Running Head: PERSONALITY IDENTIFIED IN THE BODILY MODIFIED

Personalit Identi!ied in t"e Bodil Modi!ied: Personalit and Fre#uen$ o! Bod Modi!i$ation Ale% Dor&an T"e 'ollege o! (ooster

PERSONALITY IDENTIFIED IN THE BODILY MODIFIED

Personalit Identi!ied in t"e Bodil Modi!ied: Personalit and Fre#uen$ o! Bod Modi!i$ation Bod &odi!i$ations* s+e$i!i$all tattoos and +ier$ings* "a,e a long "istor * -it" its origins tra$ing .a$/ to o,er 0111 ears ago 2Pa.st et al3* )11453 Parti$ularl in t"e last t-o de$ades* t"ere "as .een a dra&ati$ in$rease in t"e +o+ularit o! t"ese .od &odi!i$ations3 A$$ording to a stud . t"e Pe- Resear$" 6rou+ 2)1115 !o$using on an 17 to )4 ear old de&ogra+"i$ in t"e 83S3* nearl !our out o! ten +arti$i+ants "ad a tattoo9 a.out "al! o! t"ose -it" tattoos "ad t-o to !i,e* and 17: "ad si% tattoos or &ore3 Nearl one out o! e,er !our +eo+le sur,e ed "ad a +ier$ing in a lo$ation ot"er t"an t"e earlo.e3 (it" t"is trend on t"e rise* resear$" in t"e area o! .od &odi!i$ations is .e$o&ing &ore +re,alent* and +ertinent3 ("ile .od &odi!i$ations &a .e +otentiall dangerous* &an still $"ose to engage in t"ese +ra$ti$es regardless o! t"e ris/s3 Potential ris/ !a$tors in$lude in!e$tion* trans&ission o! .lood;.orne diseases* and allergi$ rea$tion to t"e tattoo d e or t"e &etal +ier$ing3 T"e t +e o! .e"a,ior asso$iated -it" t"ose -"o $"ose to alter t"eir .od is $ongruent -it" a $ultural stereot +e3 T"ose -"o engage in .od &odi!i$ations* su$" as sailors* $ri&inals* soldiers* .i/ers

PERSONALITY IDENTIFIED IN THE BODILY MODIFIED

<

and +risoners* traditionall dis+la $ri&inal* aggressi,e and de,iant ris/;ta/ing .e"a,iors 2DeMello* )11<53 =T"is t +e o! ris/;ta/ing .e"a,ior is $ongruent -it" t"e traditional stereot +e o! t"e a,erage re$i+ient o! .od &odi!i$ations* as des$ri.ed in t"e .oo/ Bodies of Inscription: A Cultural History of Modern Tattoo3 Ant"ro+ologist Dr3 Margo DeMello e%+lains t"at t"is stereot +e in$ludes sailors* soldiers* .i/ers and +risoners* traditionall /no-n !or $ri&inal* aggressi,e* and de,iant .e"a,iors 2DeMello* )11<53> T"is stereot +e re+resents an anti#uated ,ie- o! .od &odi!i$ations3 Bod &odi!i$ations are !ound in e,er so$ial $lass and age $o"ort9 no longer li&ited to traditionall $ri&inal* aggressi,e* and de,iant grou+s 2DeMello* )11<53 'o&&on reasons !or getting tattoos in$lude t"e urge to &a/e t"e .od &ore +" si$all attra$ti,e9 its use a &ar/er o! inde+enden$e !or -o&en in t"e " +er;&as$ulini?ed -orld o! tattoos9 a -a to $o&&e&orate se,ere su!!ering* usuall +ertaining to t"e deat" o! a lo,ed one* and a -a o! sel!;e&+o-er&ent in t"e !a$e o! a struggle li/e illness* dis$ri&ination* or -ar 2At/inson* )11453 A&ong so&e o! t"e &ost $o&&on reasons !or .od &odi!i$ation are t"e dri,e to e%+ress onesel! and a need to .e uni#ue 2Tigge&ann @ Ho+/ins )1119 S-a&i* )1119 Tate @ S"elton* )11753 T"is is indi$ati,e o! (estern so$iet As nea$$e+tan$e in .od &odi!i$ations3 As .od &odi!i$ations .e$o&e &ore &ainstrea&* it is i&+ortant to assess et anot"er +ossi.le reason !or t"eir +o+ularit 9 instead o! .eing ,ie-ed as a -a to re.el against so$ietal nor&s* re$i+ients &a no- .e $o&&itting to .od &odi!i$ations as a &eans o! !itting in -it" t"eir +eers in a so$iet t"at is &ore and &ore a$$e+ting o! su$" +ra$ti$es 2Du/es @ Stein* )1119 Stirn* )11053 Regardless o! t"e reason !or in,esting in a .od &odi!i$ation* t"ere is still a "ig" $orrelation .et-een de,iant or ris/;ta/ing .e"a,iors and .od &odi!i$ation3 For e%a&+le* &en

