WHAT IS A LIGAMENT?

A ligament is the fibrous tissue that connects bones to other bones and is also kno n as articular ligament! articular larua! fibrous ligament! or true ligament" Ligament can also refer to# $eritoneal ligament# a fold of %eritoneum or other membranes" &etal remnant ligament# the remnants of a tubular structure from the fetal %eriod of life" $eriodontal ligament# a grou% of fibers that attach the cementum of teeth to the surrounding al'eolar bone" The stud( of ligaments is kno n as desmolog( )from Greek *+,-./! desmos! 0bond01 and 234567! 2logia8" Ligaments are similar to tendons and fasciae as the( are all made of collagen e9ce%t that ligaments :oin one bone to another bone! tendons :oin muscle to bone and fasciae connect muscles to other muscles" These are all found in the skeletal s(stem of the human bod(" Ligaments cannot be regenerated naturall(" WHAT IS A &AS;IA? A fascia )<f=><! <f=i><1 %lural fasciae <f="i<1 ad:ecti'e fascial1 from Latin# 0band08 is a la(er of fibrous tissue" A fascia is a structure of connecti'e tissue that surrounds muscles! grou%s of muscles! blood 'essels! and ner'es! binding some structures together! hile %ermitting others to slide smoothl( o'er each other" ?arious kinds of fascia ma( be distinguished" The( are classified according to their distinct la(ers! their functions and their anatomical location# su%erficial fascia! dee% )or muscle8 fascia! and 'isceral )or %arietal8 fascia etc"""""""""" WHAT IS A$@NEAB@SIS<A$@NEAB@SES# A%oneuroses )%lural of a%oneurosis# 7C4! 0a a(0 or 0of0! and D+EF4D! 0sine 0! and %ronounced a%GoGneuGroGsis8 are la(ers of flat broad sheets in %lace of tendons" The( ha'e a shin(! hitish2sil'er( color! are histologicall( similar to tendons! and are 'er( s%aringl( su%%lied ith blood 'essels and ner'es" When dissected! a%oneuroses are %a%er( and %eel off b( sections" The %rimar( regions ith thick a%oneurosis are in the 'entral abdominal region! the dorsal lumbar region! and the %almar and %lantar region" Their %rimar( function is to :oin muscles and the bod( %arts the muscles act u%on! hether it be bone or muscle" What is a HABSA# A bursa )%lural bursae8 is a small fluid2filled sac lined b( s(no'ial membrane ith an inner ca%illar( la(er of 'iscous fluid )similar in consistenc( to that of a ra egg hite8" It %ro'ides a cushion bet een bones and tendons and<or muscles around a :oint" This hel%s to reduce friction bet een the bones and allo s free mo'ement" Hursae are filled ith s(no'ial fluid and are found around most ma:or :oints of the bod(")W@BI#Hursa is Latin for %urse! so named for the resemblance of an anatomical bursa to a %urse8

Developmental Classification J Membrane (Dermal) Bones ossif( in membrane )intramembranous or mesench(mal ossification8! and are thus deri'ed from mesench(mal condensations" E9am%les# bones of the 'ault of skull and facial bones" A defect in membranous ossification causes a rare s(ndrome called cleidocranial d(sostosis" It is characteriKed b( three cardinal features# L ?ar(ing degrees of a%lasia of the cla'icles1 L Increase in the trans'erse diameter of cranium! and L Betardation in fontanelle ossification" It ma( be hereditar( or en'ironmental in origin"

Cartilaginous Bones ossif( in cartilage )intracartilaginous or endochondral ossification8! and are thus deri'ed from %erformed cartilaginous models" E9am%les# bone of limbs! 'ertebral column and thoracic cage" A defect in endochondral ossification causes a common t(%e of d arfism called achondro%lasia! in hich the limbs are short! but the trunk is normal" It is transmitted as a Mendelian dominant character" Membrano-Cartilaginous Bones ossif( %artl( in membrane and %artl( in cartilage" E9am%les# cla'icle! mandible! occi%ital! tem%oral! s%henoid" HEAIMNE;N# O# hat is S;AL$? O#What are the contents of &@BAMEN MAGNAM? O#What is the clinical im%ortance of $TEBI@N?O#What is GLAHELLA?O#What is NASI@N?O# What is ASTEBBI@N?O#What is HBEGMA?O#What is LAMHIA? O#What is 'estibule of oral ca'it(?O# hat is sella turcica?O# hat do (ou kno about ANTEBI@B! MIIILE ANI $@STEBI@B clinoind %rocess?O#Which bones form HASI @;;I$AT?O#What is INI@N?O#What is ?EBTEP?HBAIN#O#What is IIEN;E$HEL@N?O#What do (ou mean b( the term ;@NTBA2LATEBAL?O#What do (ou mean b( the term I$SI2LATEBAL?O#What do (ou kno about Jst order!Qnd order and Rrd order NEAB@N?O#Wh( the no of Ascending trancts is greater then the Iesending tracts?O#What is the dfference bet een dura mater of HBAIN and S$INAL ;@BI?O#What is BETI;ALAB &@BMATI@N?O#ho man( columns are %resent in BETI;ALAB &@BMATI@N?O#Ho man( 'entricles are %resent in HBAIN?O#Ho

