Mind map - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_map

Mind map
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A mind map is a diagram used to visually outline information. A mind map is often created around a single word or text, placed in the center, to which associated ideas, words and concepts are added. Major categories radiate from a central node, and lesser categories are sub-branches of larger branches.[1] Categories can represent words, ideas, tasks, or other items related to a central key word or idea. Mind maps can be drawn by hand, either as "rough notes" during a lecture or meeting, for example, or as higher quality pictures when more time is available. An example of a rough mind map is illustrated. Mind maps are considered to be a type of spider diagram.[2] A similar concept in the 1970s was "idea sun bursting".[3]
Hand-drawn and computer-drawn variations of a mind map.

Contents
1 Origins 2 Popularisation of the term "mind map" 3 Mind map guidelines 4 Uses 5 Differences from other visualizations 6 Research 7 Tools 7.1 Generation from natural language 8 Trademark 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links

Origins
Although the term "mind map" was first popularized by British popular psychology author and television personality Tony Buzan, the use of diagrams that visually "map" information using branching and radial maps traces back centuries. These pictorial methods record knowledge and model systems, and have a long history in learning, brainstorming, memory, visual thinking, and problem solving by educators, engineers, psychologists, and

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others. Some of the earliest examples of such graphical records were developed by Porphyry of Tyros, a noted thinker of the 3rd century, as he graphically visualized the concept categories of Aristotle. Philosopher Ramon Llull (1235 1315) also used such techniques. The semantic network was developed in the late 1950s as a theory to understand human learning and developed further by Allan M. Collins and M. Ross Quillian during the early 1960s. Mind maps are similar in radial structure to concept maps, developed by learning experts in the 1970s, but differ in that the former are simplified by focusing around a single central key concept.

Popularisation of the term "mind map"

Buzan's specific approach, and the introduction of the term "mind map" arose during a 1974 BBC TV series he hosted, called Use Your Head.[4][5] In this show, and companion book series, Buzan promoted his conception of radial tree, diagramming key words in a colorful, radiant, tree-like structure.[6] Buzan says the idea was inspired by Alfred Korzybski's general semantics as popularized in science fiction novels, such as those of Robert A. Heinlein and A.E. van Vogt. He argues that while "traditional" outlines force readers to scan left to right and top to bottom, readers actually tend to scan the entire page in a non-linear fashion. Buzan's treatment also uses then-popular assumptions about the functions of cerebral hemispheres in order to explain the claimed increased effectiveness of mind mapping over other forms of note making.

Mind map guidelines

Buzan suggests the following guidelines for creating mind maps: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Start in the center with an image of the topic, using at least 3 colors. Use images, symbols, codes, and dimensions throughout your mind map. Select key words and print using upper or lower case letters. Each word/image is best alone and sitting on its own line. The lines should be connected, starting from the central image. The central lines are thicker, organic and thinner as they radiate out from the center. Make the lines the same length as the word/image they support. Use multiple colors throughout the mind map, for visual stimulation and also to encode or group. Develop your own personal style of mind mapping. Use emphasis and show associations in your mind map. Keep the mind map clear by using radial hierarchy, numerical order or outlines to embrace your branches.

This list is itself more concise than a prose version of the same information and the mind map of these guidelines is itself intended to be more memorable and quicker to scan than either the prose or the list.

Uses

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As with other diagramming tools, mind maps can be used to generate, visualize, structure, and classify ideas, and as an aid to studying [7] and organizing information, solving problems, making decisions, and writing. Mind maps have many applications in personal, family, educational, and business situations, including notetaking, brainstorming (wherein ideas are inserted into the map radially around the center node, without the implicit prioritization that comes from hierarchy or sequential arrangements, and wherein grouping and organizing is reserved for later stages), summarizing, as a mnemonic technique, or to sort out a complicated idea. Mind maps are also promoted as a way to collaborate in color pen creativity sessions. Mind maps can be used for:
Rough mindmap notes taken during a course session

problem-solving outline/framework design structure/relationship representations anonymous collaboration marriage of words and visuals individual expression of creativity condensing material into a concise and memorable format team-building or synergy creating activity enhancing work morale In addition to these direct use cases, data retrieved from mind maps can be used to enhance several other applications; for instance expert search systems, search engines and search and tag query recommender.[8] To do so, mind maps can be analysed with classic methods of information retrieval to classify a mind map's author or documents that are linked from within the mind map.[8]

Differences from other visualizations

Concept maps - Mind maps differ from concept maps in that mind maps focus on only one word or idea, whereas concept maps connect multiple words or ideas. Also, concept maps typically have text labels on their connecting lines/arms. Mind maps are based on radial hierarchies and tree structures denoting relationships with a central governing concept, whereas concept maps are based on connections between concepts in more diverse patterns. However, either can be part of a larger personal knowledge base system. Modelling graphs - There is no rigorous right or wrong with mind maps, relying on the arbitrariness of mnemonic systems. A UML diagram or a semantic network has structured elements modelling relationships, with lines connecting objects to indicate relationship. This is generally done in black and white with a clear and agreed iconography. Mind maps serve a different purpose: they help with memory and

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Mind map - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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organization. Mind maps are collections of words structured by the mental context of the author with visual mnemonics, and, through the use of colour, icons and visual links, are informal and necessary to the proper functioning of the mind map.

