Oral History Society

Public History: A Critical Bibliography Author(s): Jill Liddington and Simon Ditchfield Source: Oral History, Vol. 33, No. 1, Re-presenting the Past (Spring, 2005), pp. 40-45 Published by: Oral History Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40179818 . Accessed: 01/04/2014 03:53
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PUBLIC
A

HISTORY:

CRITICALBIBLIOGRAPHY

and SimonDitchfield by JillLiddington

offersa starting Thisbibliography pointfor Oral Historyreaders(andmore broadlyfor students) who found the vox pop interesting,and would liketo move to a moresystematic studyof public history and the debates around it. It aims to provide readers with a tool to help orientate and fastthemin what is a notablywide-ranging changingfield. The bibliography is organisedinto sections, ratherthan by theme.The mainlyby geography reason for these particularsubdivisionsis that 'publichistory'has tendedto developa distinct profile in different national cultures. The conscious use of the term 'public history' has grown up in distinctways - in differentplaces, at differenttimesand in differentways. It varies 'new'nationsinventingthembetweenrelatively selvesas republics(eg UnitedStates)or defining themselvesas distinct from their colonial past (eg Australia);'old' nations (eg Britain)which feel more comfortablewith may conventionally the word 'heritage';and between, say, Frenchnations which use different or Italian-speaking terminology(eg patrimoinein Franceandpatrimonio in Italy,both of which have veryparticular nationalconnotations). While we have attempted to cast our net widely,we are consciousthat some cultures(eg Spanish-speaking)remain under-represented; and OralHistoryhopes to produceperiodically in orderto address addendato this bibliography gaps and to ensureit remainsup-to-date. we have selected only For this bibliography, those titles - books, articles and journals which reflect public history debates or which of the past. So discuss popularunderstandings we have not included examples of individual of the past (eg a historicalnovel, presentations biographyor popularhistorybook). There are just two exceptions to this. First, section C reflectsthe discussionof heritagein the UK:it is to the very recentemerofferedas background gence of publichistoryin UK and it is included in the absence of extensive discussion here about public history. And Section G on
40 ORAL HISTORY Spring 2005

magazines in the UK reflects - rather than discusses- popularhistoryjournalism. The bibliography has been compiledjointly. Simon Ditchfield is an early modern Italian historian, who specialises in looking at how previoussocieties relatedto theirpasts;and Jill Liddington is a modern British historian in suffragehistory. The editors'critspecialising ical commentsaftereach title aim to reflectthe usefulness of each item - book or journal, articleor website - to debatewithin the field of public history (ratherthan reflectingits wider, moregeneralvalue).The inclusionof references to some URLs on the www is a reminderthat Public History is an area in which the traditional forms of publication in hard copy editionsof journalsand books necessarilyoften in the public,electronlag behinddevelopments ically-sawy arena.
A. UNITED STATES

We start with the country which in the mid1970s gaveus the term'publichistory'as a portoutside manteauphraseto describeemployment universitiesof trainedhistorians.(The birth of the term can reputedly be dated with some precision and its originatoridentified:Robert Kelley in 1975 at the Universityof California, Santa Barbara.)However,an older lineagecan also be traced earlier,to FranklinRoosevelt's 1930s New Deal and its federal initiatives to American citizens' uncoverand recordordinary legacyof survivaland struggle. Fromthe verystart,one featureof US public history- comparedto the UK's heritagesector - has been the adoption of a broad interpretation of the term to encompassbusinesshistorias well as interpreters historians ans, community who work for the NationalParkService. The United States runs a number of postThis coursesin PublicHistorytraining. graduate fromthe UK whereour accreditation is different body professional usuallylies with the individual (LibraryAssociation, Museums Association, Society of Archivists). This reminds us of the

