Mechanics of Material (Solid Mechanics) ME 2211

Dr. Md. Shahidul Islam Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Khulna University of Engineering & Technology

Reference Books: 1. Strength of Materials (4th Edition) F. L. Singer and A. Pytel 2. Strength of Materials and Structure (4th Edition) J. Case, L. Chilver and C. T. F. Ross 3. Applied Strength of Materials (5th Edition) Robert L. Mott Statics-Dynamics: It deals with the external effect of force on rigid bodies.

Mechanics of Solid: It deals with the relation between externally applied force and their internal effects on bodies. It also discuss about the deformation of the body. But statics and dynamics do not discuss about the deformation of the body. Analysis of Internal Forces: F1 F1 F3 Pxz F2 F4 F2 z P XX = Axial forces P XY , P XZ = Shear forces M XX = Torque M XY , M XZ = Bending moment Simple Stresses Unit strength of materials. Simple stresses are expressed as the ratio of the applied force divided by the resisting area or = Force / Area. Page 1 of 9 Mxz y

MXY Pxx Mxx

Pxy

It is the expression of force per unit area to structural members that are subjected to external forces and/or induced forces. Stress is the lead to accurately describe and predict the elastic deformation of a body. Simple stress can be classified as normal stress, shear stress, and bearing stress. Normal stress develops when a force is applied perpendicular to the cross-sectional area of the material. If the force is going to pull the material, the stress is said to be tensile stress and compressive stress develops when the material is being compressed by two opposing forces. Shear stress is developed if the applied force is parallel to the resisting area. Example is the bolt that holds the tension rod in its anchor. Another condition of shearing is when we twist a bar along its longitudinal axis. This type of shearing is called torsion. It is also known as tangential stress. P P

P Rivet (rigid) a) Single

(tau) =
V A

b) Double Shear , V = Resultant shearing force A = Cross sectional area being sheared.

Another type of simple stress is the bearing stress; it is the contact pressure between two bodies. P Pb Pb P t Pb Soft Rivet(rigid) Pb d Pb=b(td)

Problem: A Composite bar consists of an aluminum section rigidly fastened between a bronze section and a steel section as shown in figure. Axial load are applied at the positions indicated. Determine the stress in each section. Steel Aluminum Bronze A=1.6in2 2 2 A = 1.2in A = 1.2in 9000 lb 2000 lb 7000 lb 4000 lb 1.6 ft 1.3 ft 1.7 ft Solution: Axial load at each section: 4000 lb + Fx = 0, P Br - 4000 = 0, PBr P Br = 4000lb. (Tensile) Page 2 of 9

9000 lb 4000 lb + Fx = 0, P al + 9000 - 4000 = 0,

Pal

P al = -5000 lb. (Tensile)

= 5000 lb. (Compressive)

4000lb
9000lb 2000lb

Pst

+ Fx = 0,

P st + 2000 + 9000 - 4000 = 0,

P st = -7000lb. (Tensile) = 7000lb (Compressive)

Now, stress at each section 4000 Br = PBr = A 1.2 Al = PAl A

Pst A

= 3333.33 PSI (tension)

5000 1.8
7000 1.6

= 2777.77 PSI (Compression)

st =

= 4375 PSI (Compression)

Problem 108 An aluminum rod is rigidly attached between a steel rod and a bronze rod as shown in figure below. Axial loads are applied at the positions indicated. Find the maximum value of P that will not exceed a stress in steel of 140 MPa, in aluminum of 90 MPa, or in bronze of 100 MPa.

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Problem 117 Find the smallest diameter bolt that can be used in the clevis shown in figure below if P = 400 kN. The shearing strength of the bolt is 300 MPa. Here given, V = P = 400 kN = 300 MPa Now, = , Or, 300 106 = d = 0.02913 m = 29.13 mm
A V 40010 3 2 4 d 2

Problem 118 A 200-mm-diameter pulley is prevented from rotating relative to 60-mm-diameter shaft by a 70-mm-long key, as shown in the figure below. If a torque T = 2.2 kNm is applied to the shaft, determine the width b if the allowable shearing stress in the key is 60 MPa.

Here given, Torque T = 2.2 kN.m Shearing stress = 60 MPa = 60 MN/m2 Let F be the shear force on the key due to torque. Therefore, + Mo = 0 T F 0.03 = 0 Or, F = (2.2 1000) / 0.03 = 73330 N = 73.33 kN = 73330 Or, 60 106 = 0.07 10mm 70 mm b mm

b = 0.01746 m =17.46 mm

Problem 119 Compute the shearing stress in the pin at B for the member supported as shown in the figure below. The pin diameter is 20 mm.

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 FX = 0,
+

Bx + 40 cos 35 = 0

Or, Bx = - 32.76 kN + Fy = 0, By + Cy + 40 sin 35 = 0

Or, By = - 22.94 - Cy ----------------(a)

Bx By Cy

+ MB = 0,

0.25Cy 0.2 40 cos 35 = 0

Or, Cx = 26.21 kN Therefore, By = - 22.94 26.21 = -49.15 kN

2 + 2 = (22.94)2 + (49.15)2 Now , =

Or, B = 59.08 kN

Problem 125 In the figure below assume that a 20-mm-diameter rivet joins the plates that are each 110 mm wide. The allowable stresses are 120 MPa for bearing in the plate material and 60 MPa for shearing of rivet. Determine (a) the minimum thickness of each plate; and (b) the largest average tensile stress in the plates.

