DRR Thematic Policy

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789: lood Assistance. lrom lood Aid to lood
Assistance
78;: water, Sanitation and lygiene (wASl). Heeting
the challenge of rapidly increasing humanitarian
needs in water, Sanitation and lygiene
78<: Cash and vouchers. lncreasing emciency and
enectiveness across all sectors
78=: lutrition. Addressing undernutrition in
lmergencies
78>: 0isaster Risk Reduction. lncreasing resilience by
reducing disaster risk in humanitarian action
78?: Cender. 0inerent leeds, Adapted Assistance
l
Jable of contents
lntroduction 2
9 012./3 <
9@9 lntroduction =
9@; 8ackground >
9@< lu policy on 0RR ?
9@= 0isaster Risk Reduction in 0C lCl0 humanitarian policy A
; 0B1CB,++.5C !DD .5 )4+,5.-,B.,5 ,/-.15 9E
;@9 lntroduction 9E
2.l.l lrogramming. levels and phases l0
2.l.2 lntegrated and Jargeted 0RR l0
;@; lrioritisation and criteria 99
;@< leeds and Risk Assessment 9<
;@= 0esign and lmplementation 9=
2.4.l Sustainability, replication and scalingup l4
2.4.2 Complementarity, Coordination and lartnerships l4
2.4.3 Advocacy l6
2.4.4 Capacitybuilding l9
;@> Honitoring, lvaluation and learning ;E
< 'F*B,-.15,2 /156.G*B,-.156 ;;
<@9 lntroduction ;;
<@; 0RR and lood Assistance ;<
<@< 0RR and lealth ;>
<@= 0RR and lutrition ;A
<@> 0RR and lducation <E
<@? 0RR and Shelter <;
<@H 0RR and wASl <=
<@A lrotection and crosscutting issues in 0RR <?
<@I 0RR | 0isaster lreparedness SubSectors <A
3.9.l local 0isaster Hanagement Components 38
3.9.2 lnstitutional linkages and Advocacy 40
3.9.3 lnformation, lducation, Communication 40
3.9.4 Small Scale lnfrastructure and Services 4l
3.9.5 Constituting Stocks of lmergency and Relief ltems 4l
3.9.6 livelihood and lconomic Assets lrotection 42
<@9E 0RR in dinerent contexts =;
3.l0.l 0RR in slowonset hazards 42
3.l0.2 0RR in urban contexts 43
3.l0.3 0RR in complex emergencies 44
= J55*K*6 =H
=@9 Acronyms =H
=@; Jerminology =A
=@< Advocacy Cuidance Jable =I
=@= lndicators >E
0 i s a s t e r R i s k R e d u c t i o n i n l u m a n i t a r i a n A s s i s t a n c e
0 i s a s t e r R i s k R e d u c t i o n i n l u m a n i t a r i a n A s s i s t a n c e 0 i s a s t e r R i s k R e d u c t i o n i n l u m a n i t a r i a n A s s i s t a n c e
2
lntroduction
Jhe purpose of this document is to present 0C lCl0's current
policy, priorities, approach and practice on 0RR. lt does not
seek to provide detailed technical guidance on 0RR, such
guidance can be found in the growing body of literature
available on the sub|ect.
Jhe document is aimed at a number of audiences, including.
Stan in 0C lCl0 and other lC services,
Stan in its implementing partners, and
0ther stakeholders interested in understanding the focus
and scope of 0C lCl0's support in the area of 0RR.
As presented in this document, 0RR applies to all disaster
contexts, including those in conict.
Jhe document is divided into three sections, with additional
resources and tools provided in an Annex.
Jhe nrst section presents the policy framework guiding
0C lCl0's support for 0RR in all its interventions.
Jhe second section explains how 0C lCl0 programmes
its support for 0RR, following the main elements of
the programme cycle. assessment, analysis, design,
implementation, monitoring, evaluation and learning.
Jhe third section provides operational considerations for
those most directly involved in 0C lCl0 funding for the
implementation of 0RR.
where possible this document uses the dennitions and
terminology given by the united lations lnternational
Strategy for 0isaster Reduction (ullS0R).
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3
l. lolicy
ln its work on 0RR, 0C lCl0 applies the following guiding principles.
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0C lCl0 supports 0RR as an integral part of humanitarian action aimed at
preserving life, preventing and alleviating sunering, maintaining dignity and
strengthening resilience in countries and communities anected by disaster. lts
support for 0RR is evidence of its commitment to the principles of good donorship
and is a key expression of the lu's solidarity with those at risk.
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ln its 0RR enorts, 0C lCl0 primarily seeks to strengthen resilience to shocks
triggered by a natural hazard. lt applies a comprehensive multihazard approach
and advocates more widely to this enect. Climate change adaptation is supported
through the 0RR approach.
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0C lCl0 recognises that the people most at risk are central to all 0RR activities.
Special attention is given to promoting gender equity and the full participation of
vulnerable groups including boys and girls, older people, people with disabilities,
and other marginalised groups. ln adopting this approach, 0C lCl0 recognises the
need to engage with stakeholders, as actors of change, at all levels, international,
national and local.
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0C lCl0 requires that all humanitarian action it supports is designed based on an
assessment of risk, and is implemented to reduce risk.
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0C lCl0 engages proactively with other services of the Commission, Hember
States, partners and donors to coordinate commitments to strengthening 0RR
and its contribution to resilience. ln particular, 0C lCl0 recognises the strong link
between relief, recovery and development.
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0C lCl0's policy on 0isaster Risk Reduction aims to.