Research
Effectiveness - Cunningham (2005) conducted a user study in which 80% of the students thought "mindmapping helped them understand concepts and ideas in science".[9] Other studies also report positive effects through the use of mind maps.[10][11] Farrand, Hussain, and Hennessy (2002) found that spider diagrams (similar to concept maps) had limited, but significant, impact on memory recall in undergraduate students (a 10% increase over baseline for a 600-word text only) as compared to preferred study methods (a 6% increase over baseline).[12] This improvement was only robust after a week for those in the diagram group and there was a significant decrease in motivation compared to the subjects' preferred methods of note taking. A meta study about concept mapping concluded that concept mapping is more effective than "reading text passages, attending lectures, and participating in class discussions".[13] The same study also concluded that concept mapping is slightly more effective "than other constructive activities such as writing summaries and outlines". In addition, they concluded that low-ability students may benefit more from mind mapping than high-ability students. Features of Mind Maps - Beel & Langer (2011) conducted a comprehensive analysis of the content of mind maps.[14] They analysed 19,379 mind maps from 11,179 users of the mind mapping applications SciPlore MindMapping (aka Docear) and MindMeister. Results include that average users create only a few mind maps (mean=2.7), average mind maps are rather small (31 nodes) with each node containing about 3 words (median). However, there were exceptions. One user created more than 200 mind maps, the largest mind map consisted of more than 50,000 nodes and the largest node contained ~7500 words. The study also showed that between different mind mapping applications (Docear vs MindMeister) significant differences exist related to how users create mind maps. Automatic Creating of Mind Maps - There have been some attempts to create mind maps automatically. Brucks & Schommer created mind maps automatically from full-text streams.[15] Rothenberger et al. extracted the main story of a text and presented it as mind map.[16] And there is a patent about automatically creating sub-topics in mind maps.[17] Pen and Paper vs Computer - There are two studies that analyze whether electronic mind mapping or pen based mind mapping is more effective.[18][19]

Tools
Mind-mapping software can be used to organize large amounts of information, combining spatial organization, dynamic hierarchical structuring and node folding. Software packages can extend the concept of mind-mapping by allowing individuals to map more than thoughts and ideas with information on their computers and the Internet, like spreadsheets, documents, Internet sites and images.[20] It has been suggested that mind-mapping can improve learning/study efficiency up to 15% over conventional note-taking.[21]
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Mind map - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Generation from natural language

In 2009, Mohamed Elhoseiny et al.[22] presented the first prototype that can generate mind maps out of small text to fit in a single screen. In 2012,[23] it was extended into a more scalable system that can work from larger texts.

Trademark
The phrase "mind map" is trademarked by Buzan's company for the specific use of self-improvement educational courses in Great Britain [24] and the United States.[25] The trademark does not appear in the records of the Canadian Intellectual Property Office.[26]

See also
Personal wiki Brainstorming Graph (mathematics) Idea List of concept mapping and mind mapping software Related diagrams Argument map Cognitive map Concept map Radial tree Rhizome (philosophy) Semantic network Social map Tree structure

References
1. ^ Mind Maps as Classroom Exercises John W. Budd The Journal of Economic Education , Vol. 35, No. 1 (Winter, 2004), pp. 35-46 Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/30042572 2. ^ "Mind Map noun - definition in the British English Dictionary & Thesaurus - Cambridge Dictionaries Online" (http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/mind-map?q=mind+map). Dictionary.cambridge.org. Retrieved 2013-07-10. 3. ^ "Who invented mind mapping" (http://www.mind-mapping.org/mindmapping-learning-studymemory/who-invented-mind-mapping.html). Mind-mapping.org. Retrieved 2013-07-10. 4. ^ "Roots of visual mapping - The mind-mapping.org Blog" (http://www.mind-mapping.org /blog/mapping-history/roots-of-visual-mapping/). Mind-mapping.org. 2004-05-23. Retrieved 2013-07-10. 5. ^ Buzan, Tony 1974. Use your head. London: BBC Books. 6. ^ Buzan claims mind mapping his invention in interview. (http://www.knowledgeboard.com /item/2980) KnowledgeBoard retrieved Jan. 2010. 7. ^ 'Mind maps as active learning tools', by Willis, CL. Journal of computing sciences in colleges. ISSN: 1937-4771. 2006. Volume: 21 Issue: 4 8. ^ a b Beel, J!ran; Gipp, Bela; Stiller, Jan-Olaf (2009). "Information Retrieval On Mind Maps 5 7 "! / 20 144 04: 43 01 /0

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9. 10.

