Calculus Solutions 4 1

f x=c f (c)
f f c f (c) x
c
b d b e d
s
a c r t
e t c e s b
c d r
a
f (4)=4 f (7)=0
f (4)=4 f (6)=3 f (2)=1 f (5)=2
f (8)=5 f (2)=0
f (1)=2 f (4)=4 f (6)=3 f (2)=0 f (5)=2 f (7)=1
1. A function has an absolute minimum at if is the smallest function value on the entire
domain of , whereas has a local minimum at if is the smallest function value when is
near .
2. (a) The Extreme Value Theorem
(b) See the Closed Interval Method.
3. Absolute maximum at ; absolute minimum at ; local maxima at and ; local minima at and
;
neither a maximum nor a minimum at , , , and .
4. Absolute maximum at ; absolute minimum at ; local maxima at , , and ; local minima at ,
, , and ;
neither a maximum nor a minimum at .
5. Absolute maximum value is ; absolute minimum value is ; local maximum values
are and ; local minimum values are and .
6. Absolute maximum value is ; absolute minimum value is ; local maximum values
are , , and ; local minimum values are , , and .
7. Absolute minimum at 2, absolute maximum at 3, local minimum at 4
8. Absolute minimum at 1, absolute maximum at 5, local maximum at 2, local minimum at 4
9. Absolute maximum at 5, absolute minimum at 2, local maximum at 3, local minima at 2 and 4
1
Stewart Calculus ET 5e 0534393217;4. Applications of Differentiation; 4.1 Maximum and Minimum Values
f 10. has no local maximum or minimum, but 2 and 4 are critical numbers
11. (a)
(b)
(c)
12. (a) Note that a local maximum cannot occur at an endpoint.
2
f
f
(b)
Note: By the Extreme Value Theorem, must not be continuous.
13. (a) Note: By the Extreme Value Theorem, must not be continuous; because if it were, it would
attain an absolute minimum.
(b)
14. (a)
3
f (x)=83x x_1 f (1)=5
f (x)=32x x_5 f (5)=7
f (x)=x
2
0<x<2
(b)
15. , . Absolute maximum ; no local maximum. No absolute or local
minimum.
16. , . Absolute minimum ; no local minimum. No absolute or local
maximum.
17. , . No absolute or local maximum or minimum value.
4
f (x)=x
2
0<x_2 f (2)=4
f (x)=x
2
0_x<2 f (0)=0
f (x)=x
2
0_x_2 f (2)=4 f (0)=0
f (x)=x
2
3_x_2 f (3)=9
f (0)=0
18. , . Absolute maximum ; no local maximum. No absolute or local
minimum.
19. , . Absolute minimum ; no local minimum. No absolute or local
maximum.
20. , . Absolute maximum . Absolute minimum . No local maximum
or minimum.
21. , . Absolute maximum . No local maximum. Absolute and local
minimum .
5
f (x)=1+(x+1)
2
2_x<5 f (1)=1
f (t)=1/t 0<t<1
f (t)=1/t 0<t_1 f (1)=1
f ( )=sin 2 _ _2 f
3
2
=f

2
=1
f
2
=f
3
2
=1
22. , . No absolute or local maximum. Absolute and local minimum
.
23. , . No maximum or minimum.
24. , . Absolute minimum ; no local minimum. No local or absolute
maximum.
25. , . Absolute and local maxima . Absolute and
local minima .
6
f ( )=tan
4
_ <
2
f
4
=1
f (x)=1 x f (0)=1
f (x)=e
x
f (x)=
1x
2x4
if 0_x<2
if 2_x_3
{
f (3)=2
f (x)=
x
2
2x
2
if1_x<0
if0_x_1
{
26. , . Absolute minimum ; no local minimum. No absolute
or local maximum.
27. . Absolute maximum ; no local maximum. No absolute or local minimum.
28. . No absolute or local maximum or minimum value.
29.
Absolute maximum ; no local maximum. No absolute or local minimum.
30.
7
f (0)=2
f (x)=5x
2
+4x= f
/
(x)=10x+4 f
/
(x)=0=x=
2
5