man( 'entricles are %resent in S$INAL ;@BI?O#Ho man( 'entricles are %resent in ;NS?

ANSWEBS#(BY DANIYAL, B M!(" LL#$) %AMDA&D 'NI( &!I)Y *A&AC%I BA)C%-+,-, JSskin! connecti'e tissue! a%oneurosis! losse conncti'e tissues! %erisotium or %ericranium QSMedulla oblongata! s%inal %art of accessor( ner'e! and right and left 'ertebral arteries RSunder %terion there is middle maningeal arter( and lateral sulcus of brain are %resent TSmeeting %oint of both su%er ciliar( arches USmeeting %oint of both inter nasal bones ith frontal bone of both side """""""VSmeeting %oint of occi%ital! %arietal and mastoid %art of tem%oral bone WSmeeting %oint of both %arietal and frontal bone or meeting %oint of coronal and sagital suture XSmeeting %oint of both %arietal and occi%ital bone or meeting %oint of sagital and lambdoid sutureYS hn teeth are close the outer area of the mouth is called 'estibule of oral ca'it( JZStuberculum sellae! dorsum sellae and %ituitar( fossa these R structure collecti'l( called sella tursica JJSant cilinoid %rocess is the %ro:ection of lesser ing of s%henoid bone to ards %ost cranial fossa! middle cilinoid %rocess is the lateral ti% of tuberculum sellae and %ost cilinoid %rocess is the lateral ti% of dorsum sellae some times ant and middle cilinoid %rocess are meet"""JQSocci%ital bone and base of s%henoid bone JRSmost %ointed or ti% of the e9ternal occi%ital %rotuburenceJTShighest %oint of the skullJUSall mid line structures JVSo%%osite side JWSsame sideJXSif e talk abt ascending tracks than frm rece%tor to the s%inal cord Jst order nueron thn frm s%inal cord to thalamus Qnd order neuron and frm thalamus to cerebral corte9 Rrd order neuron or in descending tracks o%%osite mean Rrd is Jst and Jst is Rrd #8JYSbecause sensor( infrmation ke bht sare t(%es hai es le(e QZSdura mater of brain is double la(er end osteal la(er and meningeal la(er and dura mater of s%inal cord is single la(er QJSThe reticular formation consists of a dee%l( %laced continuous net ork of ner'e cells and fibers that e9tend from the s%inal cord through the medulla! the %ons! the midbrain! the subthalamus! the h(%othalamus! and the thalamus"QQSU colums """""""" Q medial Q lateral and J middle QRST QTSJ QT U

Me.ical 'ses of t/e Caroti. )riangle

In the carotid triangle! man( of the 'essels and ner'es are relati'el( superficial! and so can be accessed b( surger(" The carotid arteries! internal :ugular 'ein! 'agus and h(%oglossal ner'es are fre[uent targets of this surgical a%%roach" The carotid triangle also contains the carotid sinus 2 a .ilate. %ortion of the common carotid and internal carotid arteries" It contains s%ecific sensor( cells!