Haximise the enectiveness, emciency and
relevance of 0C lCl0funded 0RR actions,
Strengthen 0C lCl0's preparedness to respond
rapidly to unfolding humanitarian crises,
lncrease the coherence of 0C lCl0's decision
making,
lnhance coherence with other 0C lCl0 policies,
l nform partners and other rel evant
stakeholders about 0C lCl0's policy on 0RR.
Jhe section provides guidance to a number of target audiences, including.

0C lCl0 stan,

0C lCl0 partners (the lonCovernmental 0rganisations, Red Cross|Crescent
Hovement, united lations agencies, and other lnternational 0rganisations),

0ther luropean Commission (lC) 0epartments (0Cs) and Services,

luropean union Hember States.
Jhe wider donor community and other stakeholders interested in 0RR will also nnd
this of relevance.
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Hillions of people are regularly anected by hazards such as droughts, oods, volcanic
activity, landslides, cyclones, earthquakes, tsunamis, and wild nres. Jhe reported
number of such hazardous events is increasing, as illustrated in ligure l above. Jhe
impact of these hazards is made worse by poverty, increasing population densities,
rapid and uncontrolled urbanisation,
environmental degradation and climate
change.
As has been compr ehensi vel y
demonstrated, the good news is that
the impact of these hazards on lives
and assets, and the associated need for
humanitarian response, can be greatly
reduced by modest investments in good
0RR.
0ver the years, 0C lCl0 has made
substantive and pioneering enorts
in 0RR, particularly with the agship
0lllCl0 (0isaster lreparedness lCl0)
programme. 0C lCl0's investment in
0RR has increased signincantly in the last decade, in funding and related activities.
lrom an initial focus on piloting and replicating a communitybased disaster risk
management approach, 0C lCl0 has developed a more comprehensive people
centred approach, including engaging with institutions at all levels.
ln its support for 0RR, 0C lCl0 has been guided by the broad principles set out in
the luropean union's lumanitarian Regulation and subsequent Communications
on disaster reduction. 0C lCl0 has recognised the need to develop a clear and
specinc policy, informed by an ob|ective analysis of data and complemented by
practical programming and operational guidance.
A more recent development is the strong commitment of the luropean Commission
and its Hember States to a humanitarian and development approach that ensures
greater resilience of communities and partner countries to future crises. Jhe lu has
now committed to putting resilience at the heart of its work of nghting hunger and
poverty, with the launch of a new Communication. 'Jhe lu Approach to Resilience.
learning from lood Security Crises' (See 8ox 2 page 7).
Jhis will require close cooperation between humanitarian and development workers,
as well as the linking of emergency and development programmes, and a mix of
shortterm and mediumtolong term responses.
Jhere is a strong link between 0isaster Risk Reduction and the broad concept of
Resilience. '8uilding Resilience of lations and Communities to 0isasters' is at the
heart of the ullS0Rled lyogo lramework for Action (200520l5), and will be
central to discussions and commitments within the post20l5 framework for
0isaster Risk Reduction.
0C lCl0 has been playing an important role in supporting the priorities,
implementing the guiding principles and providing practical means for achieving
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5
resilience within the scope of its humanitarian mandate as set by the lumanitarian
Aid Regulation.
Jhe approach to 0RR has focused on supporting strategies that enable local
communities and institutions to prepare for, mitigate and respond adequately to
disasters triggered by a natural hazard. Jhis approach, implemented through a
wide range of partners (ul, lnternational Red Cross and Red Crescent Hovement,
lC0s and others), has demonstrable impact on saving lives and reducing sunering.
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Jhe lu's commitment to 0isaster Risk Reduction can be found in two key policy
documents. the ?"(0O1$% ,0%;1%;"; 0% =1-1.0O#1%' WDEEXY
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Jhe Commission has developed a comprehensive
and integrated approach on disaster risk reduction,
both within the lu and in developing countries.
0n 23 lebruary 2009, the Commission adopted
the Communication '?G J'($'189 A0( J"OO0('&%8
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alongside the Communication on a ',0##"%&'9
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the lu
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. Jhis was later complemented by the
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(see 8ox 2 below).
Jhe lu Strategy supports disaster risk
reduction through development cooperation
and through humanitarian aid. lt promotes an
integrated approach to disaster management
with prevention, mitigation and preparedness
as equal priorities to response. ln developing
countries, the lu supports the following
strategic ob|ectives
5
.
lntegrating 0RR considerations into their
development policies and plans,
Reducing disaster risk more enectively,
through targeted action on disaster
prevention, mitigation and preparedness,
lncorporating 0RR considerations more
enectively into lu development and
humanitarian aid policies.
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ln practical terms, the lu Strategy.
0ennes responsibilities amongst Commission Services and Hember States,
lositions the lu strategy towards the lyogo lramework for Action (2005
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,
and
Advocates for more enective cooperation between the humanitarian and
development actors within the lu.
All developing countries are covered by the Strategy, with special attention paid
to disasterprone regions and to least developed and highly vulnerable countries
and groups. Jhe disasters targeted are those caused by natural and technological
hazards. Consideration is given to both slow and rapidonset disasters, to large
scale as well as localised but frequently occurring disasters.
ln addition, the lu fully supports the commitments made at the 8usan ligh level
lorum on Aid lnectiveness (20ll), which recognises the importance of partnering
to strengthen resilience and reduce vulnerability among people and societies at
risk of shocks. Jhe outcome document
8
reamrms that 'investing in resilience and
risk reduction increases the value and sustainability of (.) development enorts',
therefore the enectiveness of aid. Jwo additional points are emphasised.