2
5
f (x)=x
3
+x
2
x= f
/
(x)=3x
2
+2x1 f
/
(x)=0=(x+1)(3x1)=0=x=1
1
3
f (x)=x
3
+3x
2
24x= f
/
(x)=3x
2
+6x24=3 x
2
+2x8
( )
f
/
(x)=0=3(x+4)(x2)=0=x=4 2
f (x)=x
3
+x
2
+x = f
/
(x)=3x
2
+2x+1 f
/
(x)=0=3x
2
+2x+1=0=x=
2 412
6
s(t)=3t
4
+4t
3
6t
2
=s
/
(t)=12t
3
+12t
2
12t s
/
(t)=0=12t t
2
+t1
( )
=t=0 t
2
+t1=0
t=
1 1
2
4(1)(1)
2(1)
=
1 5
2
~0.618
1.618 0
1 5
2
f (z)=
z+1
z
2
+z+1
= f
/
(z)=
z
2
+z+1
( )
1(z+1)(2z+1)
z
2
+z+1
( )
2
=
z
2
2z
z
2
+z+1
( )
2
=0=z(z+2)=0=z=0 2
z
2
+z+1=0 <0
g(x)= 2x+3 =
2x+3
(2x+3)
if 2x+3_0
if 2x+3<0
{
=g
/
(x)=
2
2
if x>
3
2
if x<
3
2
{
g
/
(x) 0
g
/
(x)
Absolute and local maximum .
No absolute or local minimum.
31. . , so is the only critical number.
32. . , . These are the only
critical numbers.
33. .
, . These are the only critical numbers.
34. . . Neither of these is
a real number. Thus, there are no critical numbers.
35. . or . Using the
quadratic formula to solve the latter equation gives us ,
. The three critical numbers are , .
36. , are the
critical numbers. (Note that since the discriminant .)
37. is never , but
does not exist for
8
x=
3
2

3
2
g(x)=x
1/3
x
2/3
=g
/
(x)=
1
3
x
2/3
+
2
3
x
5/3
=
1
3
x
5/3
(x+2)=
x+2
3x
5/3
g
/
(2)=0 g
/
(0) 0 g 2
g(t)=5t
2/3
+t
5/3
=g
/
(t)=
10
3
t
1/3
+
5
3
t
2/3
g
/
(0) t=0
g
/
(t)=
5
3
t
1/3
(2+t)=0=t=2 t=2
g(t)= t (1t)=t
1/2
t
3/2
=g
/
(t)=
1
2 t

3
2
t g
/
(0) t=0
0=g
/
(t)=
13t
2 t
=t=
1
3
t=
1
3
F(x)=x
4/5
(x4)
2
=
F
/
(x)
=x
4/5
2(x4)+(x4)
2
4
5
x
1/5
=
1
5
x
1/5
(x4) 5 x 2+(x4) 4
=
(x4)(14x16)
5x
1/5
=
2(x4)(7x8)
5x
1/5
=0 x=4
8
7
F
/
(0)
0
8
7
4
G(x)=
3
x
2
x =G
/
(x)=
1
3
x
2
x
( )
2/3
(2x1) G
/
(x) x
2
x=0
x=0 1 G
/
(x)=0=2x1=0=x=
1
2
x=0
1
2
1
f ( )=2cos +sin
2
= f
/
( )=2sin +2sin cos f
/
( )=0=2sin (cos 1)=0=sin =0
cos =1= =n n =2n =n =2n
=n
g( )=4 tan =g
/
( )=4sec
2
g
/
( )=0=sec
2
=4=sec =2=cos =
1
2
= =
3
+2n
, so is the only critical number.
38. .
and does not exist, but is not in the domain of , so the only critical number is .
39. . does not exist, so is a critical number.
, so is also a critical number.
40. . does not exist, so is a critical number.
, so is also a critical number.
41.

when , ; and does not exist.
Critical numbers are , , .
42. . does not exist when , that is, when
or . . So the critical numbers are , , .
43. . or
( an integer) or . The solutions include the solutions , so the
critical numbers are .
44. . ,
9
5
3
+2n
2
3
+2n
4
3
+2n
g
/
( ) g
f (x)=xln x= f
/
(x)=x(1/x)+(ln x) 1=ln x+1 f
/
(x)=0=ln x=1=x=e
1
=1/e
x=1/e
f (x)=xe
2x
= f
/
(x)=x(2e
2x
)+e
2x
=e
2x
(2x+1) e
2x
0 f
/
(x)=0
2x+1=0=x=
1
2