PERSONALITY IDENTIFIED IN THE BODILY MODIFIED

-it" tattoos re+orted s&o/ing &ore $igarettes* "a,ing &ore se%ual +artners* and .eing &ore li/el to re+ort "a,ing .een arrested t"an &ales -it"out tattoos3 (o&en -it" tattoos -ere &ore li/el to re+ort s"o+li!ting and t"e use o! drugs t"an -o&en -it"out tattoos 2Dre-s et al3* )11153 It "as also .een !ound t"at disin"i.ition and e%+erien$e see/ing* as+e$ts o! sensation see/ing* $orrelate -it" indi,iduals -it" .od &odi!i$ations 2(o"lra. et al3* )11C53 Anot"er stud Stirn et al3 !urt"er " +ot"esi?ed t"at getting .od &odi!i$ations $ould .e a -a o! satis! ing sensation; see/ing in (estern 'i,ili?ations t"at la$/ +" si$al $"allenges 2Stirn et al3* )11D53 T"erein lies a $orrelation .et-een ,er sel!;destru$ti,e .e"a,iors* su$" as sel!;$utting and .od &odi!i$ations* -"en $o&+ared to a si&ilar +o+ulation o! +eo+le -"o donAt "a,e .od &odi!i$ations 2Stirn @ Hin?* )11753 Ho-e,er* t"e u+-ard trend in +o+ularit o! .od &odi!i$ations $ontinues to gro-3 T"e nu&.er o! +eo+le -it" tattoos and .od +ier$ings is +redi$ted to in$rease !ro& )<: to B1: o! t"e +o+ulation -it"in t"e ne%t de$ade 2Anderson* )11D53 'onsidering t"e +ossi.ilit t"at nearl "al! o! t"e A&eri$an +o+ulation -ill .e$o&e re$i+ients o! .od &odi!i$ations* un.iased and intensi,e resear$" on .od &odi!i$ations is li/el to .e$o&e ,er i&+ortant3 Ho-e,er t"ere is a reo$$urring +ro.le& o! sa&+ling .ias -"en it $o&es to .od &odi!i$ation resear$"3 Parti$i+ants in nu&erous studies are li&ited to $on,enien$e +o+ulations* o!ten !ound in tattoo s"o+s* or undergraduateE"ig" s$"ool settings3 T"is "inders t"e internal ,alidit o! t"e studies* so resear$"ers are $autious in a++l ing t"eir results to t"e general +o+ulation 2Tigge&ann @ Ho+/ins* )1119 S-a&i* )1119 (o"lra. et al3* )11C9 Stirn @ Hin?* )1179 Ro.erti et al3* )11B53 One s+e$i!i$ $ase o! dra&ati$ sa&+ling .ias* dis$ussed in t"e arti$le* Body of Evidence: Tattoos, body piercing, and eating disorder symptoms among adolescents* !ound onl a &oderatel +ositi,e $orrelation .et-een eating disorders and .od &odi!i$ations3 T"is !inding

