A Flowing Gas

Continuum Continuum Mechanics Mechanics Fluid Fluid Mechanics Mechanics Aerodynamics Aerodynamics Solid Solid Mechanics Mechanics

Hydrodynamics Hydrodynamics

Aerodynamics Aerodynamics is is a a special special subset subset of of Fluid Fluid Mechanics, Mechanics, which which in in turn turn is is a a subset subset of of Continuum Continuum Mechanics Mechanics

Four Aerodynamic Quantities

Pressure Pressure
2 2 2 Force ,, lb/in ,, lb/ft Force per per unit unit area: area: N/m N/m2 lb/in2 lb/ft2

Density Density
3 3 Mass ,, slug/ft Mass per per unit unit volume: volume: kg/m kg/m3 slug/ft3

Temperature Temperature
Measure Measure of of average average kinetic kinetic energy energy

Velocity Velocity
A A vector vector quantity: quantity: ft/s, ft/s, m/s, m/s, mi/hr, mi/hr, km/hr km/hr

Pressure
Pressure Pressure is is the the normal normal force force per per unit unit area area exerted exerted on on a a surface surface due due to to the the time time rate rate of of change change of of momentum momentum of of the the gas gas molecules molecules impacting impacting on on that that surface. surface.
nd Law: The The concept concept of of force force arises arises from from Newtons Newtons 2 2nd Law:

Pressure Pressure varies varies from from point point to to point point
p p= = lim lim dF/dA dF/dA as as dA dA 0 0

F F= =m ma a or or F F= = d(mv)/dt d(mv)/dt or or F F= =m m dv/dt dv/dt mv mv is is the the momentum momentum or or linear linear momentum momentum

dF B dA

Pressure Pressure depends depends on on position position and and time: time:
p dependence p= = p(x,y,z,t) p(x,y,z,t) where where ttdependence unsteady unsteady flow flow p dependence p= = p(x,y,z) p(x,y,z) where where no no ttdependence steady steady flow flow

gas

Density
The The density density of of a a substance substance (including (including a a gas) gas) is is the the mass mass of of that that substance substance per per unit unit volume. volume. The The concept concept of of density density obviously obviously combines combines the the concepts concepts of of mass mass and and volume volume Density Density varies varies from from point point to to point point
= = lim lim (dm/dv) (dm/dv) as as dv dv 0 0 B

Density Density depends depends on on position position and and time: time:

dv gas

= = (x,y,z,t) (x,y,z,t) where where tt-dependence dependence unsteady unsteady flow flow = = (x,y,z) (x,y,z) where where no no tt-dependence dependence steady steady flow flow

Temperature
Temperature Temperature is is a a measure measure of of the the average average kinetic kinetic energy energy of of the the particles particles in in the the gas. gas. If If KE KE is is the the mean mean molecular molecular kinetic kinetic energy, energy, then then temperature temperature is is given given by by KE KE = = (3/2)kT (3/2)kT,, where where k k is is the the Boltzmann Boltzmann constant. constant. The The Boltzmann Boltzmann constant constant has has the the value: value:
-23 k k= = 1.38 1.38 10 10-23 J/K J/K (Joules (Joules per per Kelvin) Kelvin)

Temperature Temperature depends depends on on position position and and time: time:
T dependence T= = T(x,y,z,t) T(x,y,z,t) where where ttdependence unsteady unsteady flow flow T dependence T= = T(x,y,z) T(x,y,z) where where no no ttdependence steady steady flow flow

Typical Typical units: units:

Kelvin ), degree )) Kelvin ((K K ), degree Celsius Celsius ( (C C degree )) degree Rankine Rankine ( (R R), ), degree degree Fahrenheit Fahrenheit ( (F F

Flow Velocity
The The velocity velocity at at any any fixed fixed point point B B in in a a flowing flowing gas gas is is the the velocity velocity of of an an infinitesimally infinitesimally small small fluid fluid element element as as it it sweeps sweeps through through B B. . Velocity Velocity is is a a vector vector quantity: quantity: it it has has magnitude magnitude and and

direction direction

If If the the flow flow is is steady steady (not (not t-dependent), t-dependent), then then a a moving moving fluid streamline fluid element element traces traces out out a a fixed fixed path path or or streamline V V