1
2
f (x)=3x
2
12x+5 0,3 f
/
(x)=6x12=0=x=2
f (0)=5 f (2)=7 f (3)=4 f (0)=5 f (2)=7
f (x)=x
3
3x+1 0,3 f
/
(x)=3x
2
3=0=x=1 1 0,3 f (0)=1 f (1)=1
f (3)=19 f (3)=19 f (1)=1
f (x)=2x
3
3x
2
12x+1 [2,3] f
/
(x)=6x
2
6x12=6 x
2
x2
( )
=6 x2 ( ) x+1 ( ) =0=x=2,1
f (2)=3 f (1)=8 f (2)=19 f (3)=8 f (1)=8
f (2)=19
f (x)=x
3
6x
2
+9x+2 [1,4] f
/
(x)=3x
2
12x+9=3 x
2
4x+3
( )
=3(x1)(x3)=0=x=1,3 f (1)=14
f (1)=6 f (3)=2 f (4)=6 f (1)=f (4)=6 f (1)=14
f (x)=x
4
2x
2
+3 [2,3]. f
/
(x)=4x
3
4x=4x x
2
1
( )
=4x(x+1)(x1)=0=x=1 0 1 f (2)=11
f (1)=2 f (0)=3 f (1)=2 f (3)=66 f (3)=66 f (1)=2
f (x)= x
2
1
( )
3
[1,2] f
/
(x)=3 x
2
1
( )
2
2x ( ) =6x x+1 ( )
2
x1 ( )
2
=0=x=1,0,1 f (1)=0 f (0)=1
f (2)=27 f (2)=27 f (0)=1
f (x)=
x
x
2
+1
0,2 f
/
(x)=
x
2
+1
( )
x(2x)
x
2
+1
( )
2
=
1x
2
x
2
+1
( )
2
=0=x=1 1 0,2 f (0)=0
f (1)=
1
2
f (2)=
2
5
f (1)=
1
2
f (0)=0
, , and are critical numbers.
Note: The values of that make undefined are not in the domain of .
45. . . Therefore, the only
critical number is .
46. . Since is never , we have only when
. So is the only critical number.
47. , . . Applying the Closed Interval Method, we find
that , , and . So is the absolute maximum value and is the
absolute minimum value.
48. , . , but is not in . , , and
. So is the absolute maximum value and is the absolute minimum value.
49. , . .
, , , and . So is the absolute maximum value and
is the absolute minimum value.
50. , . . ,
, , and . So is the absolute maximum value and is the
51. , , , . ,
, , , . So is the absolute maximum value and is the
52. , . . ,
, and . So is the absolute maximum value and is the absolute minimum
value.
53. , . , but is not in .
, , . So is the absolute maximum value and is the absolute
10
f (x)=
x
2
4
x
2
+4
[4,4] f
/
(x)=
x
2
+4
( )
(2x) x
2
4
( )
(2x)
x
2
+4
( )
2
=
16x
x
2
+4
( )
2
=0=x=0 f (4)=
12
20
=
3
5
f (0)=1 f (4)=
3
5
f (0)=1
f (t)=t 4t
2
1,2
f
/
(t)=t
1
2
4t
2
( )
1/2
2t ( ) + 4t
2
( )
1/2
1=
t
2
4t
2
+ 4t
2
=
t
2
+ 4t
2
( )
4t
2
=
42t
2
4t
2
f
/
(t)=0=
42t
2
=0 =t
2
=2=t= 2 t= 2 1,2 f
/
(t)
4t
2
=0=t=2 2 f (1)= 3 f 2 ( ) =2 f (2)=0
f 2 ( ) =2 f (1)= 3
f (t)=
3
t 8t ( ) [0,8] f (t)=8t
1/3
t
4/3
= f
/
(t)=
8
3
t
2/3
4
3
t
1/3
=
4
3
t
2/3
(2t)=
4(2t)
3
3
t
2
f
/
(t)=0=t=2
f
/
(t) t=0 f (0)=0 f (2)=6
3
2~7.56 f (8)=0
f (2)=6
3
2 f (0)=f (8)=0
f (x)=sin x+cos x 0,
3
f
/
(x)=cos xsin x=0=sin x=cos x=
sin x
cos x
=1=tan x=1=
x=
4
f (0)=1 f