PERSONALITY IDENTIFIED IN THE BODILY MODIFIED

stood in $ontrast to t-o di!!erent studies t"at !ound &u$" stronger +ositi,e $orrelations .et-een .od &odi!i$ations and eating disorders3 Ho-e,er t"e t-o +re,ious studies used sa&+le +o+ulations !ro& treat&ent settings* -"ereas t"e &ore re$ent stud sa&+led rando&l sele$ted students !ro& rando&l sele$ted s$"ools in order to $reate a trul re+resentati,e sa&+le 2Preti et al3* )11D53 Preti et al $ontinues to e%+lain t"at o!ten t"ere is a ris/ o! t"e results .eing a!!e$ted . Ber/sonAs .ias 2an in!lation o! $orrelations -it" +s $"o+at"olog 5 -"en data is $olle$ted !ro& a sa&+le in so&e !or& o! treat&ent setting 2Preti et al3* )11D53 It is e,ident t"at sa&+ling .ias "as t"e +otential to s/e- data -"ile testing $orrelations .et-een as+e$ts o! +ersonalit and .od &odi!i$ation3 T"ere is need !or stud ing a .roader sa&+le3 T"ere!ore* t"e $urrent stud -ill $olle$t data on .od &odi!i$ations and +ersonalit !a$tors !ro& a $o&+letel rando& sa&+le ,ia A&a?onAs Me$"ani$al in order to gat"er un.iased data* -it" greater e%ternal ,alidit 3 In t"e $urrent stud * t"ere -ill .e an intentional a.sen$e o! an ris/;ta/ing .e"a,ior s$ales or sensation;see/ing s$ales3 Fo$using energ and resour$es into resear$"ing de,iant .e"a,iors as +redi$tors o! .od &odi!i$ations ste&s !ro& an anti#uated ,ie- o! .od &odi!i$ations as .eing solel !or t"e de,iant so$ial grou+s3 As .od &odi!i$ations .e$o&e &ore &ainstrea& in A&eri$a* s+anning &an di!!erent so$ial grou+s* t"ere are &an &ore rele,ant as+e$ts o! +ersonalit -ort" resear$"ing !or +redi$ti,e #ualities3 In $reating a sur,e -"i$" -ill anal ?e di!!erent !a$ets o! +ersonalit * as+e$ts o! +ersonalit su$" as sel!;estee&* satis!a$tion -it" li!e* nar$issis&* and t"e need !or $ognition s"ould ser,e as a++ro+riate indi$ators to +redi$t !re#uen$ o! .od &odi!i$ations3 6i,en t"e +rior resear$" in t"e !ield* age s"ould $orrelate -it" &an as+e$ts o! .od &odi!i$ation due to t"e in$rease in t"e nu&.er o! +eo+le re$ei,ing .od &odi!i$ation in t"e +ast t-o de$ades3

PERSONALITY IDENTIFIED IN THE BODILY MODIFIED

Method Participants Se,ent ;!i,e +arti$i+ants !ro& a$ross t"e 8nited States ,olunteered !or t"is e%+eri&ent ,ia A&a?onAs Me$"ani$al Tur/ ser,i$e3 All +arti$i+ants "ad so&e !or& o! .od &odi!i$ation3 T"ere -ere <) &ales 2B):5 and B) !e&ales 207:53 Parti$i+ants ranged in age !ro& 17 to C)* M F <)30 ears old S F 1)3713 Fi!t ;t"ree +arti$i+ants des$ri.ed t"e&sel,es as 'au$asian 2C13C:53 Si% +arti$i+ants des$ri.ed t"e&sel,es as Bla$/ or A!ri$an;A&eri$an 27:53 Ele,en +arti$i+ants identi!ied t"e&sel,es as AsianEPa$i!i$ Islander 21B3C:53 T-o +arti$i+ants des$ri.ed t"e&sel,es as His+ani$ or Latino 2)3C:53 T"ree +arti$i+ants identi!ied t"e&sel,es as ot"er 2B:53 Materials A sur,e -as $reated . a tea& o! !ello- +ersonalit resear$"ers and & sel! and ad&inistered -it" HSR' a++ro,al !ro& t"e 'ollege o! (ooster3 Ea$" +arti$i+ant too/ t"e sa&e sur,e * and a $"e$/ -as +ut in +la$e to &a/e sure a +arti$i+ant did not ta/e t"e sur,e &ulti+le ti&es3 Parti$i+ants -ere as/ed to des$ri.e t"eir .od &odi!i$ation2s5* t"e reasons -" t"e o.tained t"e&* -"en t"e -ere o.tained* -"et"er or not t"e -ere easil $on$eala.le* details on "o- t"e -ere re$ei,ed* and an !uture +lans !or o.taining &ore .od &odi!i$ations3 Bod &odi!i$ations -ere de!ined as all !or&s o! tattoos and +ier$ings in an +art o! t"e .od 3 Si% ot"er sur,e s -ere also utili?ed in gat"ering in!or&ation on t"e +arti$i+antAs +ersonalit 3 A Nar$issis& S$ale -as utili?ed* $onsisting o! 11 #uestions on a 0 +oint Li/ert S$ale ranging !ro& GHer un$"ara$teristi$ or untrue* strongl disagreeI to GHer $"ara$teristi$ or true* strongl agreeI 2Hendin @ '"ee/* 144C53 T"is s$ale -as used in order to gauge ea$" +arti$i+antAs le,el o! nar$issis&3 E%a&+les o! #uestions as/ed in$luded* GI disli/e s"aring t"e

PERSONALITY IDENTIFIED IN THE BODILY MODIFIED

$redit o! an a$"ie,e&ent -it" ot"ersI and GI easil .e$o&e -ra++ed u+ in & o-n interests and !orget t"e e%isten$e o! ot"ersI3 T"is s$ale e%"i.ited a$$e+ta.le internal $onsisten$ 2 F 13CD53