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degree to which the shapes of disciplines and subject areas are themselves the product of historicalcircumstances. particular A key point of referencehere is the website of the National Council of Public History (NCPH), www.ncph.org. Since 1978 it has published The Public Historian and Public HistoryNews, both quarterly. 1. ThePublicHistorian,includes: 'PublicHistory: its origins,nature RobertKelley, and prospects', 1:1, 1978; Kelleywas an environmentalhistorian; RonaldJGrele,'WhosePublic?Whose History? What is the Goal of a Public Historian?',3:1, 1981; Barbara J Howe, 'Reflections on an idea: NCPH'sfirst decade', 11, 1989; Page PutnamMiller,'Reflectionson the Public Historymovement',14, 1992; reflections 'Commonground: PhilipV Scarpino, on the past,presentand futureof PublicHistory and the NCPH', 16, 1994; 'PublicHistory& the Studyof DavidGlassberg, Memory', 18:2, 1996 (which stimulated a roundtablediscussion with Lowenthal,Frisch etc, 19:2, 1997). 2. SusanBenson,StephenBrierand Roy Rosenzweig (eds), Presenting the Past: Essays on History and the Public, Philadelphia, 1986; includes: MichaelH Frisch,'TheMemoryof History'; Michael Wallace, 'History Museums in the for its overviewof UnitedStates',recommended the challenge to elite ancestral societies (eg Daughters of the American Revolution) by Roosevelt'sfederalstate as the public guardian of popularmemoryin the 1930s; Wallaceis a RadicalHistoryRevieweditor. 3. R Rosenzweig& D Thelen (eds), The Presence of the Past:popularuses of historyin AmericanLife,New York:Columbia Press, University 1998. Built around a large-scale survey conductedin 1994 of the views of 1,500 ordion how theyrelatedto the past; naryAmericans interesting on 'everyone their own historian'; presented,containingnot only the scrupulously resultsof the surveyin tabularform (Appendix 2) but also a detailedaccount of 'How we did the survey'(Appendix1). Review.RHRbeganits regular 4. Radical History with sectionin 1987 (see interview publichistory Mike Wallace, 79, 2001); includes articles on memory,politics and place (eg South Africa, Berlin). For an early US dissenting voice see: HowardGreen, 'A critiqueof the professional PublicHistorymovement',RHR25, 1981.

5. Public History News, published by NCPH; also containsemploymentinformation. 6. Donald Ritchie, 'When Historygoes public: recent experiences in the United States', Oral History,29:1,2001. 7. J Gardner and P LaPaglia (eds), Public History: essaysfrom thefield, Malabar: Krieger, 1999. This collectionis intendedas a successor to Barbara JHowe and EmoryL Kemp's,Public history: an introduction (Malabar, Krieger, 1986). It is very much writtenfrom within the US 'public history'world; this is an indispensable guide to the way US publichistoriansview themselves and their work. There is also an extremely useful appendix of Resources (pp 397-407), listing the major organisations involvedin the areaof historyoutside universities. Examples: Constance Schulz, 'Becoming a Public Historian'; P Cantelon,'As a Business:Hired,not Bought'.
B. AUSTRALIA

While the 1970s saw the raised awareness of ordinaryAustralians about their past, Public History only seriouslytook off down-underin the late 1980s - as a direct result of the 1988 This provokeddebate celebrations. bicentennial on which Australia was being celebrated. In PublicHistoryhas alwaysbeen linked Australia, with the aboriginal question - which has recentlybeen the subjectof renewedhistorical controversy(see B. 5, below). Significantly, 'Public History, Australianstyle' developed partlyas a critique of the US movement, while sharing its commitment to training, employment and careers. Freelance (hence 'PhyllisPhame,Girl Histopractitioners rian')positionedthemselvesagainstthe tenured of academics.Morecloselyaligned complacency to communityhistory,radicalpublic historians in Australia launched themselves into neighbourhoodbattles,'historians-on-the-waterfront' steppingfearlesslyinto the witness box to take on Sydney'sruthlesscity developers. and PeterSpearritt(eds), Pack1. JohnRickard aging the Past? Public Histories - a special number of Australian Historical Studies, MelbourneUniversityPress, 1991; Melbourne: includes: of PublicHistory', GraemeDavison,'Paradigms an excellentintroduction; GeorgeMorgan,'Historyon the Rocks'. 2. Graeme Davison, The Use and Abuse of Australian history,Allen& Unwin,St Leonard's NSW, 2000. Recommendedas a useful, wideSpring 2005 ORAL HISTORY 41