4
= 2~1.41 f

3
=
3 +1
2
~1.37 f

4
= 2
f (0)=1
f (x)=x2cos x , f
/
(x)=1+2sin x=0=sin x=
1
2
=x=
5
6

6
f ( )=2 ~1.14
f
5
6
= 3
5
6
~0.886 f
6
=
6
3~2.26 f ( )= +2~5.14 f ( )= +2
f
6
=
6
3
f (x)=xe
x
0,2 f
/
(x)=x(e
x
)+e
x
=e
x
(1x)=0=x=1
f (0)=0 f (1)=e
1
=1/e~0.37 f (2)=2/e
2
~0.27 f (1)=1/e
f (0)=0
minimum value.
54. , . . and
. So is the absolute maximum value and is the absolute minimum value.
55. , .
.
, but is not in the given interval, . does not exist if
, but is not in the given interval. , , and . So
is the absolute maximum value and is the absolute minimum value.
56. , . .
. does not exist if . , , and .
So is the absolute maximum value and is the absolute minimum value.
57. , .
. , , . So is the absolute
maximum value and is the absolute minimum value.
58. , . , . ,
, , . So is the
absolute maximum value and is the absolute minimum value.
59. , . .
, , . So is the absolute maximum value and
is the absolute minimum value.
11
f (x)=
ln x
x
1,3 f
/
(x)=
x(1/x)ln x
x
2
=
1ln x
x
2
=0=1ln x=0=ln x=1=x=e f (1)=0/1=0
f (e)=1/e~0.368 f (3)=(ln 3)/3~0.366 f (e)=1/e f (1)=0
f (x)=x3ln x 1,4 f
/
(x)=1
3
x
=
x3
x
=0=x=3 f
/
x=0 0
f f (1)=1 f (3)=33ln 3~0.296 f (4)=43ln 4~0.159 f (1)=1
f (3)=33ln 3~0.296
f (x)=e
x
e
2x
0,1 f
/
(x)=e
x
(1)e
2x
(2)=
2
e
2x

1
e
x
=
2e
x
e
2x
=0=e
x
=2=x=ln 2~0.69 f (0)=0
f (ln 2)=e
ln 2
e
2ln 2
= e
ln 2
( )
1
e
ln 2
( )
2
=2
1
2
2
=
1
2

1
4
=
1
4
f (1)=e
1
e
2
~0.233 f (ln 2)=
1
4
f (0)=0
f (x)=x
a
(1x)
b
0_x_1 a>0 b>0
f
/
(x) =x
a
b(1x)
b 1
(1)+(1x)
b
ax
a 1
=x
a 1
(1x)
b 1
x b(1)+(1x) a
=x
a1
(1x)
b1
(aaxbx)
f (0)=f (1)=0 f (0,1) f
/
(x)=0=
x=
a
a+b
.
f
a
a+b
=
a
a+b
a
1
a
a+b
b
=
a
a
(a+b)
a
a+ba
a+b
b
=
a
a
(a+b)
a
b
b
(a+b)
b
=
a
a
b
b
a+b ( )
a + b
f
a
a+b
=
a
a
b
b
a+b ( )
a + b
f
/
(x)=0 x=0.0 2.0 f
/
(x) x=0.7 1.0
2.7 f 0.7 0.0 1.0 2.0 2.7
60. , . . ,
, . So is the absolute maximum value and is
the absolute minimum value.
61. , . . does not exist for , but is not in the
domain of . , , . So is the absolute
maximum value and is the absolute minimum value.
62. , . .
, , . So
is the absolute maximum value and is the absolute minimum value.
63. , , , .