(e used a Need !or 'ognition S$ale* $onsisting o! 17 #uestions on a 0 +oint Li/ert S$ale ranging !ro& Ge%tre&el un$"ara$teristi$I to Ge%tre&el $"ara$teristi$I 2'a$io++o @ Pett * 147B53 T"is s$ale -as used order to a$$ess* as des$ri.ed . 'a$io++o @ Pett * Gt"e tenden$ !or an indi,idual to engage in and enJo t"in/ingK 2147B53 E%a&+les o! #uestions as/ed in$luded* GI -ould +re!er $o&+le% to si&+le +ro.le&sI and GI +re!er & li!e to .e !illed -it" +u??led t"at I &ust sol,eI3 T"is s$ale e%"i.ited a$$e+ta.le internal $onsisten$ 2 F 13CC53

T"e Rosen.erg Sel!;Estee& S$ale -as used* $onsisting o! 11 #uestions on a B +oint Li/ert S$ale ranging !ro& Gstrongl disagreeI to Gstrongl agreeI 2Rosen.erg 147453 T"is s$ale -as used in order to a$$ess t"e sel!;estee& o! our +arti$i+ants3 E%a&+les o! #uestions in$luded GOn t"e -"ole* I a& satis!ied -it" & sel!I and GI !eel t"at I "a,e a nu&.er o! good #ualitiesI3 T"is s$ale e%"i.ited e%$ellent internal $onsisten$ 2 F 134<53

T"e !ollo-ing s$ales -ere +resent in t"e sur,e , .ut e&itted !ro& !urt"er anal sis . t"is aut"or3 A Satis!a$tion -it" Li!e S$ale* $onsisting o! 0 #uestions on a C +oint Li/ert S$ale ranging !ro& Gstrongl disagreeI to Gstrongl agreeI anal ?ed our +arti$i+antAs satis!a$tion -it" li!e as a -"ole 2E&&ons et al3* 147053 E%a&+les o! #uestions in$luded* GIn &ost -a s* & li!e is idealI and GI a& satis!ied -it" & li!eI3 T"is s$ale e%"i.ited e%$ellent internal $onsisten$ 2 A Sel!;Per$e+tion S$ale -as $reated and used in $onJun$tion -it" t"e Nar$issis& s$ale3 Luestions in t"e s$ale !o$used on satis!a$tion -it" +ersonal a++earan$e in regards to easil altera.le $"ara$teristi$s su$" as st le 2A++endi% '53 Finall * T"e Big 0 S"ort For& -as used* $onsisting o! 11 #uestions on a 0 +oint Li/ert S$ale ranging !ro& Gdisagree strongl I to Gagree strongl I 2Ra&&stedt @ Mo"n* )11C53 T"is s$ale -as used in order to gat"er data on ea$" F 134153

PERSONALITY IDENTIFIED IN THE BODILY MODIFIED

+arti$i+antAs !i,e !a$tors o! +ersonalit : O+enness to e%+erien$e* 'ons$ientiousness* E%tro,ersion* Agreea.leness* and Neuroti$is&3 Procedure T"e sur,e -as u+loaded to sur,e gi?&o3$o& and su.se#uentl +ro&oted on A&a?onAs Me$"ani$al Tur/ ser,i$e3 8+on $o&+leting t"e sur,e * +arti$i+ants -ere gi,en a s&all &onetar $o&+ensation !or t"eir ti&e3 Parti$i+ants ga,e $onsent u+on .eginning t"e sur,e * and -ere allo-ed to sto+ t"e sur,e at an ti&e i! t"e e%+erien$ed an dis$o&!ort3 Data -as e%+orted !ro& sur,e gi?&o3$o& and !urt"er anal ?ed using IBM Statisti$al Pa$/aging !or So$ial S$ien$es 2SPSS53 Results In an e!!ort to !ind +redi$ti,e &easures o! +ersonalit * 'orrelational anal sis -as run3 6ender o! t"e +arti$i+ant* -"i$" ranged !ro& 1 to )* -"ere 1 indi$ated !e&ale and ) indi$ated &ale* and nu&.er o! +ier$ings on a gi,en +arti$i+ant negati,el $orrelated* r 2C05 F ;13<B* p F 13113 T"is i&+lies t"at -o&en -ere &ore li/el to "a,e &ore +ier$ings t"an &en3 T"e age o! t"e +arti$i+ant $orrelated +ositi,el -it" t"e sur,e ite&* G"o- easil $on$eala.le are our tattoo2s5I* r 2)B5 F 13B4* p F 131)3 T"is indi$ates t"at older +arti$i+ants "a,e &ore easil $on$eala.le tattoos3 Furt"er&ore* age negati,el $orrelated -it" t"e s$ale ite&* G"o- o!ten do ou $o,er our tattoosI* r 2)B5 F ;1301* p F 13113 T"is indi$ates t"at older +eo+le $o,er t"eir tattoos &ore t"an ounger +eo+le3 T"e Nar$issis& S$ale +ositi,el $orrelated -it" G$"oosing to re&o,e +ier$ingsI* -"i$" ranged on a s$ale o! 1;)* -"ere 1 &eant +arti$i+ants "a,e re&o,ed +ier$ings and ) &eant t"e "a,e not* r 2C05 F 13)7C* p F 13113 Finall * need !or $ognition and Gdo ou "a,e at least one tattooI -as a++roa$"ing signi!i$an$e* r 2)B5 F ;13)11* p F 1370 2Ta.le 1* A++endi% A53