11. 12.

13. 14.

15. 16.

17. 18. 19.

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22. 23. 24. 25. 26.

What Could It Be Good For?" (http://www.sciplore.org/publications_en.php). Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Collaborative Computing: Networking, Applications and Worksharing (CollaborateCom'09). Washington: IEEE. --> ^ {G}lennis {E}dge {C}unningham (2005). Mindmapping: Its Effects on Student Achievement in High School Biology (Ph.D.). The University of Texas at Austin. ^ {B}rian {H}olland, {L}ynda {H}olland, {J}enny {D}avies (2004). An investigation into the concept of mind mapping and the use of mind mapping software to support and improve student academic performance. ^ D'Antoni, A.V., Zipp, G.P. (2006). Applications of the Mind Map Learning Technique in Chiropractic Education: A Pilot Study and Literature. ^ Farrand, P.; Hussain, F.; Hennessy, E. (2002). "The efficacy of the mind map study technique" (http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118952400/abstract). Medical Education 36 (5): 426 431. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2923.2002.01205.x (http://dx.doi.org /10.1046%2Fj.1365-2923.2002.01205.x). PMID 12028392 (//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed /12028392). Retrieved 2009-02-16. ^ {N}esbit, {J}.{C}., {A}desope, {O}.{O}. (2006). "Learning with concept and knowledge maps: A meta-analysis". Review of Educational Research (Sage Publications) 76 (3): 413. ^ {J}oeran {B}eel, {S}tefan {L}anger (2011). "An Exploratory Analysis of Mind Maps" (http://docear.org/papers /An%20Exploratory%20Analysis%20of%20Mind%20Maps%20--%20preprint.pdf). Proceedings of the 11th ACM Symposium on Document Engineering (DocEng'11). ACM. Retrieved 1 November 2013. ^ {C}laudine {B}rucks, {C}hristoph {S}chommer (2008). "Assembling Actor-based Mind-Maps from Text Stream". CoRR. abs/0810.4616. ^ Rothenberger, T, Oez, S, Tahirovic, E, Schommer, Christoph (2008). "Figuring out Actors in Text Streams: Using Collocations to establish Incremental Mind-maps". arXiv preprint arXiv:0803.2856. ^ {R}obert {P}lotkin (1009). "Software tool for creating outlines and mind maps that generates subtopics automatically". USPTO Application: 20090119584. ^ {M}ahler, {T}., {W}eber, {M}. (2009). "Dimian-Direct Manipulation and Interaction in Pen Based Mind Mapping". Proceedings of the 17th World Congress on Ergonomics, IEA 2009. ^ {S}hih, {P}.{C}., {N}guyen, {D}.{H}., {H}irano, {S}.{H}. and {R}edmiles, {D}.{F}., {H}ayes, {G}.{R}. (2009). Groupmind: supporting idea generation through a collaborative mind-mapping tool. pp. 139 148. ^ Santos, Devin (15 February 2013). "Top 10 Totally Free Mind Mapping Software Tools" (http://www.imdevin.com/top-10-totally-free-mind-mapping-software-tools/). IMDevin. Retrieved 10 July 2013. ^ Farrand, Paul; Hussain, Fearzana and Hennessy, Enid (May 2002). "The efficacy of the 'mind map' study technique". Medical Education 36 (5): 426 431. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2923.2002.01205.x (http://dx.doi.org /10.1046%2Fj.1365-2923.2002.01205.x). PMID 12028392 (//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed /12028392). ^ Asmaa Hamdy, Mohamed H. ElHoseiny, Radwa Elsahn, Eslam Kamal, Mind Map Automation (MMA) System. SWWS, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA , 2009. ^ Mohamed H.ElHoseiny, Ahmed Elgammal, English2MindMap: Automated system for Mind Map generation from Text, International Symposium of Multimedia, 2012 ^ Trade Mark 1424476 (http://www.ipo.gov.uk/t-find-number?detailsrequested=C& trademark=1424476), UK Intellectual Property Office, filed Nov. 1990 ^ US Trademark (http://tarr.uspto.gov/servlet/tarr?regser=serial&entry=73823774& action=Request+Status), USPTO Trademark Application and Registration Retrieval system ^ Canadian Intellectual Property Office (http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/sc_mrksv/cipo/welcome /welcom-e.html)

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Further reading
Novak, J.D. (1993), "How do we learn our lesson?: Taking students through the process". The Science Teacher, 60(3), 50-55 (ISSN 0036-8555)

External links
Media related to Mind maps at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mind_map&oldid=602026274" Categories: Knowledge representation Games of mental skill Creativity Design Educational technology Diagrams Thought Notetaking Reading Deliberative methods Mental structures Zoomable user interfaces This page was last modified on 30 March 2014 at 23:00. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia$ is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

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