REVERSIBLE REACTIONS

By the end of the topic students should be able to: Describe the idea that some chemical reactions can be reversed by changing the reaction conditions. Describe the idea that some reversible reactions can reach dynamic equilibrium and predict the effect of changing the conditions.

Please tick in the box if you can do the above,

1 Prepared by Kartini Ishak

eversible eactions !ost chemical reactions only proceed in one direction. "hey cannot be reversed. #or example, sodium hydroxide reacts $ith hydrochloric acid to produce %%%%%%%%%%%%% and %%%%%%%%%%%%%. &rite do$n the chemical equation for the reaction bet$een sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% "he above reaction cannot be reversed. #rom the chemical equation above, explain $hy' %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% (o$ever, there are some reactions that can be reversed. EXPERIMENT 1 "o prove that the reaction of ammonia gas $ith hydrogen chloride is a reversible reaction. Procedure Part 1: All the experi e!tal procedure had to "e do!e i! the #u e cup"oard$ 1) Pour ) cm* of concentrated hydrochloric acid into a crucible. 2) +sing a test tube holder to hold the cotton $ool plug, immerse it into the crucible containing the concentrated acid. *, Put the cotton $ool plug near the mouth of the bottle of solution containing concentrated ammonia.

-, ecord your observation. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

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 &hat is the product formed in the reaction' %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% &rite do$n the chemical equation for the reaction bet$een concentrated ammonia solution and concentrated hydrochloric acid. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Procedure Part %:

1) Place some solid ammonium chloride in a test tube. Push some glass $ool into the tube. .lamp the tube vertically as sho$n in the set/up above. ), Place pieces of damp red and blue litmus papers at the mouth of the test tube. *, (eat the ammonium chloride strongly so that it disappears. -, ecord the changes that take place in the pieces of litmus paper. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 0xplain the changes that take place in the pieces of litmus paper. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% &rite do$n the chemical equation for the decomposition of ammonium chloride upon heating. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

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 1ince the reaction can go either direction, $e say that it is a %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%. 2 double arro$, %%%%%%, is used to indicate a reversible reaction. "herefore, the equation for the reversible reaction of ammonia and hydrogen chloride should be $ritten as %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% "here are many other examples of reversible reactions in .hemistry. "he reaction bet$een nitrogen and hydrogen to form ammonia is one such example. "o avoid confusion, chemists al$ays call a, the reaction from left to right, the for$ard reaction. b, the reaction from right to left, the reverse reaction.

02.(345 24 06+373B 3+! 1"2"0 3n most reversible reactions balance points exist bet$een the for$ard and back$ard reactions. eactants and products appear together. "he reaction appears to have stopped. 4either for$ard nor back$ard reaction is complete. "his is chemical equilibrium.

&hat is a 8dynamic equilibrium9' %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 4 Prepared by Kartini Ishak

2nother example of reversible reaction: 3) in aqueous potassium iodide

3) in trichloroethane

&hen the reactants reach equilibrium in a reversible reaction, the concentrations of reactants and products become constant and the reaction appears to have stopped. 3n fact, the for$ard and back$ard reactions have become equal in speed. 3f a graph of the concentration of iodine in the t$o solvents against time is plotted, the results obtained are sho$n belo$:

"he graphs have the follo$ing features: / $hen the graphs become hori;ontal, equilibrium is reached . "his is $hen the concentrations of iodine in the t$o solvents become constants. 2lthough the gradient of both graphs is no$ ;ero, the for$ard and back$ard reactions are still going on. / "he concentration of the reactant in the for$ard reaction <the concentration of the iodine in the aqueous layer, does not become ;ero $hen the graph becomes hori;ontal. EXPERIMENT % "o study the reversible reaction of potassium chromate <=3, Procedure 1) Place ) cm* of potassium chromate <=3, solution in a boiling tube. ecord the colour of the solution. <.olour: %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%,

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), 2dd in dilute sulphuric acid slo$ly. 1top adding $hen the solution changes colour. ecord the colour of the solution.<.olour: %%%%%%%%%%%%%%, *, 2dd aqueous sodium hydroxide slo$ly to the resulting solution obtained in 1tep ). 1top adding $hen the solution changes colour. ecord the colour of the solution. <.olour: %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%, &ue'tio!': >. &hat is the colour of potassium chromate <=3, in the presence of a, an acid / %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% b, an alkali / %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ). "he chromate ion, .r?-)/ <aq, is yello$ in colour. "he dichromate ion .r)?@)/ is orange in colour. &rite the ionic equations for the reversible reaction occurring in this experiment.