PERSONALITY IDENTIFIED IN THE BODILY MODIFIED

To !ull test t"e " +ot"esis t"at as+e$ts o! +ersonalit 2sel!;estee&* need !or $ognition* and nar$issis&5 +redi$t !re#uen$ o! .od &odi!i$ation* a linear regression -as $ondu$ted +redi$ting t"e nu&.er o! tattoos a +arti$i+ant "ad !ro& gender* sel!;estee&* need !or $ognition* nar$issis&* and t"e intera$tion .et-een t"e&3 T"e o,erall &odel -as signi!i$ant in +redi$ting nu&.er o! tattoos* ! 20* 175 F <3<D* p F 131<3 T"ere -as a signi!i$ant e!!e$t o! gender on nu&.er o! tattoos* B F 130D* t 2175 F )371* p F 13113 T"ere -as a signi!i$ant e!!e$t o! need !or $ognition on nu&.er o! tattoos* B F ;13D0* t 2175 F ;)371* p F 13113 T"ere -as not a signi!i$ant e!!e$t a++roa$"ing signi!i$an$e o! estee& on nu&.er o! tattoos* B F 1317* t 2175 F ;1371* p F 13B)73 T"ere -as a signi!i$ant e!!e$t o! nar$issis& on nu&.er o! tattoos B F ;13B)* t 2175 F ;)31<* p F 13103 T"e adJusted R s#uare ,alue -as 13)4* &eaning t"is &odel a$$ounts !or al&ost <1: o! t"e ,arian$e in t"e nu&.er o! tattoos 2Ta.le )* A++endi% B53 To !urt"er test t"e " +ot"esis t"at as+e$ts o! +ersonalit -ill .e a.le to +redi$t !re#uen$ o! .od &odi!i$ations* anot"er linear regression -as $ondu$ted +redi$ting t"e nu&.er o! +ier$ings a +arti$i+ant "ad !ro& gender* sel!;estee&* need !or $ognition* and nar$issis&3 T"e o,erall &odel -as signi!i$ant in +redi$ting nu&.er o! +ier$ings* F 20* D45 F 1370* p F 131B3 T"ere -as a signi!i$ant e!!e$t o! gender on nu&.er o! +ier$ings B " ;13<B* t 2D45 F ;<31C* p F 13113 T"ere -as not a signi!i$ant e!!e$t o! need !or $ognition on nu&.er o! +ier$ings B F 1310* t 2D45 F ;<C* p F 13C13 T"ere -as not a signi!i$ant e!!e$t o! sel!;estee& on nu&.er o! +ier$ings B F 131D* t 2D45 F 131)D* p F 13)13 T"ere -as not a signi!i$ant e!!e$t o! Nar$issis& on nu&.er o! +ier$ings B F ;1310* t2D45 F ;13<7* p F 13C13 T"e adJusted R s#uare ,alue -as 1317* &eaning t"is &odel a$$ounts !or 7 +er$ent o! t"e ,arian$e in t"e nu&.er o! tattoos 2Ta.le <* A++endi% B53 An Inde+endent Sa&+les T;test -as $ondu$ted +ost "o$ to gauge t"e in!luen$e gender "ad on ea$" regression &odel3 8nsur+risingl t"ere -as a ,er signi!i$ant di!!eren$e .et-een