Flow Field
The The four four aerodynamic aerodynamic quantities quantities
Pressure p Pressure p= = p(x,y,z,t), p(x,y,z,t), Density Density = = (x,y,z,t), (x,y,z,t), Temperature T Temperature T= = T(x,y,z,t), T(x,y,z,t), Velocity V Velocity V= =V V(x,y,z,t) (x,y,z,t) define define the the flow flow field field y (a (a scalar) scalar) (a (a scalar) scalar) (a (a scalar) scalar) (a (a vector) vector)

V z

Aerodynamic Forces
Theoretical Theoretical and and experimental experimental aerodynamicists aerodynamicists labor labor to to calculate calculate and and measure measure flow flow fields fields of of many many types. types. because because the the aerodynamic aerodynamic force force exerted exerted by by the the airflow airflow on on the the surface surface of of an an airplane, airplane, missile, missile, etc. etc.,, stems stems from from only only two two simple simple natural natural sources: sources:
Pressure Pressure distribution distribution on on the the surface surface (normal (normal to to surface) surface) Shear Shear stress stress (friction) (friction) on on the the surface surface (tangential (tangential to to surface) surface)

Aerodynamic Forces
A A primary primary function function of of theoretical theoretical and and experimental experimental aerodynamics aerodynamics is is to to predict predict and and measure measure the the aerodynamic aerodynamic forces forces on on a a body. body. Usually Usually means means prediction prediction and and measurement measurement of of p p and and w w Prediction Prediction and and measurement measurement of of usually usually requires requires knowledge knowledge of of the the flow flow field: field:
p p,, ,, T T,, and and V V which which generally generally depend depend on on position position (x,y,z) (x,y,z) and and time time (t) (t)

Mystery Vehicle

Mystery Vehicle

Mystery Vehicle

Perfect Gas
In In reality, reality, a a gas gas is is not not a a continuum, continuum, but but is is a a collection collection of of particles particles (molecules, (molecules, atoms, atoms, ) ) These These particles particles are are moving moving with with essentially essentially random random motion motion (recall (recall that that Temperature Temperature is is a a measure measure of of that that random random motion) motion) There There are are intermolecular intermolecular forces forces due due to to the the electromagnetic electromagnetic properties properties of of the the particles particles A A perfect perfect gas gas is is one one in in which which intermolecular intermolecular forces forces are are negligible. negligible. In In both both subsonic subsonic and and supersonic supersonic flows, flows, air air behaves behaves essentially essentially as as a a perfect perfect gas gas

Equation of State for Perfect Gas

Relationship Relationship between between pressure, pressure, density, density, and and temperature: temperature:
p p= = RT RT where where R R is is the the specific specific gas gas constant constant (gas-dependent) (gas-dependent)

For For normal normal air air

R R= = 287 287 J/(kg J/(kg K) K) = = 1716 1716 ft ft lb lb // (slug (slug R) R)

Another Another useful useful quantity quantity is is specific specific volume volume::
v v= = 1/ 1/ pv pv = = RT RT
3 3 (typical /kg /slug (typical units units are are m m3 /kg and and ft ft3 /slug))

Equation Equation of of state state can can be be written written

Sample Problem
The The air air pressure pressure and and density density at at a a point point on on the the 5 N/m 2 and wing N/m2 and wing of of a a Boeing Boeing 747 747 are are 1.10 1.10 10 105 3 ,, respectively. 1.20 respectively. What What is is the the 1.20 kg/m kg/m3 temperature temperature at at that that point? point? Solution: Solution: From From equation equation of of state state p p= = RT RT;; hence hence T T =p/( =p/( R) R),, or or
5 N/m 2 // [1.20 3 T T= = 1.10 1.10 10 105 N/m2 [1.20 kg/m kg/m3 287 287 J/(kg J/(kg K)] K)]

T T= = 319 319 K K