#2."? 1 2##0."345 0=0 13B70 02."3?41 .hanging the conditions of an established equilibrium can disturb a system. 2ny outside influence can shift the balance of the for$ard and back$ard reactions in one direction or the other. .hanging the follo$ing conditions affects the balance of the reversible reaction. .oncentration "emperature Pressure 3mportant: 2 catalyst does not affect the position of equilibrium. 0xplain $hy' %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >, .?4.04" 2"3?4 3f the concentration of a reactant is increases the for$ard reaction $ill be increased. #or example #e*A <aq, A 1.4/ <aq, #e1.4)A <aq, 6 Prepared by Kartini Ishak

 3f the concentration of the #e*A is increases by adding a more concentrated solution, the speed of the for$ard reaction $ill increase. "his $ill make more products. &hen an equilibrium is re/established there $ill be slightly more products. 2nother $ay to say this is, the for$ard reaction is favoured. ).r?-)/ <aq, A )(A <aq, .r)?@)/ <aq, A ()? <l,

Predict $hich reaction $ill be favoured if the follo$ing changes are made. a, add .r?-)/ <aq, %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% b, add .r)?@)/ <aq, %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% c, add 4a?( <aq, %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% d, add 2g4?* <aq, B 2gA<aq, $ill form a precipitate $ith .r?-)/ <aq,C %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ), "0!P0 2"+ 0 2ll the reactions <both for$ard and reverse, $ill increase in speed $ith an increase in temperature. 3n exothermic reaction, $here heat is produced, removal of the heat causes more products to form, to balance the initial loss. 3n endothermic reaction, $here heat is absorbed, addition of heat causes more products to form, to consume the additional heat. 0xample >: )1?)<g, A ?)<g, )1?*<g, D(Enegative

3f the temperature is decreased $hat happens to the rate of a, for$ard reaction'%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% b, reverse reaction'%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% &hich reaction is favoured' %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 7 Prepared by Kartini Ishak

3f the temperature is increased $hat happens to the rate of a, for$ard reaction' %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% b, reverse reaction' %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% &hich reaction is favoured' %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

0xample ): .(-<g, A ()?<g, .?<g, A *()<g, D(E positive

3f the temperature is decreased $hat happens to the rate of a, for$ard reaction'%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% b, reverse reaction'%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% &hich reaction is favoured' %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 3f the temperature is increased $hat happens to the rate of a, for$ard reaction' %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% b, reverse reaction' %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% &hich reaction is favoured' %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% *, P 011+ 0 Pressure changes $ill only affect reactions involving %%%%%%%%%%. 3t again, is like increasing the concentration of one of the chemicals. #or example: )4?)<g, ed bro$n 4)?-<g, colourless

3f the pressure is increases both reactions are faster but the for$ard reaction increases by more because it has ) moles and the reverse has only > mole of gas. 1o the %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% is favoured. ()<g, A 3)<g, )(3

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3f the pressure is decreases $hat happens to the speed of both reactions' %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% &hich reaction is favoured' %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

0xample >: )1?)<g, A ?)<g, )1?*<g,

3f you $ant less )1?*<g, $hat should you do to the pressure' %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% &hy' %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

0xample ): 4)<g, A *()<g, )4(*<g,

3f you $ant more ammonia $hat should you do to the pressure' %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% &hy' %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Please proceed to do exercise from: &? F1(00" > &? F1(00" ) &? F1(00" * &? F1(00"-

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