PERSONALITY IDENTIFIED IN THE BODILY MODIFIED

11

&en 2M F 131<* SD F 13D45 and -o&en 2M F <3)1* SD F <3C<5 -"en it $a&e to nu&.er o! +ier$ings9 t2C<5 F <31C* p N 13113 6ender did not "a,e a signi!i$ant di!!eren$e .et-een &en 2M F 03B1* SD F B3415 and -o&en 2M F <31B* SD F 134)5 on nu&.er o! tattoos t2))5 F ;130C* p F 131<3 Discussion T"ese results s"o- signi!i$ant su++ort !or t"e " +ot"esis t"at as+e$ts o! +ersonalit $an .e +redi$tors !or !re#uen$ o! .od &odi!i$ation3 In anal ?ing a +arti$i+antAs le,el o! sel!; estee&* need !or $ognition* le,el o! nar$issis&* a &odel -as a.le to .e $reated !or +redi$ting t"e nu&.er o! tattoos* and a se+arate &odel !or +redi$ting t"e nu&.er o! +ier$ings on a +arti$i+ant3 T"e &odel !or +redi$ting nu&.er o! tattoos s"o-ed t"at signi!i$ant +redi$tors -it"in t"e &odel in$luded s$oring lo- on t"e need !or $ognition s$ale and t"e nar$issis& s$ale3 T"e &odel also indi$ated t"at t"is -as a &ore a$$urate +redi$tor !or &en3 T"e &odel !or +redi$ting nu&.er o! +ier$ings s"o-ed t"at no as+e$t o! +ersonalit utili?ed -as signi!i$ant in +redi$ting t"e nu&.er o! +ier$ings* .ut gender "ad su$" a signi!i$ant e!!e$t t"at t"e entire &odel .e$a&e signi!i$ant3 'learl gender +la ed a ,er signi!i$ant role in at least one o! t"ese &odels* and in anal ?ing t"e inde+endent sa&+les T;test it is e,ident t"at -o&en -ere &u$" &ore +rone to re$ei,e +ier$ings t"an &en* so di!!erent as+e$ts o! +ersonalit -ill need to .e used in !uture resear$"3 Ho-e,er* it is en$ouraging t"at t"e regression &odel !or +redi$ting nu&.er o! tattoos -as not as $ontrolled . gender* and su.se#uentl &u$" &ore e!!e$ti,e in its +redi$tions3 As is stated . Tigge&ann and Ho+/ins* it is i&+ortant to treat tattoos and +ier$ings as se+arate t +es o! .od &odi!i$ations3 T"is is .e$ause -"en anal ?ed se+aratel t"e ield

di!!erent results* "o-e,er &u$" resear$" still lu&+s t"e& toget"er as t"e sa&e t +e o! .od &odi!i$ation3 2Tigge&ann @ Ho+/ins* )11153 T"e $orrelations t"at -ere run 2see a++endi% A5 did not +ro,ide too &u$" insig"t into

PERSONALITY IDENTIFIED IN THE BODILY MODIFIED

11

t"ose -"o re$ei,e .od &odi!i$ations3 Ho-e,er t"e idea t"at t"e &ore nar$issisti$ a +arti$i+ant -as* t"e less li/el t"e -ere to "a,e "ad a +ier$ing re&o,ed* is in so&e regards in $on$ordan$e -it" t"e !indings t"at t"e need !or uni#ueness is a $o&&on $ause !or re$ei,ing .od &odi!i$ations 2Tigger&an @ Ho+/ins* )1119 S-a&i* )1119 Tate @ S"elton* )11753 Ho-e,er* t"e $orrelations .et-een .eing older and "a,ing less $on$eala.le tattoos* and .eing older also $orrelation -it" .eing less li/el to $on$eal o.tained tattoos -ere une%+e$ted3 It -as e%+e$ted t"at t"ose -"o o.tained tattoos -"en t"e -ere older -ould "a,e done so in a ti&e -"ere t"e -ere less $o&&on+la$e and t"ere!ore &ore +rone to .eing $on$eala.le and su.se#uentl $on$ealed3 It is i&+ortant to note t"at t"e a,erage age o! t"e +arti$i+ants -as <) ears old9 t"e sa&+le -as not ne$essaril indi$ati,e o! an older +o+ulation3 Age -as not t"e onl li&iting !a$tor3 T"e sa&+le si?e !or +arti$i+ants -it" tattoos -as onl )B* -"i$" is relati,el s&all3 T"is is es+e$iall o! $on$ern -"en anal ?ing gender di!!eren$es .et-een our tattooed +arti$i+ants* -"en t"ere -ere onl 11 &en -it" tattoos and 1B -o&en -it" tattoos3 (or/ing -it" an online +o+ulation* t"ere is a ris/ t"at +arti$i+ants &a lie -it" no $onse#uen$e3 Additionall * t"e +o+ulation is li&ited to t"ose -"o "a,e .ot" internet a$$essi.ilit and an understanding o! Me$"ani$al Tur/3 Anot"er li&itation is our $"oi$e o! using a s"ort !or& o! t"e Big 0 S$ale instead o! t"e $o&+lete s$ale3 T"e sur,e As si?e o! 11 #uestions* -it" onl ) #uestions +er su.s$ale essentiall rendered t"e entire s$ale useless3 For t"e li&itations !a$ed* t"e results o! t"e sur,e are +ro&ising3 I! resear$"ers -ere to !o$us on a greater +o+ulation o! t"ose -it" tattoos in a setting t"at -as &ore relia.le t"an an online sur,e ta/ing ser,i$e* a stronger +redi$ti,e s$ale $ould .e $reated !or !re#uen$ o! tattoos3 De,elo+ing an a++ro+riate s$ale +redi$ti,e !or nu&.er o! +ier$ings is a &u$" "arder .e$ause t +i$al ear +ier$ings are ,er $o&&on* and +ro.a.l not ,er indi$ati,e o! an as+e$ts o!