At the endpoints, we have [ the minimum value of ]. In the interval ,
.
So is the absolute maximum value.
64.
We see that at about and , and that does not exist at about , , and
, so the critical numbers of are about , , , , and .
12
f (1.63)=9.71
f (1.63)=7.71
0,1 ( ) y=x
3
8x
f (x)=x
3
8x+1= f
/
(x)=3x
2
8 f
/
(x)=0=x=
8
3
f
8
3
=
8
3
3
8
8
3
+1=
8
3
8
3
8
8
3
+1
=
16
3
8
3
+1=1
32 6
9
16
3
8
3
+1=1+
32 6
9
f (0.58)=1.47
f (1)=f (0)=1.00
f (x)=e
x
3
x
= f
/
(x)=e
x
3
x
3x
2
1
( )
f
/
(x)=0 1,0 =x= 1/3 f (1)=f (0)=1
f 1/3 ( ) =e
3 /9+ 3 /3
=e
2 3 /9
f (0.75)=0.32
f (0)=f (1)=0
65. (a)
From the graph, it appears that the absolute maximum value is about , and the absolute
minimum value is about . These values make sense because the graph is symmetric
about the point . ( is symmetric about the origin.)
(b) . So .

or
(From the graph, we see that the extreme values do not occur at the endpoints.)
66. (a)
minimum value is about ; that is, at both endpoints.
(b) . So on . (minima)
and (maximum).
67. (a)
minimum value is ; that is, at both endpoints.
13
f (x)=x xx
2
= f
/
(x)=x
12x
2 xx
2
+ xx
2
=
x2x
2
( )
+ 2x2x
2
( )
2 xx
2
=
3x4x
2
2 xx
2
f
/
(x)=0=
3x4x
2
=0=x(34x)=0 = x=0
3
4
f (0)=f (1)=0
f
3
4
=
3
4
3
4
3
4
2
=
3 3
16
f (5.76)=0.58
f (3.67)=0.58
f (x)=
cos x
2+sin x
= f
/
(x)=
(2+sin x)(sin x)(cos x)(cos x)
2+sin x ( )
2
=
12sin x
2+sin x ( )
2
f
/
(x)=0=sin x=
1
2
=x=
7
6
11
6
f
7
6
=
3/2
3/2
=
1
3
f
11
6
=
3/2
3/2
=
1
3
=
mass
volume
=
1000
V(T)
/
3
V
d
dT
=1000V
2 dV
dT
V 0 V
V(T)=999.870.06426T+0.0085043T
2
0.0000679T
3
=
V
/
(T)=0.06426+0.0170086T0.0002037T
2
0
T T=
0.0170086 0.0170086
2
4 0.0002037 0.06426
2(0.0002037)
~3.9665
79.5318
_T_30
3.9665
(0)~
1000
999.87
~1.00013 (30)~
1000
1003.7628
~0.99625
(b) . So
or . ,
and .
68. (a)
minimum value is about .
(b) .
So or . Now ,
and .
69. The density is defined as (in g cm ). But a critical point of will also be a
critical point of since [ and is never ], and is easier to differentiate than
.
. Setting this equal to and using the quadratic formula
to
find , we get C or C.
Since we are only interested in the region C C, we check the density at the endpoints
and at C: ; ;
14
(3.9665)~
1000
999.7447
~1.000255 3.9665
F=
W
sin +cos
=
dF
d
=
( sin +cos )(0)W( cos sin )
sin +cos ( )
2
=
W( cos sin )
sin +cos ( )
2
dF
d
=0= cos sin =0 ==
sin
cos
=tan tan F
F=
(tan )W
(tan )sin +cos
=
W tan
sin
2
cos
+cos
=
W tan cos
sin
2
+cos
2
=
W sin
1
=Wsin
tan = sin =