called baroreceptors" The barorece%tors .etect stretc/ as a measure of blood %ressure" The glossop/ar0ngeal nerve feeds this information to the brain! and this is used to regulate blood %ressure" In some %eo%le! the barorece%tors are h(%ersensiti'e to stretch" In these %atients! e1ternal pressure on the carotid sinus can cause slo ing of the heart rate and a decrease in blood %ressure" The brain becomes un.erperfuse.! and s(nco%e results" In such %atients! checking the %ulse at the carotid triangle is not ad'ised" Ant triangle of neck The muscles in this %art of the neck are di'ided as to here the( lie in relation to the/0oi. bone" There are four supra/0oi. muscles )st(loh(oid! digastric! m(loh(oid! and genioh(oid8 and four infra/0oi. muscles )omoh(oid! sternoh(oid! th(roh(oid! and sternoth(roid8 With res%ect to the 'asculature! the common caroti. arter0 %asses through the anterior triangle! and bifurcates ithin the triangle into the e9ternal and internal carotid arteries" The internal 2ugular vein also can be found ithin this area" It drains blood from the head and neck" Numerous cranial nerves are located in the anterior triangle" Some %ass straight through! and others gi'e off branches to inner'ate some of the other structures ithin the triangle" The cranial ner'es in the anterior triangle are the facial 3(II4, glossop/ar0ngeal 3I54, vagus 354,accessor0 35I4, an. /0poglossal 35II4 nerves" ABD#M N6 O# hat is M@B$H\] SIGN? O#at hich le'el the s%leen is %resent? O#in hich [uadrant the s%leen is %resent? O#I@ \@A NN@W THE ABTEBIAL SA$$L\ @& SA$BA BENAL GLANI? O# WHAT IS THE II&&EBEN;E HETWEEN ?IS;EBAL ANI $ABIETAL $EBIT@NIIAM? O#WH\ WE SA\ THAT GBEATEB @MENTAM IS &@AB LA\EBEI? O#WHAT is the difference bet een right and left %aracolic gutters? O# hat is the im%ortance of GBEATEB @MENTAM?

O#WH\ WE SA\ THAT $EBIT@NIAM IS A ;L@SEI SA; IN MALE @NL\? WHAT HA$$EN IN &EMALE?? O#WHAT ABE THE ;@NTENTS @& S$EBMATI; ;@BI?hint#nine contents O# hich structure %asses though the INGAINAL ;ANAL in female? O# hat is the difference bet een common he%atic arter( and he%atic arter( %ro%er? O#In hich [uadrant does a%%endi9 lie? O# hat is root of mesenter( ?? O# hat are IN&BA ;@LI; S$A;ES? O#can (ou tell the difference bet een right and left infra colic s%aces? O# hat is the difference bet een the right and left infra2colic s%aces? 7 L(I!6 O#IN WHI;H L@HE @& $B@STATE GLANI AIEN@MA IS M@BE ;@MM@N? O#WHAT IS THE II&&EBEN;E HETWEEN A IIBE;T ANI INIIBE;T INGAINAL HEBNIA? O# hat is the difference bet een male and female %el'is? O# hat are true and false ligaments of %rostate glands?? 7 &INI'M6 O# WHAT IS $EBINIAM? O# hat is ISHI@ BE;TAL &@SSA?What is its relation ith &ISTALA IN AN@?? O#WHAT IS SA$EB&I;IAL $EBINEAL S$A;E? hat are its contents?? O# hat is $EBINEAL H@I\? GI?E ITS IM$@BTAN;E? O# hat is %el'ic dia%hragm? O# hat is Arogenital dia%hragm? Hones can be classified b( Sha%e

-8 Long bones Each long bone has an elongated shaft or dia%h(sis and t o e9%anded ends )e%i%h(ses8 hich are smooth and articular" The shaft t(%icall( has R surfaces se%arated b( R borders! a central medullar( ca'it(! and a nutrient foramen directed a a( from the gro ing end" E9am%les of t(%ical long bones are humerus! radius! ulna! femur! tibia and fibula! metacar%als! metatarsals and %halanges +8!/ort bonesTheir sha%e is usuall( cuboid! cuneiform! tra%eKoid! or sca%hoid" E9am%les# car%al and tarsal bones" 98"lat Bones resembles shallo %lates and form boundaries of certain bod( ca'ities" E9am%les# bone in the 'ault of the skull! ribs! sternum and sca%ula" :8 Irregular Bones6 'ertebra! hi% bone" ;87neumatic6 Hones ;ertain irregular bones contain large air s%aces lined b( e%ithelium" E9am%les# ma9illa! s%henoid! ethmoid! etc" the( make the skull light in eight! hel% in resonance of 'oice! and act as air conditioning chambers for the ins%ired air" <8!esamoi. Bones8 These are bon( nodules found embedded in the tendons or :oint ca%sules" The( ha'e no %eriosteum and ossif( after birth" The( are related to an articular or nonarticular bon( surface! and the surfaces of contact are co'ered ith h(aline cartilage and lubricated b( a bursa or s(no'ial membrane" E9am%les# %atella &unction of the sesamoid bones are not definitel( kno n" Their %ossible function are# L To resist %ressure1 L To minimiKe friction1 L To alter the direction of %ull of the muscle1 and L To maintain the local circulation" =8Accessor0 (!upernumerar0) Bones These are not al a(s %resent" The( ma( occur as ununited e%i%h(ses de'elo%ed from e9tra centres of ossification" E9am%les# sutural bones! os trigonum! os 'esalianum! etc" In medicolegal %ractice! accessor( bones ma( be mistaken for fractures" Ho e'er! these are often bilateral! and ha'e smooth surfaces ithout an( callus"