PERSONALITY IDENTIFIED IN THE BODILY MODIFIED

1)

+ersonalit 3 Future resear$" $ould !o$us on less $on,entional +ier$ings* su$" as t"ose !ound on ot"er +arts o! t"e .od 3 It is also o! interest t"at t"is signi!i$ant &odel -as $reated in t"e a.sen$e o! a sensation see/ing s$ale3 Resear$" li/e t"is $an -or/ to-ards dis+ro,ing t"e anti#uated ,ieo! .od &odi!i$ations in so$iet 3 T"is is ,er +ro&ising resear$" t"at -ill onl .e$o&e &ore and &ore i&+ortant -it" ti&e

References Anderson R3R3 2)11D53 'o&&entar : tattoos and .od +ier$ing3 #ournal of American Academy of ermatology* 00* B))3 At/inson* M 2)11B53 Tattooing and $i,ili?ing +ro$esses: Bod &odi!i$ations as sel!;$ontrol3 Canadian $evie% of Sociology and Ant&ropology* B1* )3 'a$io++o* M3 T3* @ Pett * R3 E3 2147B53 T"e e!!i$ient assess&ent o! need !or $ognition' #ournal of (ersonality Assessment, )** <1D;<1C3 DeMello* M3 2)11<53 Bodies of Inscription: A Cultural History of t&e Modern Tattoo Community' Du/e: Du/e 8ni,ersit Press3 Diener* E3* E&&ons* R3A3* Larsen* R3M3* @ 6ri!!in* S3 2147053 T"e satis!a$tion -it" li!e s$ale3 #ournal of (ersonality Assessment, )+, C1;C03 Dre-s* D3 R3* Allison* '3 O3* @ Pro.st* M3 R3 2)11153 Be"a,ioral and sel!;$on$e+t di!!eren$es in tattooed and nontattooed $ollege students3 (syc&ological $eports* *,* BC0;B713 Du/es* R3 L3* @ Stein* M3 A3 2)11153 In/ and "oles: 'orrelates and +redi$ti,e asso$iations o! .od &odi!i$ation a&ong adoles$ents3 -out& . Society* )/* 10BC;10D43

PERSONALITY IDENTIFIED IN THE BODILY MODIFIED

1<

Hendin* H3 M3* @ '"ee/* M3 M3 2144C53 Assessing " +ersensiti,e nar$issis&: A re; e%a&ination o! Murra Ps nar$issis& s$ale3 #ournal of $esearc& in (ersonality, /0* 077; 0443 Leto!s/ ;Pa+st* E3 Bo$/* M3 Moser* L3 Dor!er* E3 Egarter;Higl* F3 Ho!er3 2)11453 T"e tattoos o! t"e T rolean I$e&an: a lig"t &i$ros$o+i$al* ultrastru$tural and ele&ent anal ti$al stud * #ournal of Arc&aeological Science* <D* )<<0;)<B13 Pe- Resear$" 'enter3 2)11153 Millennials3 A +ortrait o! generation ne%t3 Pe- Resear$" 'enter3 Preti* A3* Pinna* '3* No$$o* S3* Mulliri* E3* Pilia* S3* Petretto* D3* @ Masala* '3 2)11D53 Bod o! e,iden$e: Tattoos* .od +ier$ing* and eating disorder s &+to&s a&ong adoles$ents3 #ournal 1f (syc&osomatic $esearc&* ,0* 0D1;0DD3 Ra&&stedt* B3 @ Mo"n* O3 P3 2)11C53 Measuring +ersonalit in one &inute or less: A 11 ite& s"ort ,ersion o! t"e Big Fi,e In,entor in Englis" and 6er&an' #ournal of $esearc& in (ersonality, )0* )1<;)1)3 Ro.erti* M3 (3* Stor$"* E3 A3* @ Bra,ata* E3 A3 2)11B53 Sensation see/ing* e%+osure to +s $"oso$ial stressors* and .od &odi!i$ations in a $ollege +o+ulation3 (ersonality and Individual ifferences* /2* 11DC;11CC3 Rosen.erg* Morris3 14743 Society and t&e Adolescent Self3Image3 Re,ised edition3 Middleto-n* 'T: (esle an 8ni,ersit Press3 Stirn* A3* Hin?* A3* @ BrQ"ler* E3 2)11D53 Pre,alen$e o! tattooing and .od +ier$ing in 6er&an and +er$e+tion o! "ealt"* &ental disorders* and sensation see/ing a&ong tattooed and .od +ier$ed indi,iduals3 #ournal 1f (syc&osomatic $esearc&* ,4* 0<1;0<B3