2
+1
F=

2
+1
W
F F(0)=W F

2
=W

2
+1
_1
2
+1
_

2
+1
W
F(0) F

2
2
+1
W
F( ) tan =
I(t)=0.00009045t
5
+0.001438t
4
0.06561t
3
+0.4598t
2
0.6270t+99.33 0,10
I
/
(t)=0.00045225t
4
+0.005752t
3
0.19683t
2
+0.9196t0.6270 I
/
t
I I
/
(t)=0
I
/
(t)=0 t~29.7186 0.8231 5.1309 11.0459
0,10 I
I(0.8231)~99.09 I(5.1309)~100.67 I
I(0)=99.33 I(10)~96.86
t~5.1309 t=10
. So water has its maximum density at about C.
70. .
So . Substituting for in gives us
.
If , then (see the figure), so . We compare this with the
value of at the endpoints: and . Now because and
, we have that
is less than or equal to each of and . Hence, is the absolute minimum
value of , and it occurs when .
71. We apply the Closed Interval Method to the continuous function
on . Its derivative is
. Since exists for all , the only
critical numbers of occur when . We use a root finder on a computer algebra system (or a
graphing device) to find that when , , , or , but only the
second and third roots lie in the interval . The values of at these critical numbers are
and . The values of at the endpoints of the interval are
and . Comparing these four numbers, we see that food was most expensive
at (corresponding roughly to August, 1989) and cheapest at (midyear 1994).
15
v(t)=0.00146t
3
0.11553t
2
+24.98169t21.26872
a(t)=v
/
(t)=0.00438t
2
0.23106t+24.98169=a
/
(t)=0.00876t0.23106 a
/
(t)=0=
t
1
=
0.23106
0.00876
~26.4 a(0)~24.98 a(t
1
)~21.93 a(125)~64.54
64.5 /
2
21.93 /
2
v(r)=k(r
0
r)r
2
=kr
0
r
2
kr
3
=v
/
(r)=2kr
0
r3kr
2
v
/
(r)=0=kr(2r
0
3r)=0=r=0
2
3
r
0
0
v
1
2
r
0
2
3
r
0
r
0
v
1
2
r
0
=
1
8
kr
3
0
v
2
3
r
0
=
4
27
kr
3
0
v(r
0
)=0
4
27
>
1
8
v r=
2
3
r
0
v
4
27
kr
3
0
g(x)=2+(x5)
3
=g
/
(x)=3(x5)
2
=g
/
(5)=0 5 g(5)=2 g
>2 <2 5 g
5
f (x)=x
101
+x
51
+x+1= f
/
(x)=101x
100
+51x
50
+1_1 x f
/
(x)=0
f (x) f (x)
f c f (x)_ f (c) x c
g(x)= f (x)_ f (c)=g(c) x c g(x) c
f c g(x)= f (x) c g
/
(c)=0
72. (a)
The equation of the graph in the figure is
.
(b) .
. , , and . The maximum acceleration is
about ft s and the minimum acceleration is about ft s .
73. (a) . or (but
is not in the interval). Evaluating at , , and , we get ,
, and . Since , attains its maximum value at . This
supports the statement in the text.
(b) From part (a), the maximum value of is .
(c)
74. , so is a critical number. But and takes on
values and values in any open interval containing , so does not have a local maximum or
minimum at .
75. for all , so has no solution. Thus,
has no critical number, so can have no local maximum or minimum.
76. Suppose that has a minimum value at , so for all near . Then
for all near , so has a maximum value at .
77. If has a local minimum at , then has a local maximum at , so by the case
16
f
/
(c)=g
/
(c)=0
f (x)=ax
3
+bx
2
+cx+d a=0 f
/
(x)=3ax
2
+2bx+c 2 1
0 f (x) 2 1 0
f (x)=x
3
3x=
f
/
(x)=3x
2
3 x=1,1
=
f
/
(x)=3x,so
f (x)=x
3
+3x=
f
/
(x)=3x
2
+3
of Fermats Theorem proved in the text. Thus, .
78.
(a)
, . So is a quadratic and hence has either , ,
or real roots, so has either , or critical numbers.
Case (i) (2 critical numbers):
Case (ii) (1 critical
number):
Case (iii) (no critical number):
, so
are critical numbers.
f(x)=x
x=0
is the only critical number.
,
so there are no real roots.

(b) Since there are at most two critical numbers, it can have at most two local extreme values and
by (i) this can occur. By (iii) it can have no local extreme value. However, if there is only one
critical number, then there is no local extreme value.

17

Calculus Solutions 4 1

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