processing model explains how people learn. As information is acquired through ones senses, it is transferred to work on short term-memory. If the information is repeat and practice through elaboration, the information will moves to long-term memory. When the information is in the long-term memory, information may be later retrieved through other connections. There are three types of long-term memory that are declarative, procedural and episodic. In Galah Panjang game, the attacker and the defender will plan their strategies before they play the game. They have to think carefully about the strategies that they want to use in order to beat the opposing group. The memory about the strategies to play Galah Panjang game will be stored in the long term memory if the players always play this game. According to the father of cognitivism, Robert Mills Gagne, there are nine events of instruction to structure a lesson. Stimulate recall of prior knowledge is one of it. In Galah Panjang game, the players will use their prior knowledge about the game with the new knowledge that are the strategies that they plan throughout the game. This will cause them to associate the new knowledge with the prior knowledge that they have before this. As a conclusion, there are three learning theories in the traditional game Galah Panjang. There are behaviourism, social cognitive and cognitivism. The learning theories are not only induces in the activities in the classroom but also in the traditional game that popular in our country. Learning is not only focuses in the classroom but also can be out of the classroom. The class will be interesting if the teachers are able to play games that have learning theories. Learning is not during the school time only but also in lifetime. Learning is a lifelong process.

Task 4 :Reflection For this semester, I have to learn education paper that is Learning and the Learner (EDU 3103). In this semester I will learn about learning environment, concepts of teaching and learning, learning theories, model, approaches, strategies, and methods of teaching, individual differences and learning, motivation and learning and creating a conducive learning environment. This subject is very useful to me as a future teacher. When I learnt about this subject, I know about the concepts of learning environment and teaching learning. I am able to know the meaning of teaching and learning, the principles of learning and types of learning. After I know all about learning, I can use the different types of learning when I teach students in the future. I also can use it with students that have different types of learning. This will make all of the students have the same opportunity to learn and can understand the entire lesson. Besides, this subject makes me know the importance of learning environment in the development and learning of children. I learnt about childrens learning experiences, important of play, and the different types of play. I know about learning environment that suitable for the students. This knowledge will make me alert about the different leaning styles that the students have. I also able to recognise the types of play that the students engage with. After recognise it, I will able to create environment that will make the students play with each other and mingle among themselves. The Learning and the Learner subject also make me understand about learning theories and the implications in learning and teaching. The learning theories that I learnt are behaviourism, cognitivism, social cognitive, constructivism and humanism. These theories enable me to know about reinforcement and punishment that will strengthen or weaken the behaviour of the students from behaviourist theories. I also learnt about short-term memory and long term memory from cognitive theory. All these knowledge about learning theories will make me understand more about my students and how to control them in the future. For example, I can give

reinforcement and punishment to the students whether to strengthen or weaken a particular behaviour. Lastly, by learning this subject, I am able to create conducive environment to the students. I know the characteristic of conducive learning environment. So I will make sure that my students have their conducive learning environment. I will make sure the lighting is good, the classroom arrangement is good and the air flow also good. I will make sure that my students are comfortable with their classroom so that they will be able to study well. I also will make the students feel encouraged to participate in the class. I will give positive feedback when necessary and create many opportunities for variety types of participants of the students. I also will involve my students in activities. For example, ask my students to give reflection based on the activities that I have done with them. The conducive learning environment will make the students keen to come to school and study. As conclusion, the Learning and the Learner subject is very useful to me as the future teacher. I can implement much knowledge from this subject to my students in future. All these knowledge will be very beneficial to me. I will use all my knowledge about this subject when I become a teacher and make the students interested in my classes.

References Culatta, R. (2011). Behaviorist Learning Theory. Retrieved July 25, 2013, from http://www.innovativelearning.com/teaching/behaviorism.html Dale H.Schunk,Paul R.Pintrich & Judith L. Meece. (2008). Motivation in Education Theory, Research & Applications. United States: Carlisle Publishing Services. Greg Dimitriadis & George Kamberelis. (2006). Theory for Education. New York: Taylor & Franas Group . Kendra Cherry. (2010, August 27). Behaviorism - Psychology Definition of the Week. Retrieved July 24, 2013, from http://psychology.about.com/b/2010/08/27/behaviorism-psychology-definition-of-theweek.htm McLeod, S. (2007). Edward Thorndike. Retrieved July 23, 2013, from http://www.simplypsychology.org/edward-thorndike.html McNeeley, R. S. (2007). Theories of Learning. Retrieved July 22, 2013, from http://web.utk.edu/~rmcneele/classroom/theories.html Pajares, F. (n.d.). Overview of Social Cognitive Theory. Retrieved July 23, 2013, from http://www.uky.edu/~eushe2/Pajares/eff.html Santrock, J. W. (2008). Educational Phychology. New York: McGraw-Hill. Sorayya Behroozizad, Radha M.K Nambiar & Zaini Amir. (2012). The Relationship between lLanguage Learning Strategies & Teacher's Mediating Role. 35-48. The Star. ( 2012, May 2) .Traditional games still relevant, 16 Woolfolk, A. (2014). Educational Psychology . United States: Pearson.

Appendices

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