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Jhe Council Regulation lo l257|96 of 20 !une l996 provided the basis for 0C
lCl0's mandate in 0isaster Risk Reduction. ln Article l, it states that humanitarian
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Jhe main ob|ectives of 0C lCl0's engagement in 0RR are to.
Reduce the number of lives lost to disasters triggered by natural hazards,
Save and protect livelihoods and economic assets,
Contribute to a reduction in the need for relief assistance,
lncourage replication and scalingup of 0RR measures by development actors,
lromote the systematic inclusion of 0RR at all levels by development donors,
governments and other relevant stakeholders.
Jhe luropean Consensus on lumanitarian Aid (2007) supports the principles of
'0o lo larm' and '8uild 8ack 8etter'. '0o lo larm' is a minimum requirement for
8
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humanitarian action and seeks to ensure such action does not
have unintended negative consequences. '8uild 8ack 8etter'
requires an analysis of risk and the application of enective
0RR measures.
A key feature of 0C lCl0's 0RR action over the past l5
years has been the ability to reach vulnerable populations
at community level, while at the same time looking at gaps
at regional or national levels and addressing those when
necessary. Jhis is recognised as a ma|or contribution to the
current approach to disaster risk reduction.
ln 20l0, 0C lCl0 brought together Civil lrotection and
lumanitarian Aid. Jhis is intended to improve coordination
and response inside and outside the lu. As the Civil
lrotection mandate covers distinct aspects of risk reduction
9

and preparedness
l0
there is potential for synergy in actions
outside the lu, particularly in 0RR.
2. lrogramming 0RR
in humanitarian action
EA@ 0/%'.+,-%"./
EA@A@ ='.1'$66"/1O 2&D&2# $/+ B5$#&#
ln programming its work, 0ClCl0 adopts a medium to longterm vision and
considers a wide variety of issues. lt takes account of the programming and planning
cycles of key partners, such as the Commission's 0evelopment Cooperation. 0RR is
to be considered at all signincant points in this planning and programming.
lt will be considered at all levels, global, regional, country and action. Strategic
programming and planning is conducted using both topdown and bottomup
approaches involving all levels, and is presented in the 0C lCl0's annual operational
strategy. Civil lrotection actions are covered by a separate annual work programme.
0perational information is provided through
lumanitarian lmplementation llans (llls)
drafed for each country or crisis, that
may be complemented by operational
recommendations or guidance. Jhe lll is
the reference tool for humanitarian actions
covered by the worldwide decision. Jhese
should increasingly be used to promote, in
each relevant context, the integration of 0RR in the humanitarian action supported.
0RR is to be considered at all phases in the planning cycle, including.
Assessment and Analysis
0esign
lmplementation
Honitoring and lvaluation
learning
EA@AE 0/%&1'$%&+ $/+ <$'1&%&+ !))
0C lCl0 supports 0RR in two main areas. integrated and targeted 0RR.
U5-*CB,-*G !DD means that all interventions are to be riskinformed. Analysis
and design should be based on a sound assessment of risk and the intervention
should seek to reduce immediate and future risks. lt can involve 'riskproonng' of
interventions to protect them against future hazards (e.g. ensuring water points
are located above high water levels in oodprone areas so they are not damaged
by oods) or ensuring that interventions reduce risk to people (e.g. incorporating
adequate nreprotection in shelter). 0RR results|activities may be included in a
sector response, for example, through the inclusion of a surveillance system in an
epidemics response pro|ect.
S
=KK &; '0 N1 20%;&+1(1+ $' $..
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ll
(,BC*-*G !DD refers to specinc disaster risk reduction actions. Jypical examples
are actions promoting communitylevel preparedness or advocating for the
institutionalisation of 0RR in policies, strategies and plans. 0C lCl0 has several
funding instruments supporting targeted measures, including the 0lllCl0 and
0rought Risk Reduction Action llans, and to a certain extent the lnhanced Response
Capacity lunding. ln addition, Adloc funding may be provided to specinc actions
as part of an emergency response.
Jhe following diagram (ligure 2) illustrates the forms of 0C lCl0 support in 0RR.
EAE ='".'"%"#$%"./ $/+ -'"%&'"$
Jo optimise its use of available resources, 0C lCl0 has to make choices about what
and what not to support, which requires prioritisation. lrioritisation will be carried in a
transparent and systematic manner against clear and agreed criteria and will involve
a dialogue with stakeholders at all levels.
Ceneral criteria for any humanitarian intervention include.
A sound assessment of needs and risk,
Jhe likely impact of the intervention on both immediate and future risks,
Jhe partner's institutional commitment to and operational capability in
managing risk, including having the requisite technical competence in the
relevant sectors of intervention.
lor integrated 0RR, prioritisation of risk reduction measures will be aligned with the
priorities of the humanitarian intervention. Similarly, the priorities of the intervention
will be informed by the risk analysis.

lor targeted 0RR, prioritisation takes place at a strategic, programme and pro|ect level
using, as relevant, the following criteria.
J\\ &XPJ7U(JDUJ7 J%(U'7
UZ (' ]$ DUZ^ U7Y'DP$!
(JD"$($! !DD
'standalone' measures
e.g. larly warning Sytems,
Community8ased 0isaster
lreparedness, 0RR advocacy,
capacity development of
partners to respond, etc.
0irectly reducing risk to
people and assets,
'Riskproonng' actions,
to protect them from future
hazards.