OSSIFICATION IN SCAPULA The scapula is ossified from seven or more centers: one for the body t!o for the coracoid process t!o for the acromion one for the "ertebral border and one for the inferior an#le$ @ssification of the bod( begins about the second month of fetal life! b( the formation of an irregular [uadrilateral %late of bone! immediatel( behind the glenoid ca'it(" This %late e9tends so as to form the chief %art of the bone! the s%ine gro ing u% from its dorsal surface about the third month" At birth! a large %art of the sca%ula is osseous! but the glenoid ca'it(! the coracoid %rocess! the acromion! the 'ertebral border! and the inferior angle are cartilaginous" &rom the fifteenth to the eighteenth month after birth! ossification takes %lace in the middle of the coracoid %rocess! hich as a rule becomes :oined ith the rest of the bone about the fifteenth (ear" Het een the fourteenth and t entieth (ears! ossification of the remaining %arts takes %lace in [uick succession! and usuall( in the follo ing order1 first! in the root of the coracoid %rocess! in the form of a broad scale1 secondl(! near the base of the acromion1 thirdl(! in the inferior angle and contiguous %art of the 'ertebral border1 fourthl(! near the e9tremit( of the acromion1 fifthl(! in the 'ertebral border" The base of the acromion is formed b( an e9tension from the s%ine1 the t o se%arate nuclei of the acromion unite! and then :oin ith the e9tension from the s%ine" The u%%er third of the glenoid ca'it( is ossified from a se%arate center )subcoracoid8! hich makes its a%%earance bet een the tenth and ele'enth (ears and :oins bet een the si9teenth and the eighteenth" &urther! an e%i%h(sical %late a%%ears for the lo er %art of the glenoid ca'it(! hile the ti% of the coracoid %rocess fre[uentl( %resents a se%arate nucleus" These 'arious e%i%h(ses are :oined to the bone b( the t ent(2fifth (ear" &ailure of bon( union bet een the acromion and s%ine sometimes occurs! the :unction being effected b( fibrous tissue! or b( an im%erfect articulation1 in some cases of su%%osed fracture of the acromion ith ligamentous union! it is %robable that the detached segment as ne'er united to the rest of the bone" 77 & LIMB6 O#WHAT IS ;AB$EL TANNEL? O#WHAT IS B@TAT@B ;A&&?also tell the im%ortance of it? O# ;AN \@A TELL THE NAME @& MAS;LES $B@IA;ING AHIA;TI@N< AIIA;TI@N < MEIIAL B@TATI@N<LATEBAL B@TATI@N < &LEPI@N < EPTENSI@N AB@ANI SH@ALIEB ^@INT? O#TELL THE NAME @& THE ABTEBIES MANING ANAST@M@SISES AB@ANI ELH@W ^@INT O#ho man( are the com%artments of ;ar%el Tunnel?

O#can (ou tell the contents of ;AH@ITAL &@SSA &B@M LATEBAL T@ MEIIAL? O# h( e gi'e the in:ection in the su%ra lateran region? O#if the humerus is fractured at sugical neck hat ould be the dra back of it? O#Whene'er there is shoulder in:ur("""""""""humerus dislocation is mostl( do n ards h(??? )%#&A56 O#WH\ THE LE&T ?ENTBI;LE @& HEABT IS THI;N WALLEI? O# WHAT IS THE II&&EBEN;E HETWEEN ?IS;EBAL ANI $ABIETAL $LAEBA? O#What is ANGLE @& LAIS?name the structures %ass at the le'el of this angle? L#$ & LIMB6 O#;an (ou tell the boundries of &EM@BAL TBIANGLE? O#What is SAH SABT@BIAL ;ANAL? O#What are the contents of $@$LITEAL &@SSA? O#What do (ou kno about &EM@BAL BAING? O#Which muscle is called as TAIL@B MAS;LE and h(? O#;an (ou name the contents of &emoral triangle? O#Ho man( are the com%artments of &EM@BAL SHEATH? O#What do (ou kno about L@;NING ANI AN2L@;NING of NNEE ^@INT? O#NAME all the ligaments of HI$ ^@INT? O#Name all the ligaments of NNEE ^@INT? O#Name the muscles %roducing &LEPI@N at HI$ ^@INT? O#Name the muscles %roducing MEIIAL B@TATI@N at HI$ ^@INT? O#Name the muscles %roducing EPTENSI@N at HI$ ^@INT?