Therefore 59080 = = = 94.01 106 = 94.01 MPa 2 2 (0.02) 4

Here given, Dia. of the rivet = 20 mm, Width of the plate = 110 mm Bearing stress (plate) = 120 MPa, and Shearing stress (rivet) = 60 MPa (a) Now, Shearing stress of the rivet F = Or, 60 106 = (0.02)2 4 Bearing stress, = = Or, 120 106 = 18.85 103 t 0.02

Therefore, F = 18.85 kN

(b) Tensile stress =

Therefore, t = 0.00785 m = 7.85 mm

18.85 103 = = 0.0267 109 Pa = 26.7 MPa 0.00785 (0.11 0.02) Page 5 of 9

Problem 127 In the clevis shown in figure below, find the minimum bolt diameter and the minimum thickness of each yoke that will support a load P = 14 kips without exceeding a shearing stress of 12 ksi and a bearing stress of 20 ksi.

Thin Walled Pressure Vessels: If the cylinder as shown in figure is subjected to a uniform internal pressure, stresses are developed. These stresses so developed arise normally in two directions in the wall of the cylinder. The stresses which act in the direction of the geometric axis of the cylinder are usually referred as axial or longitudinal stress and those acting in a direction at right angle to the geometric axis of the cylinder as hoop, tangential or circumferential stress. r = hoop stress =longitudinal stress

For thin wall cylinder the ratio of the wall thickness to the radius of curvature of shell should not exceed 0.10. Question: Show that the tangential stress in a thin walled cylindrical shell of diameter, D and wall thickness, t subjected to internal pressure p is given by =
t pD 2t

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Proof: Assumptions: 1) The stresses are uniformly distributed over the thickness of the wall. 2) Stresses and deformation should be symmetric about the axis of the cylinder. 3) No discontinuity or irregularities in the structure. Let us consider a cylindrical shell carrying a gas or fluid under a pressure of p N/m2.

p N/m2

dF = pdA= pL(D/2)d The elementary force acting normal to an element of the cylinder located at an angle, from the horizontal diameter is D d 2 The horizontal components of the radial pressure cancel one another by virtue of symmetry about the vertical centerline. D D F = (pL d ) Sin = pL [ Cos]0 = pDL 2 2 0 dF = pdA = pL Resisting Cross-sectional Area = 2Lt & F =2P The Stress that resists the bursting force

t =h =

F pLD pD = = A 2Lt 2t

Question: Show that the longitudinal stress in thin walled cylindrical shell of diameter (D) and wall pD thickness (t) subjected to internal pressure (p) is given by l = 4t Proof : Let us consider a freebody diagram of a transverse section
t

F=(D2/4)p

P =Dt1 Page 7 of 9

The bursting force acting over the end of the cylinder is resisted by the resultant P of the tearing force acting over the transverse section. The area of transverse section = circumference thickness = (D + t) t ; t << D =Dt
Now , P = F Therefore , D t l =

D2 p 4

Or, l =

Dp 4t

If there is an external pressure p o and an internal pressure p i , the formula may be expressed as:

l =

D ( pi p o ) 4t

It can be observed that the tangential stress is twice that of the longitudinal stress. t = 2 l Question: Show that the tangential and longitudinal stress in a thin walled cylindrical shell of diameter, D pD pD and wall thickness, t subjected to internal pressure p are given by = and l = respectively. t 4t 2t

Problem 133 A cylindrical steel pressure vessel 400mm in diameter with a wall thickness of 20 mm is subjected to an internal pressure of 4.5 MN/m2. a) Calculate the tangential and longitudinal stress in the steel. b) To what value may the internal pressure be increased if the stress in the steel is limited to 120 MN/m2. c) If the internal pressure were increased until the vessel burst, sketch the type of fracture that would occur. Given that, D =0.4 m, t = 0.02 m, p = 4.5106 N/m2 P P a). Tangential stress
t = pD 2t

4.5 10 6 0.4 2 0.02

= 45 MN/m2

pD 4.5 10 6 0.4 Longitudinal stress l = = 4t 4 0.02

= 22.5 Mpa

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b). If stress t = 120 MN/m2 ,

p=?

t =

pD 2t

Or, p =

t 2t 120 10 6 2 0.02 = N/m 2 D 0.4

p = 12 Mpa

Problem 141 The tank shown in figure below is fabricated from 10 mm steel plate. Calculate the maximum longitudinal and circumferential stress caused by an internal pressure of 1.2 MPa.

400 mm

600 mm

Longitudinal Stress: 1 = = 1.2 106 0.4 0.6 + (0.4)2 4

Thickness, t = 10 mm

Or, F = 0.439 106 N Now, P = F

10 mm P

200 mm 600 mm = = 1.2 106 [(0.6 ) + (2 0.2 L)] 200 mm P 10 mm Or, F = 1.2 L 106 N

Therefore, = 17.87 106 Pa = 17.87 MPa Circumferential Stress:

[2 (0.6 0.01) + 0.4 0.01] = 0.439 106

Now, 2P = F

Therefore, = 60 106 Pa = 60 MPa

2 (0.01 ) = 1.2 106 Page 9 of 9