U7($"DJ($! !DD
in humanitarian action
||urc 2 . uC lCn0s ulS4S1lP PlSA PluuC1l0N 4PPP04Cn
A global assessment of needs and risk,
Jhe level of risk to people's lives and livelihoods,
Jhe capacity and commitment of the main actors,
including regional and local organisations, institutions and
governments,
Jhe organisational capacity of 0C lCl0 and its operational
partners,
0C lCl0's addedvalue,
Jhe likelihood that bottomup approaches at community
or local level will complement and be supported by top
down approaches from national or regional level.
Jhe intervention is, or very likely to be, part of a
programmatic approach, with a clear exit strategy,
ln certain circumstances, 0C lCl0 may provide support
to help maintain its own presence in highrisk areas that
are not currently engaged in disaster response.
lor previously funded programmes or pro|ects, decisions to
continue funding will be taken on a similar basis as for new
interventions, using the above criteria. ln addition, when deciding
to continue or exit, 0C lCl0 will consider progress towards the
overall goal of resilient communities, using the following criteria.
lrogress is good and is likely to be maintained without its
further support,
lrogress is poor with little prospect of progress in the near
future,
Jhe amount of funding available.
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Jhe assessment needs to acknowledge that groups may have dinerent levels and
perceptions of risk. A participatory approach to risk analysis, involving dinerent
stakeholders, can give useful perspectives on who is at risk and how specinc risks
can be reduced.
whilst acknowledging the value of riskperception, due consideration must be given
to relevant scientinc evidence. Jhis includes changing patterns of risk associated
with factors such as climate change, urbanisation, demographic pressure and
environmental degradation.
with a view to strengthen the capacities of
planners and responders in assessing physical
damage in the afermath of disasters, 0C
lCl0 recognises the importance of global|
regional|national|local databases.
lor rapid onset emergencies, 0C lCl0
recognises that decisions will have to be
made quickly and on the basis of a rapid
assessment of need and risk. Jhis rapid
initial assessment will be followed up by a
more detailed assessment when time and
resources permit.
ln the design of interventions, consideration
should be given to how planned humanitarian
actions can be protected from future risks (disaster 'proonng') and to how such
interventions can contribute to reducing future risks (necessary to 8uild 8ack 8etter).
EAK !&#"1/ $/+ 06B2&6&/%$%"./
Jhe following section gives a brief overview of selected key elements to be
considered in design and implementation.
EAKA@ R,#%$"/$3"2"%4H '&B2"-$%"./ $/+ #-$2"/1I,B
As a precondition for pro|ect approval, 0C lCl0 will require that potential partners
explicitly address sustainability, replicability and scalingup of 0RR actions within
a reasonable timeline. Jhis will involve a clearly denned approach to phaseout or
handover either to the target group, the appropriate authorities, or to an appropriate
longerterm funding instrument.
0C lCl0 will also require that partners have strong and demonstrated capacities
in communitybased approaches, in advocacy with relevant institutions and that
they plan to integrate the proposed action into longerterm 0RR programming.
EAKAE 9.6B2&6&/%$'"%4H 9..'+"/$%"./ $/+ =$'%/&'#5"B#
Jo prevent gaps in assistance, avoid duplication, ensure continuity and maximise
sustainability, 0C lCl0 will ensure, as far as possible, that current and future 0RR
needs are addressed in an integrated manner. Jo do this it will coordinate with
other international donors and national actors involved in 0RR.
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4F
lactors
anecting 0C
lCl0 partners
capacity to
facilitate
replication
and scaling up
of 0lllCl0
pro|ects
Strong and demonstrated capacities in community based
approaches
+++ +++ +++
Ability to integrate 0lllCl0 into broader and longerterm 0RR
programming
+++ +++ +++
Ability to link humanitarian action to development ++ ++++ +++++ +++++
Realistic planning (i.e.feasible timeframe and resources) +++ ++++ ++
Capacity to mobilize resources beyond 0lllCl0 funding + ++++ +++++ +++++
lactors anecting
the usefullness,
appropriateness
and ownership
of 0lllCl0
pro|ects
Risk assessment with mix of local & scientinc knowledge ++++ ++++ +++ +
lroper prioritization of most at risk areas and specincally
vulnerable or marginalized groups
++++ ++++ +++ ++
local capacities are identined and properly supported so they
can implement the pro|ect correctly
++++ ++++ ++++ ++
Jhe choice of appropriate techologies ++++ ++++ +++ ++
lnorts made to ensure ownership of 0lllCl0 pro|ects by the
communities and local institutions
++++ ++++ ++++ ++
lactors anecting
the involvement
and commitment
of dinerent
institutional
levels
Relations and involvement of local|central administration|
government
++ ++++ ++++ ++++
Sharing of experience at country and regional levels ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++
Creation of a multistakeholder community of practice ++ ++++ ++++
Haking 0RR networks more dynamic ++ + ++++ ++++
Y,/-1B6 -),- 6)142G S* /15612.G,-*G ,5G S4.2- 4F15 .5 R4-4B* !U0$%&' G*/.6.156 .5/24G*:
0C lCl0 sees 0RR as a key strand in supporting enorts to
link relief, recovery and development and, where feasible,
will promote |oint working between humanitarian and
development actors through the entire pro|ect cycle.
0C lCl0 views partnership, whether contractual or not, as a
key element in its approach to 0RR. lt will therefore work with a
range of partners in the delivery of 0RR actions at local, national,
regional and global level. Jhis includes all organisations eligible
under the regulations of the lramework lartnership Agreement
(llA) and the linancial and Administrative lramework Agreement
(lAlA). Although not eligible for 0C lCl0 funds, state actors
and local civil society organisations are considered essential
stakeholders for 0RR actions. where such entities are credible
and viable 0RR actors, and where humanitarian principles are not
compromised, 0C lCl0 will support its partners in establishing
partnerships with such entities, particularly in relation to capacity
building. where 0RR actions promote replication or scaling up,
such multistakeholder engagement is a prerequisite.
ln the integration of 0RR into general humanitarian response,
0C lCl0 will support coordinated action, in particular it will
engage with the cluster system to integrate 0RR.