PERSONALITY IDENTIFIED IN THE BODILY MODIFIED

1B

Stirn* A3* @ Hin?* A3 2)11753 Tattoos* .od +ier$ings* and sel!;inJur : Is t"ere a $onne$tionR In,estigations on a $ore grou+ o! +arti$i+ants +ra$ti$ing .od &odi!i$ation3 (syc&ot&erapy $esearc&* 0** <)D;<<<3 S-a&i* H3 2)11153 Mar/ed !or li!eR A +ros+e$ti,e stud o! tattoos on a++earan$e an%iet and dissatis!a$tion* +er$e+tions o! uni#ueness* and sel!;estee&3 Body Image* ** )<C;)BB3 Tate* M3 '3* @ S"elton* B3 L3 2)11753 Personalit $orrelates o! tattooing and .od +ier$ing in a $ollege sa&+le: T"e /ids are alrig"t3 (ersonality And Individual ifferences* )5* )71; )703 Tigge&ann* M3* @ Ho+/ins* L3 A3 2)11153 Tattoos and +ier$ings: Bodil e%+ressions o! uni#uenessR Body Image* 7* )B0;)013 (o"lra.* S3* Sta"l* M3* Ra&&sa er* T3* @ Oa++eler* P3 M3 2)11C53 Di!!eren$es in +ersonalit $"ara$teristi$s .et-een .od ;&odi!ied and non;&odi!ied indi,iduals: Asso$iations -it" indi,idual +ersonalit traits and t"eir +ossi.le e,olutionar i&+li$ations3 European #ournal 1f (ersonality* 60* 4<1;4013

PERSONALITY IDENTIFIED IN THE BODILY MODIFIED

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A++endi% A Table 1. 'orrelations a&ong Personalit * De&ogra+"i$s* Bod Modi!i$ation and Des$ri+ti,e Statisti$s 2N FC0 5 Haria.les 1 ) < B 0 D C 7 a 13 6ender )3 Age 31D <3 Ho- &an ;3<BS ;31< +ier$ings do ou "a,eR B3 Ho- easil $on$eala.le are our tattoosR 03 Ho- o!ten do ou $o,er our tattoosR D3 Do ou "a,e at least one tattooR C3 Ha,e ou "ad an +ier$ings in t"e +ast t"at ou re&o,edR ;310 ;311 ;311 ;301S 31C 31) ;310 ;31D 31D ;301S ;314 ;31B ;31B 31< ;3<7S S S 310 3B4S ;310

PERSONALITY IDENTIFIED IN THE BODILY MODIFIED

1D

Haria.les 73 Nar$issis& 43 Need !or 'ognition

1 31< 31C

) ;317 331D

< ;317 31D

B 311 ;311

0 3)1 31D

D ;31) ;3)1

C 3)4S ;31C

7 ;3<1SS

A++endi% B Table 2. Linear Regression: Predi$ting Nu&.er o! Tattoos 2N F)B5 Predi$tor B SE B 6ender Need !or 'ognition S$ale Sel!;Estee& S$ale Nar$issis& S$ale Sp N 3103 SSp N 3113 SSSp N 31113 <34BSS ;0311S 34D ;1370S C3D1 13B1 1317 37DC

7 30D ;3D0 317 ;3B)

PERSONALITY IDENTIFIED IN THE BODILY MODIFIED

1C

A++endi% ' Table 3. Linear Regression: Predi$ting Nu&.er o! Pier$ings 2N FC0 5 Predi$tor B SE B 6ender Need !or 'ognition S$ale Sel!;Estee& S$ale Nar$issis& S$ale Sp N 3103 SSp N 3113 SSSp N 31113 ;)3)1SSS ;3<1 3C7 3)< 3C) 37) 3D1 3D1

8 ;3<B ;310 310 310

PERSONALITY IDENTIFIED IN THE BODILY MODIFIED

17

A++endi% D The Self-Perception Scale 13 I a& $o&!orta.le -it" & +ersonal st le3 )3 I donAt t"in/ t"at & a++earan$e re!le$ts t"e GrealI &e3 S <3 E,en i! I "ad &ore &one * I -ould not reall $"ange t"e -a I $"oose to dress3 B3 I a& not "a++ -it" t"e -a I +resent & sel! to ot"ers3 S 03 M st le is a $lear e%+ression o! -"o I a&