O#Name the muscles %roducing LETEBAL B@TATI@N at HI$ ^@INT? O#Name the muscles %roducing AIIA;TI@N at HI$ ^@INT? O#Name the muscles %roducing AHIA;TI@N at HI$ ^@INT? ABD#M N6 O# hat is M@B$H\] SIGN? O#at hich le'el the s%leen is %resent? O#in hich [uadrant the s%leen is %resent? O#I@ \@A NN@W THE ABTEBIAL SA$$L\ @& SA$BA BENAL GLANI? O# WHAT IS THE II&&EBEN;E HETWEEN ?IS;EBAL ANI $ABIETAL $EBIT@NIIAM? O#WH\ WE SA\ THAT GBEATEB @MENTAM IS &@AB LA\EBEI? O#WHAT is the difference bet een right and left %aracolic gutters? O# hat is the im%ortance of GBEATEB @MENTAM? O#WH\ WE SA\ THAT $EBIT@NIAM IS A ;L@SEI SA; IN MALE @NL\? WHAT HA$$EN IN &EMALE?? O#WHAT ABE THE ;@NTENTS @& S$EBMATI; ;@BI?hint#nine contents O# hich structure %asses though the INGAINAL ;ANAL in female? O# hat is the difference bet een common he%atic arter( and he%atic arter( %ro%er? O#In hich [uadrant does a%%endi9 lie? O# hat is root of mesenter( ?? O# hat are IN&BA ;@LI; S$A;ES? O#can (ou tell the difference bet een right and left infra colic s%aces? O# hat is the difference bet een the right and left infra2colic s%aces? 7 L(I!6

O#IN WHI;H L@HE @& $B@STATE GLANI AIEN@MA IS M@BE ;@MM@N? O#WHAT IS THE II&&EBEN;E HETWEEN A IIBE;T ANI INIIBE;T INGAINAL HEBNIA? O# hat is the difference bet een male and female %el'is? O# hat are true and false ligaments of %rostate glands?? 7 &INI'M6 O# WHAT IS $EBINIAM? O# hat is ISHI@ BE;TAL &@SSA?What is its relation ith &ISTALA IN AN@?? O#WHAT IS SA$EB&I;IAL $EBINEAL S$A;E? hat are its contents?? O# hat is $EBINEAL H@I\? GI?E ITS IM$@BTAN;E? O# hat is %el'ic dia%hragm? O# hat is Arogenital dia%hragm? % AD>N C*6 O# hat is S;AL$? O#What are the contents of &@BAMEN MAGNAM? O#What is the clinical im%ortance of $TEBI@N? O#What is GLAHELLA? O#What is NASI@N? O# What is ASTEBBI@N? O#What is HBEGMA? O#What is LAMHIA? O#What is 'estibule of oral ca'it(? O# hat is sella turcica? O# hat do (ou kno about ANTEBI@B! MIIILE ANI $@STEBI@B clinoind %rocess?

O#Which bones form HASI @;;I$AT? O#What is INI@N? O#What is ?EBTEP? O#;an (ou tell the ner'e su%%l( of INTBINSI; MAS;LE @& THE T@NGAE? B&AIN6 O#What is IIEN;E$HEL@N? O#What do (ou mean b( the term ;@NTBA2LATEBAL? O#What do (ou mean b( the term I$SI2LATEBAL? O#What do (ou kno about Jst order!Qnd order and Rrd order NEAB@N? O#Wh( the no of Ascending trancts is greater then the Iesending tracts? O#What is the dfference bet een dura mater of HBAIN and S$INAL ;@BI? O#What is BETI;ALAB &@BMATI@N? O#ho man( columns are %resent in BETI;ALAB &@BMATI@N? O#Ho man( 'entricles are %resent in HBAIN? O#Ho man( 'entricles are %resent in S$INAL ;@BI? O#Ho man( 'entricles are %resent in ;NS? O#What is the difference bet een I$SILATEBAL ANI ;@NTBALATEBAL" O#What are %(ramids? t0molog0 of Ab.ominal $all an. Inguinal )erms $it/ particular t/an?s to @ac? L0ons, MD Aponeurosis 2 In %resent da( %arlance this ord for the broad tendon of a flat muscle has nothing to do ith ner'es as its 2neurosis %ortion might suggest" Hut the ancient Greeks ho coined the ord ere unable to distinguish bet een ner'es and tendons! both of hich ere called neuros" Hence the ord is a combination of a%o2! a %refi9 indicating a a( or deri'ation from1 and neurosis meaning a tendon"