EAKAJ Q+D.-$-4
0C lCl0 recognises that for 0RR to be enective, a sound
advocacy strategy is needed.
Advocacy is particularly important in promoting the adoption
of 0RR by partners, local and national institutions and other
stakeholders. lt is therefore a fundamental tool of lu action on
0RR, is a key element in many targeted 0RR actions supported
by 0C lCl0, and is particularly important in 0lllCl0 actions,
where the aim is to inuence adoption at large scale. Advocacy
should be carefully planned and its results monitored and
evaluated.
Jhe ob|ectives of advocacy include.
Jhe scaling up and promoting the sustainability of pilot
interventions,
Jhe integration of 0RR in humanitarian and development
action,
lmproving legal and institutional mechanisms, processes
and means to apply 0RR,
lromoting and defending the rights of disaster anected
people and vulnerable groups exposed to disaster risk,
including giving a voice to men, women and children with
dutybearers.
Jhe targets for advocacy on 0RR include decisionmakers at
dinerent levels, including those in Commission departments
l6
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l7
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*(2C&'12'"(1
and services and in institutions of Hember States, local
and national authorities, national bodies on 0isaster
Risk Hanagement or Civil lrotection, sectoral ministries,
humanitarian and development donors, private sector,
the media, international organisations and the atrisk
communities themselves.
Advocacy can be done directly through 0C lCl0 and lu
delegations or through 0C lCl0 partners, civil society,
institutional partners or benenciaries through 'rooted
advocacy'
l3
.
Jhe approach to take will depend on dinerent factors, as the
openness, willingness and capacities of target institutions to
carry over the requested changes, and the leverage of 0C lCl0
and its partners in a certain institutional context. Advocacy
can be done through documents and petitions, promoting
accountability mechanisms, media, demonstrations, public
events, presentations in meetings and workshops, or simply
through direct relationship and conversations.
Jhe following is a list of key messages about 0RR for 0C
lCl0. Jhese messages may be adapted, developed and
elaborated for specinc audiences. See also the Annex with a
table of advocacy stakeholders and selected messages.
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0C lCl0 recognises the need to strengthen capacity in 0RR of its partners and
their benenciaries. ln pursuit of this, it intends to support.
Clobal enorts to implement the lyogo lramework for Action (llA). Specincally
0C lCl0 supports the strengthening of ullS0R coordination capacities and
neld based 0RR actions.
l4
Jhe promotion of comprehensive and enective national 0RR policies and
strategies.
Jhe development of enective mechanisms, skills and resources among local
stakeholders for the replication and scalingup of 0C lCl0 funded 0RR
action. Capacity building enorts should be in line with national 0RR policies
and promote their implementation.
Jhe primary targets of 0C lCl0 funded capacity building are the ul agencies, the
lnternational Red Cross and Red Crescent Hovement and the lnternational lC0s.
Acknowledging that all need to develop enective capacities, 0C lCl0 will support
Ccsc StuJy 6. Strcnt|cn|n cccc|t|cs of loccl crtncrs
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14 - Scc crcrc| 75 of t|c luroccn Conscnsus on numcn|tcr|cn 4|J (2007).
20
the strengthening of partners' internal institutional and operational capacities.
lt will consider supporting the development of local, national, regional or global
approaches to providing knowledge, skills, and tools to 0RR stakeholders.
Although not eligible for direct funding by 0C lCl0, national authorities and
disaster management services are the main dutybearers to roll out 0RR
approaches. Jhey should therefore be key targets for the 0RR capacitybuilding
actions of 0C lCl0 partners. Similarly Red Cross & Red Crescent lational
Societies are relevant 0RR stakeholders, the capacity building enorts of 0C
lCl0's partners should seek to strengthen their capacities.
local civil society has an important role to play in the implementation of 0RR
approaches. 0RR actions shall thus provide sound capacity building opportunities
to local lC0 partners.
A successful exit strategy requires that local stakeholders have the capacity to
continue their work on 0RR. Jhis will be one of the measures used by 0C lCl0
in its decisions on committing or continuing support for targeted 0RR measures.
As with all 0C lCl0 supported actions, capacitybuilding enorts must clearly
result in improved enectiveness and impact of 0RR. An accurate and ob|ective
assessment of the impact of these actions is required.
EA? S./"%.'"/1H 8D$2,$%"./ $/+ T&$'/"/1
0C lCl0 will strive to ensure that all 0RR actions it nnances are well designed,
with measurable outcomes and clear indicators. Routine monitoring, evaluation and
reporting of progress are required of the partner. Jhese reports will be used both
to appraise the results of interventions and to learn and implement lessons in the
design and implementation of future interventions.
0C lCl0 requires that any investment in 0RR is focused on ma|or needs and is likely
to have clear and substantial impact, particularly in strengthening the resilience of
disasteranected populations. lroviding strong evidence on the benentcost ratio
of 0RR may lead to increased funding from the donor community.
larticularly in shortduration interventions, 0C lCl0 recognises the challenges
of measuring the impact of 0RR measures, which are mostly designed to have
longterm benents. lt acknowledges that such measurement requires that partners
have stan with the right skills, sumcient time and adequate resources. 0C lCl0
will encourage partners to make suitable provision for this in their plans. As an
indication, partners are expected to have dedicated monitoring and evaluation
expertise within their teams. Jhe use of external consultants should be carefully
limited and form part of a comprehensive monitoring and evaluation approach. ln
communitybased disaster risk management pro|ects, participatory monitoring and
evaluation is expected.