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rangingcollectionof essayson the ways the past enterseverydaylife in Australia; written by the public history. doyen of Australian 3. Public HistoryReview, launchedin 1992 by the newly-formed Professional Historians' Association (PHA);eg: Paul Ashton and Paula Hamilton, 'Streetwise: PublicHistory in New SouthWales',5/6, 1996-7. 4. StuartMacintyre & Anna Clark,The History Wars,MelbourneUniversityPress, Melbourne, 2003; an engagedand grippingaccountof how attempts to rewrite the history of European settlementin Australiahave provokeda fierce conservativecounter-attack. 5. Tony Bennett, The Birth of the Museum: History,theory& politics,Routledge,1995. For many years a professor at Griffith University; this study includes frequent Australianexamples. 6. Laurajane Smith,Archaeological Theoryand the politics of cultural heritage, Routledge, London/New York, 2004; a much-needed betweenindigenous surveyof how relationships peoples and the archaeologicalestablishment have got into difficulties. We are grateful to for providingthe followingtitles: Laurajane 7. W Hudson and G Bolton (eds), Creating Australia:ChangingAustralianHistory, Allen andUnwin, 1997. 8. G Davison and C McConville (eds), A HeritageHandbook,Allen and Unwin, 1991. 9. PeterRead,Belonging: Placeand Australians, AboriginalOwnership, CambridgeUniversity Press,2000. 10. M Pearson and S Sullivan, Looking After HeritagePlaces, Melbourne University Press, 1995.
C. ENGLISH HERITAGE PLC

The next significantmoment in the word's historycame with the publicationof books by in 1985 (see WhiteandDavidLowenthal Patrick of confecbelow C.1 and 2). Thatmost artificial tions, the 'heritage debate', was launched by RobertHewisonin 1987, and receivedits evenin the last book publishedin tualcome-uppance death The latter's Samuel. his lifetimeby Raphael and the high esteemenjoyedby his memoryhas effect of freezingthe had the ratherunfortunate debate, though useful works continue to be published which help to historicise Britain's with its pasts. continuingengagement 1. David Lowenthal, The Past is a Foreign Country, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,1985; althoughperhapstoo wideranging and comprehensive for its own good (and so easier and more productiveto dip into thanto readstraightthrough)this work set new standards when it firstappeared, particularly by providinga chronologicaldepth to the discussion. It continues to enjoygreatinfluence(having sold in excess of 60,000 copies since publicaa second tion).The authoris currently preparing edition,which shouldbe out in Spring2006. 2. Patrick Wright,On Livingin an Old Country: the nationalpast in contemporary Verso, Britain, London, 1985; a thoughtful reflection on the Thatcherisation of the nationalpast, examining the tensions between privatecapital'sinterests and those of heritagesite preservation(eg the NationalTrust). 3. Robert Hewison, The Heritage Industry: Britain in a climate of decline, Methuen, London, 1987; the book which above all demonisedheritageas a right-wingconspiracy theory; helpful on such hypocrisies as the closureof publiclibraries.However,verymuch a tractfor its times, and becomesa bit of a rant as it nearsthe present:has not aged well. 4. RaphaelSamuel,Theatres of Memoryvol. 1, Past and Present in Contemporary Culture, Verso, 1994; this largelyrehabilitated heritage as an expressionof people's history:'the work of a thousand pair of hands'; eloquent and backto tracesthe roots of 'heritage' passionate; the 1930s socialist'Marchof History'pageants NationalParks; andthe Attleegovernment's part III is perhaps the most suggestive analysis conductedof heritagein the Englishlanguage! recommended. Certainly 5. JohnArnold,KateDavies& SimonDitchfield (eds), Historyand Heritage: consumingthepast in contemporary culture,Donhead Publishing, wideDonheadSt Mary,1998 - an ambitiously