Crus 2 is Latin for leg" ;rura is the %lural" Thus! the medial and lateral crura of the subcutaneous inguinal ring are sim%l( its t o legs" Et(mologicall( it is distinct from ords such as cruciform! hich are deri'ed from the Latin cru9! meaning cross" &rom the latter root e get crucial and crucifi9ion" 7ampiniform - The %am%iniform %le9uscoils along the s%ermatic cord form resembling the tendrils of an un%runed 'ine" The Latin ord %am%inus means :ust that! a tendril" %0poc/on.rium - So! h( should this region of the u%%er abdomen hich lies hidden beneath the lo er costal cartilages gi'e rise to the ad:ecti'e h(%ochondriac )chondros S Greek for cartilage8! to one ho suffers from an illness ithout kno norganic basis? Here_s h(# @n the left! the s%leen resides there" To the ancients! this organ as thought to be the seat of melanchol( and the source of emotions" And our %resent understanding of h(%ochondriasis is that of an emotional rather than an organic condition" In some regions of the countr(! (ou ill still occasionall( hear an old timer use the ad:ecti'e s%leen( to describe someone ho does not tolerate %ain ell" `I_m not one to be s%leen(! doc! but it hurts something ickeda" This usage has ob'iousl( drifted a bit a a( from the original meaning" Aubernaculum 2 is the Latin ord for rudder or helm of a boat" Hence it has the sense of a guide or go'ernor" Notice the relationshi% to our ord gubernatorial as in an election for the go'ernor" Dartos - This is N@T an e%on(mic %ossessi'e ad:ecti'e like Scar%a_s or ;olles_ and does not need to be ca%italiKed" Bather! it is a Greek deri'ati'e that means `that hich is fla(ed or skinneda! %erha%s from its a%%earance" 'mbilicus - from the Latin umbo S a knob or %ro:ection" @riginall(! an umbo as the ornamental knob at the center of a arrior_s shield" Ambilicus is a diminuti'e of that indicating a small %ro:ection" Later on! (ou ill learn that the slight %ro:ection at the center of the eardrum is also called the umbo" Navel 2 S%eakers of @ld English used the ord nafela for the bell(2button" This descended from the Greek om%halos for bell(2button! through the Anglo2Sa9on ord nafe! meaning the center of a heel here the a9le as inserted! to nafela" @ur ord na'el for the hub or center of the bod( comes from that" Incidentall(! na'e is still a %erfectl( good ord used to indicate the hub of a heel" This na'e is not related to the na'e found in a church" The latter is deri'ed from the Latin ord for a shi% and is found also in na'( and na'igation "alciform 2 &al9 is Latin for sickle! a cur'e2bladed hand instrument used to cut grasses and grains" &alciform sim%l( means in the sha%e of! or resembling! a sickle" \ou might as ell remember this relationshi% as it ill cro% u% se'eral times as (ou end (our a( through human anatom("

Cremaster 2 from a Greek ord meaning sus%ender" Its ob'ious function makes no further e9%lanation necessar(" Albuginea 2 This goes back to the Latin root albus meaning hite" It is the same albus that a%%ears in albumen! meaning the hite of an egg! and albumin ) ith an i8 meaning the %lasma %rotein" Albugo is Latin for hiteness1 albuginea deri'es from this and is used for an( dense hite co'ering! such as the tunica albuginea of the testis" 7ectineal BThis is ob'iousl( deri'ed from the Latin ord %ecten meaning a comb" This as also an old ord for the %ubis" Hut hat is the connection? No one kno s for sure" A relationshi% to the %ubic hair is one of se'eral that ha'e been suggested" Inguinal b Inguen is the Latin ord for the groin" &or the Bomans! this ord as also used for ones a%ri'atesa