Although the literature on 0RR is extensive, there is still much to be learned and
shared on how it can be applied in dinerent types of settings and particularly
on how it can be integrated into general humanitarian action. ln its support
for 0RR interventions, 0C lCl0 will actively encourage capitalisation and the
dissemination and integration of learning and good practice.
2l
0C lCl0 will periodically review grants and contribution agreements to quantify
the extent of the commitment to 0RR principles and measures (0RR metrics). Jhis
will serve to identify trends and gaps, and provide an indication as to which sectors
are increasingly addressing risk.
22
3. 0perational
considerations
JA@ 0/%'.+,-%"./
Jhis section provides operational considerations for those directly involved in 0C
lCl0 funding for the implementation of 0RR in humanitarian action in line with its
policy. ln particular it is aimed at 0C lCl0's own stan in their work with partners,
assessing, monitoring and evaluating humanitarian action. lt is also aimed at the
partners who work with 0C lCl0, particularly those requesting or receiving funding
for their work. A key intention is to demystify what can appear to be a very complex
and intimidating body of knowledge.
0C lCl0 recognises that good 0RR requires professional |udgement in each sector
and that the practice will continue to evolve. ln many cases, 0RR will already be
included as an implicit part of good technical practice. lor example, the current
best practice in the siting and design of temporary settlements considers the risks
of ooding and nre as a matter of course. ln many cases the 0RR approach will
simply be making explicit what was implicit, in others it may stimulate new insights
or thinking.
Jhese considerations should be interpreted according to the local context, the
nature of the disaster and the pronle of the humanitarian action. Jhis section does
not claim to be a comprehensive manual for 0RR practitioners, such manuals are
found elsewhere (see for example www.preventionweb.net). leither does it claim to
give technical guidance on specinc sectors or areas of intervention. Readers should
consult the relevant technical literature and professional experts.
A metaphor that may be helpful in considering 0RR is that of the 'risk lens'. when
we view any aspect of humanitarian action, we should view it through this risk lens,
assessing what risks people face now or are likely to face in the near future and
how these risks can be reduced. we should also consider explicitly the risks posed
by humanitarian action itself (0o lo larm).
0RR is relevant to every sector of humanitarian assistance. 8y its nature it requires
consideration of the linkages between sectors. Jhis section is structured according
to the sectors and subsectors used by 0C lCl0, as set out in the table annexed
to the 0C lCl0 Single lorm Cuidelines. lrom the list of twelve main sectors,
the following have been chosen for inclusion in this document. lood Assistance,
lutrition, wASl, lealth, Shelter, and Child protection|lducation. Jhis is not intended
to be an exhaustive treatment, similar considerations will apply to other sectors.
JAE !)) $/+ U..+ Q##"#%$/-&
Z/1F* 1R Y11G J66.6-,5/*
Jhe scope of work covered by the lu's humanitarian food assistance instruments is
denned as saving lives, through delivering assistance to meet basic humanitarian food
and nutrition needs.
l5
lowever, it also aims to fulnl supportive functions, specincally
contributing to reducing risk and vulnerability, and improving the appropriateness
and enectiveness of humanitarian food assistance through capacitybuilding and
advocacy. lt includes. emergency food security (including nutrition) and shortterm
livelihood support (using inkind distribution and|or cash & vouchers transfers), food
security and nutrition information and analysis, advocacy and awarenessraising.
D,-.15,2* R1B !DD .5 Y11G J66.6-,5/*
Jhere is a direct correlation between disaster risk and food insecurity. loodinsecure
people are the least able to cope with disasters. lxposure to high levels of disaster
risk and lack of capacity to manage these risks trap poor households in a cycle of
food insecurity and poverty that quickly deteriorates into a food crisis and acute
undernutrition when a disaster occurs.
lood assistance interventions contribute to disaster risk reduction either by
protecting livelihood assets (particularly human and social capital) and|or supporting
and advocating for a conducive environment in terms of structures and processes.
Jhe lu's humanitarian food assistance seeks to avoid undermining community
resilience and coping capacity.
23
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considerations
15 - Plccsc rcfcr to t|c numcn|tcr|cn |ooJ 4ss|stcncc Commun|cct|on cnJ Stc[ wor||n uocumcnt.
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0C lCl0 requires all humanitarian action to be riskinformed, meaning that analysis
and design should be based on a sound assessment of risk and the intervention should
seek to reduce immediate and future risks. lt can involve.
0irectly reducing risk to people and especially the most at risk (children under 5,
pregnant & lactating women, older people and people with disabilities). Jhis would
include immediate risks, such as acute undernutrition due to lack of access to basic
food requirements. lt should also consider longerterm risks, such as promoting
appropriate ood management measures for agricultural land damaged by oods.
Jhe 'riskproonng' of interventions to protect them against future hazards, such
as ensuring that emergency food storage facilities are designed to withstand
hazards such as winds, oods, earthquakes.
24
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lt may also involve specinc actions, such as 'preemptive destocking of livestock'
or the shortterm strengthening of earlywarning systems, incorporating indicators
on emergency foodinsecurity and acute undernutrition.
0C lCl0 recognises that good professional practice in food assistance will
incorporate many, if not most aspects of 0RR. Accordingly 0C lCl0 will require that
humanitarian interventions are designed and implemented by agencies possessing
the requisite technical competence.