From the 1970s, while the US developed a publichistorymovement,the UK (ormoreaccurately, England) debated the meaning of its nationalheritage.The traditionalbirth-dateof the word 'heritage' in its modern sense (as opposed to its biblical meaning as personal Archiis seen to be 1975, European inheritance) tecturalHeritageYear.This came hard on the heels of the exhibitionat London'sVictoria& Albert Museum: Destruction of the Country House 1875-1975thatopenedin 1974 (withthe catalogueedited by Roy Strong,MarcusBinney and JohnHarris).
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if patchily executed,collectionof essays ranging, themesas diverseas medievalism encompassing film and horror(an analysisof David Fincher's Se7en);the Vikingsand DonaldDuck;how visitorsuse socialhistorymuseumsand 'Braveheart: more thanjust pulp fiction?' 6. David Lowenthal,The Heritagecrusadeand the spoils of history, Viking, 1997 and Cambridge University Press, 1998. Recommendedas (if it's possible) an even more wideranging survey than his 1995 study, although here the breadth is geographical rather than coreis provided the interpretative chronological; of the a contrastive 'jobs' analysis respective by of historyand heritage(chapter5-7).
D. PUBUC HISTORY: UK

4. History Workshop Journalhas a 'history at large'section eg: JayWinter, 'Public History and Scholarship', 1996,42; Justin Champion, 'Seeing the Past: Simon Schama's "A History of Britain" and Public History',56, 2003. 5. H Kean, P Martin& S Morgan(eds), Seeing Publichistoryin Britainnow, London: History: Boutle, 2000. Essays sprang from Ruskin College, Oxford'sannual conference in Public History (since 1998); a critique of academic interacexclusionof unofficial'popular' history's tion with and uses of the past. 6. Labour History Review has run a public history section since 2001, with reviews of labourheritagemuseumseg Michael Rowlinson, 'CadburyWorld', 67:1, 2002. 7. David Cannadine (ed), History and the Media, Palgrave Macmillan, 2004, based on conferenceat Institutefor HistoricalResearch. Reviewedon page 103.
E. SCOTLAND

With heritageand the heritagedebatedominating the field in the 1970s and 1980s, very little was publishedin the UK beforethe late 1990s, andthen sometimesundera differentlabel:thus calledits new in 1995 HistoryWorkshop Journal section 'history at large'. The Oral History journal inaugurated its own Public History sectionin 1997. Despitethe enormouspopularsincethe new millenium ity of history(especially and on-line access to the 1901 census shortly after)the debateis still in its infancy. 1. Ludmilla Jordanova, History in Practice, London:Arnold,2000; this book is admittedly a 'theory of history' primer for university students, but, by drawing on the author'sart historyexpertise plus her practicalexperience of curating exhibitions, chapter 6 on Public History offers a timely and highly thoughtful discussion of the issues, and is recommended as a starting point. The author is currently preparinga second edition, which should be out late 2005/early 2006. 2. Jill Liddington, 'What is Public History? Publicsand theirpasts,meaningsandpractices', Oral History, 2002, 30:1; a very helpful and accessiblediscussionsituatingcurrentUK interest in how the past is consumedand preserved in the public sphere with corresponding attemptsin the US and Australia. 3. OralHistoryjournal'sPublicHistorysection news and emphasisesglobal offersinternational issues (like migration) and new technologies (likeweb-sites).Recentlyhas focusedon the use of oral historyin museums,eg: 'UnseenStories:videohistory SteveHumphries, in museums',31, 2003; Ann Day and Ken Lunn, 'Tales from the Sea: oral historyin Britishmaritimemuseums', 32, 2004.

SirWalterScott has a strongclaimto be considof the heritage eredthe godfather (with industry, his house Abbotsfordthe first heritagethemepark).As a directconsequenceof this, perhaps, in Scotland the heritage debate has been subsumedinto the largerissue of what constitutes Scottishidentityand how the latterrelates to its southernneighbour. 1. David McCrone,Angela Morris& Richard Kiely,Scotland the Brand:the making of Scottish Heritage, Press,EdinEdinburgh University of a 1995; study 'tartanry' sociological burgh, and 'Balmorality'which focuses on both the producers(NationalTrustfor Scotland,Scottish Tourist Board and Historic Scotland) and consumersof Scottish heritage.A useful introductionto 'McHeritage'. 2. Callum G Brown, Up-helly-aa: custom, culture and community in Scotland, Mandolin/Manchester University Press, Manchester,1998; combines the techniquesof social historyand symbolicanthropology; peels withinthis awaythe layersof meaningcontained Shetlandcalendarcustom. moder3. JaneNadel-Klein, for Heritage: Fishing the Scottish loss and coast, Berg, along nity Oxford,2003; drawson fieldwork,novels, folk the authorexplores music and travelliterature: how coastalScotlandhas copedwith the decline
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of the fishingindustryand rise of tourism.