Jhe lumanitarian lood Assistance Communication (20l0) states that the
Commission, other than responding to emergency situations and food crisis, can
trigger a humanitarian food assistance response for anticipated crisis on the basis
of nrm forecasts, before the nutritional status deteriorates. livelihood protection
interventions can then aim at mitigating as much as possible the impact of the
external shock.
JAJ !)) $/+ :&$2%5
@V
Z/1F* 1R &*,2-)
Jhe scope of work considered under the lealth sector includes.
Jhe prevention and management of disease, in|uries and disability,
lealth information management systems, including health risk assessments,
early warning and surveillance,
0isaster risk management policies to improve access to health care when needed,
lealth system strengthening in health emergencies.
Jhe health impact of a disaster depends on
the type of hazard, the level of exposure of
the population, the predisaster health status
and the capacity of the health system to
continue to deliver services afer the disaster.
Jhe immediate enects of disasters may
include deaths, in|uries and disease, requiring
emergency care and rehabilitation. Hedium
term enects may include infectious disease
such as waterborne or respiratory infections,
psychosocial enects and the disruption of
health services. lpidemics following a disaster are infrequent
l7
. Hostly they result
from an insidious breakup of community infrastructure, basic health services
including vaccination, and from overcrowding. lood security emergencies also lead
to undernutrition, requiring supplementary and therapeutic feeding.
D,-.15,2* R1B !DD .5 &*,2-)
Risk reduction is relevant in every aspect of health sector interventions in disaster
prone countries. An enective and robust health care system requires enective health
emergency and disaster risk management capacities. Strategic risk assessments
can help identify areas of the health system that require investment and capacity
development.
25
S
ncclt| systcms, stc[ cnJ
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16 - Plccsc rcfcr to t|c uC lCn0 u|Jcl|ncs, tools cnJ 1lPs rclct|n to |cclt|.
17 - Scc l|Jcm|cs cjcr Ncturcl u|scstcrs - 1 wctson ct cl. (2007) - wwwnc.cJc.ov/c|J/crt|clc/13/1/06-0779_crt|clc.|tm
lnterventions to reduce health risks will be inuenced by the type of hazard. Rapid
onset events can overwhelm or destroy health facilities and disrupt the provision of
health care. Slow onset disasters may create a massive caseload that weak health
structures cannot handle enectively. According to wl0, climate change is expected to
increase health risks
l8
. 0RR is a key component of climate change adaptation.
lnective risk reduction requires sound policy, legal, strategic, nnancial and operational
coordination frameworks. lealth systems, stan and infrastructure (including 'safe
hospitals') must be able to withstand hazards and function in times of emergencies.
Risk assessments and early warning systems are an essential part of the risk reduction
approach in health. Hortality and morbidity indicators are typical measures of an
emergency and help denne priority interventions. Jhey provide an appropriate range of
indicators to guide early response to disease outbreaks.
JFFB1,/) -1 !DD .5 &*,2-)
and design should be based on a sound assessment of risk, and the intervention
should seek to reduce immediate and future risks. lt can involve.
0irectly reducing risk to people. Jhis would include immediate risks, such as
reducing in|uries, outbreaks or epidemics. lt should also consider longerterm
risks, such as improving community safety, improving water quality, nutritional
status, and vaccination for at risk groups before and afer emergencies.
Jhe 'riskproonng' of health systems to protect and prepare for the timely and
enective delivery of health interventions before, during and afer emergencies.
lor example, health facilities can be riskproofed by ensuring they are designed
to withstand hazards such as winds, oods and earthquakes.
0C lCl0 recognises that good professional practice in health will incorporate many,
if not most aspects of 0RR. Accordingly, 0C lCl0 will require that humanitarian
interventions are designed and implemented by agencies possessing the requisite
technical competence in the specinc areas of health covered.
0isaster preparedness enables health systems to prepare for a surge in
demand for health services in a disaster. Jhis preparedness includes emergency
response and recovery planning, establishing and testing of standard protocols,
development, application and communication
of early warnings, training of health stan
and communities, development of exible
coordination structures at local, subnational
and national levels and identincation and
deployment of extra supplies to anticipate
emergency response.
Community capacity is a vital component of
risk reduction in health. Jhis involves risk awareness, health promotion, community
risk assessments, individual and household measures, planning for community risk
prevention, response and recovery and the training of community health workers.
Community health workers should be involved in risk assessments and local
emergency planning.
26
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28
llv and Al0S, genderbased violence and mental health issues need specinc attention
especially afer a largescale rapid onset event or in complex emergencies.
ln the rehabilitation and recovery phase, the focus should be on physical rehabilitation of
in|ured people and on the management of longerterm mental and psychosocial enects.
Jhe recovery phase may also provide opportunities to strengthen health systems, and
to ensure that infrastructure and stan are more resistant to future disasters.
JAK !)) $/+ P,%'"%"./
l9 and 20
Z/1F* 1R 74-B.-.15
Jhe scope of work considered under the lutrition sector includes the prevention of
undernutrition, nutritional rehabilitation and surveillance, surveys and surveillance
and the use of cash|vouchers.
Jackling high risk moderate and severe acute malnutrition is a priority for 0C lCl0.
Jhe main response is through direct lutrition interventions to identify and diagnose
undernutrition and address the symptoms through appropriate treatment. Appropriate
infant and young child feeding saves lives, particularly when it emphasises the
importance of exclusive and continued breastfeeding (and should therefore always
support maternal nutrition as well). ln terms of approach, support is to be provided to
the integration of nutrition in the health system. Jhis requires a functional and strong
setup with adequate and trained technical stan, and might include specialised
nutritional products.
lutritional interventions can be either.