F. IRELAND

History,bringingsome editorialchanges. 2. HistoryToday,edited by Peter Furtado;the amongnewerand brasherarrivals; grandparent also professionally produced and well illusnews and trated,with a wide rangeof 'frontline' longerfeatures. 3. Ancestors,the familyhistorymagazineof the National Archives (TNA). This acronym has now replacedthat of the PRO (Public Record Office);August2004 issue includesfeatureson 'why our ancestors moved house and home around Britain', finding the bigamist in the familytree, and 'The Hit List' bestsellersat the FamilyRecordsCentre,London. 4. Family History Monthly; recent features and tracing includeheraldry, villageblacksmiths the historyof your house. 5. Radio Times,weeklyfromthe BBC;regularly for instance,9-15 featureshistoryprogrammes; Oct 2004 coverstorywas aboutthe new genealogy series, 'Who Do You Think You Are?' (BBC2), with JeremyClarksondisplayingtwo anda pull-outguidewhich 'tells familyportraits, you all you need to know to get started'.
H. FRANCE

Here, as in Scotland, the issue of heritageand its place in the construction of historical memoryin modernsocietyis closely alliedwith issues of nationalidentityvis a vis its historically aggressive and invariably uncomprehending larger neighbour. Unlike Scotland, however, there has been perhapsmore emphasis on the - bothin oralandwrittenforms roleof literature - in the constructionof past narratives of Irishness, (hence our inclusion of two works by Declan Kiberdbelow) 1. David Brett, The Constructionof Heritage, Cork University Press, Cork, 1996; urgently addressesthe question 'whose heritage?'offering mainly Irish examples to illustrate how heritageworks in the publicarena. 2. R F Foster,The Irish Story:telling tales and making it up in Ireland, 2001 and Penguin, London,2002; collectionof essaysshowinghow key moments of Ireland's history have often been turnedinto myths.Forexample,chapter2 and histories'looks at the culture 'Theme-parks of faminestudiesor 'faminism'. 3. DeclanKiberd,Inventing Ireland: literature of the modernnation, London:Viking, 1996 - an examination of how the conceptionof Irishness was articulated and negotiatedin literature. 4. Declan Kiberd, Irish Classics, London: Granta, 2001 - a companion to Inventing Ireland,in which the authorprovidesa comprehensive survey of works in both Gaelic and English written since 1600 in order to understand how the Irishperceivetheir past, present and future. G. POPULARHISTORY MAGAZINES UK Browsersof the newsprintshelvesat theirlocal W H Smithwill have noticed over the last four or five years a mushroomingof popularmagazines dedicatedto heritage,genealogyand television history. They range from the brashly commercial or cosilypopularist to the morecritically informative and reflective. Examples include: 1. BBCHistorymagazine,editedby GregNeale, reflectsthe enorpublishedby BBCWorldwide; mous popularity of history on television and radio; professionallyproduced and well illustrated, with regular upcoming television and radioprogramme news, 'On the Net', places to visit, plus book, journals, audio reviews and has recentlymergedwith Living longerfeatures;
44 ORAL HISTORY Spring 2005

The Frenchdebate has been largelycarriedout (to borrow EugenWeber'sphrase) in terms of how history has turned peasants into Frenchmen. As well as what has proved to be a very fertile notion of interpreting the place of . memory (lieux de memoire), there has been focus on how institutions of the state - from museums to building preservationsocieties have contributedto the constructionof French patrimoine. vol III, 1. PierreNora (ed), Realmsof Memory, The Constructionof the FrenchPast: symbols, Columbia University Press, 1998; eg chap XVII by Nora, 'The Era of Commemoration'; this notes how patrimoine which had meant 'inheritance'was widened more inclusivelyto cover all France's national and artistic 'heritage'. 2. J.- P Babelon,A Chastel,La Notion de Patrimoine, LianaLevi,Paris1994;a seminaldiscussion of this centralconceptwhich firstappeared in Revuede I' Art,49, 1980. 3. FranchiseChoay,Uallegoiredu Patrimoine, second edition, Seuil, Paris, 1996 (The English edition:TheInvention monument, of the historic Press,2001, moreclearly University Cambridge indicatesthis volume'scontent.)

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4. DominiquePoulot,Patrimoine et musees:Vinstitutionde la culture,Hachette,Paris2003; very much a textbook account (with short extracts fromcontemporary documents)of the historyof the museumand its linkwith the public'sunderstandingof the past.
I. ITALY

perceivedcommercialpotential), and the curatorship(tutela) of their infrastructure. (Perhaps someoneneeds to drawthe Italians'attentionto what happenedwhen we privatised our railways on similarterms?)

4. Mario Isnenghi, L'ltalia in piazza, i luoghi della vita pubblica dal 1848 ai giorni nostri, II been Mulino,Bologna,2004; an application As with France,the focus has traditionally of Nora's cultur- approach to that central symbol and space of verymuchdirectedat how thepatrimonio ale has contributedto the making of Italy as a Italianpublic life - the piazza - in a historical political unity. Recently it has followed the surveyof 150 years. Frenchlead here (eg MarioIsnenghi'swork on 'luoghi di memorial see below), although the J. FILM therenow existsa literature in which privatisationagenda of the Berlusconigovern- Fortunately, ment has forced Italian cultural critics to cast historians are not merely point-scoring and in Britain and America judgingfilms with historicalsubjectsin termsof theireye at developments theirfactualaccuracy. While the Americantitles (eg Settis, below) providereflectionon the limits and possibilities 1. BrunoTobia,Unapatriapergli Italiani.Spazi, of film in the tellingof storiesaboutthe past, the Britishstudiesfocus morespecifically on the selfitinerari, monumenti nell'ltalia unita (18701900), Laterza,Rome/Bari,1991; a pioneering consciously heritage film (such as from the studyof the makingand meaningof such monu- Merchant-Ivorystable) which has had such a ments as Victor Emanuel's 'Wedding cake' majorrole in disseminating'heritageBritain'to the world. monumentin Rome. 2. MarioIsnenghi(ed), / luoghi della memoria. Personaggi e date dell'ltalia unita, Laterza, Rome/Bari, 1997; an application of Nora's methodologyto Italy.The influence of Nora is also plainlyvisible in the conception of a series of shortbooks publishedby IIMulino,Bologna, italiana'.Volumes (1998ff) entitled:'L'identita include: Franco La Cecla, La pasta e la pizza; Enrico Menduni, UAutostradadel Sole and Maurizio Ridolfl,Le feste nazionali. 3. SalvatoreSettis, Italia Spa: I'assaltoal patrimonioculturale, Einaudi, Turin,2002; the translation of the title, 'ItalyPic - the assaulton her tells you the thrustof this polemic;it is heritage', at attemptsby the Berlustargetedparticularly coni government(in the Tremontilaw of 2002) to draw a distinctionbetween the management (gestione) of its sites and museums (with their 1. RobertA Rosenstone,Visionsof the Past:the challengeof film to our idea of history,Harvard UP,Cambridge USA, 1995. 2. RobertBrentToplin,Reel History:in defense of Hollywood, University Press of Kansas, LawrenceKS, 2002. And for the UK: 3. Claire Monk & Amy Sargeant (eds), British thehistory, andcostume Historical Cinema: heritage London/New York,2002. film, Routledge, 4. Andrew Higson, English Heritage, English Cinema: costume drama since 1980, Oxford UniversityPress,Oxford,2003. 5. HistoryWorkshop Journalincludeda 'Screen Histories'section, issue 56, 2003.

Spring 2005 ORAL HISTORY 45

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