Jargeting specinc high risk subgroups (infants, children, pregnant and lactating
mothers) with specinc nutrition interventions, such as infant feeding and
micronutrient supplementation,
Jarget the general population with general food distributions, including
micronutrient fortincation|supplementation and|or staple foods,
Choosing and prioritising nutritional interventions and specialised nutritional
products should be informed by evidence and follow latest bestpractice and
operational guidelines.
D,-.15,2* R1B !DD .5 74-B.-.15
Jhe causal factors leading to undernutrition and famine are complex and multi
faceted.
2l
Access to food may not be the sole cause leading to undernutrition. Jhere
is a strong correlation between disaster risk, food insecurity, poverty and such forms
of undernutrition. latural hazards can be a trigger compounding the already existing
health and social factors.
JFFB1,/) -1 !DD .5 74-B.-.15
and design should be based on a sound assessment of risk and the intervention should
seek to reduce immediate and future risks. lt can involve.
19 - Plccsc rcfcr to t|c urcj Stc[ wor||n Pccr on 4JJrcss|n unJcrnutr|t|on |n lmcrcnc|cs.
20 - PccJ|n. S|crc Projcct c|ctcr on Nutr|t|on cnJ wn0 |cct S|cct on Nutr|t|on cnJ u|scstcr P|s| Hcnccmcnt.
21 - Scc 4ct|on 4c|nst nuncr oroc|urc on 4cutc Hclnutr|t|on. 4 Prcvcntcolc PcnJcm|c
disease and death due to severe acute undernutrition in children and other atrisk
groups. lt should also consider longerterm risks, such as denciencies in micro
nutrients leading to growth restriction,
stunting, wasting, and impaired cognitive
development.
22
Jhe 'riskproonng' of interventions to
protect them against future hazards,
such as ensuring that health facilities are
designed to withstand hazards such as
winds, oods, earthquakes.
0C lCl0 recognises that good professional practice in nutrition will incorporate many,
if not most aspects of 0RR. Accordingly, 0C lCl0 will require that humanitarian
interventions in nutrition are designed and implemented by agencies possessing the
requisite technical competence in the specinc areas of nutrition covered.
Surveillance for early actions (at national, subnational and community levels)
is essential. As part of an enective preparedness plan, coordinating mechanisms
need to be in place and fully functional.
Jhe risks of undernutrition can be managed by optimising maternal nutrition, infant
and young child feeding, increasing mothers' care and feeding practices knowledge,
improving food security and ensuring access to health care. CHAH (community based
management of acute undernutrition) plays an essential role in 0RR.
lrevention is also undertaken through diverse sectoral approaches that include lealth,
lood Assistance, water and Sanitation and lrotection. lmergency preparedness is vital
for communities to.
lmprove access to adequate nutrition for in|ured persons, older people and the
most vulnerable groups,
Hinimize nutritional vulnerabilities for infants, e.g. by increasing exclusive and
continued breastfeeding rates, supporting communication for behaviour change
towards pregnant and lactating women,
lmprove the impact of nutritional responses, e.g. networks|pools of trained personnel
ready to act in an emergency.
lt is through the integration of 0RR within these dinerent approaches, that we seek
to better address the underlying causes, and build greater resilience to avoid future
shocks increasing the prevalence of acute undernutrition.
JA? !)) $/+ 8+,-$%"./
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ln this context, education is to be understood broadly as the many forms of
formal (through schools and universities) and nonformal transmission of
knowledge, skills, experience and engagement of groups of people, including
the use of media, awareness campaigns, special events, etc.
29
22 - S. H. Crcnt|cmHcCrcor, S. P. wcl|cr cnJ S. C|cn (2000). Nutr|t|oncl Jc[c|cnc|cs cnJ lctcr oc|cv|ourcl Jcvclomcnt.
ProcccJ|ns of t|c Nutr|t|on Soc|cty, 59, 4754 Jo|.10.1017/S0029665100000069
23 - Plccsc rcfcr to t|c uC lCn0 Stc[ wor||n uocumcnt on lJucct|on C||lJrcn |n lmcrcnc|cs cnJ Cr|s|s S|tuct|ons (2003).
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within the scope of 0C lCl0's work, lducation is not a separate sector in itself.
lducation activities are supported in dinerent ways, including under activities of
protection, psychosocial health, hygiene promotion and through 0RR measures.
lt also links to specinc shelter activities, when it relates to physical infrastructure
used for educational purposes.
D,-.15,2* R1B !DD
Jhe education sector is a particularly relevant area for 0RR. ln addition to being
sensitive to disasters, it also oners opportunities to develop the disaster risk
reduction approach. lt is a crucial means within communities to communicate, to
motivate and to engage, as much as it is to teach.
JFFB1,/) -1 !DD .5 $G4/,-.15
30
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disruption to the system and learning. lt should also consider longerterm risks,
such as the implications in terms of livelihoods of those anected.
Jhe 'riskproonng' of interventions to protect them against future hazards,
such as ensuring that education facilities are designed to withstand hazards
such as winds, oods, earthquakes.
0C lCl0 recognises that good professional practice in education will incorporate
many, if not most aspects of 0RR. Accordingly, 0C lCl0 will require that humanitarian
interventions in education are designed and implemented by agencies possessing the
requisite technical competence in the specinc areas of education covered.
ln emergencies, 'childfriendly spaces' may be implemented by partners and have
proven enective entrypoints for 0RR messages|activities. Such spaces are meant
as dedicated safe areas where children can play, socialise, learn and nnd a sense of
normalcy and community when their lives are disrupted by a disaster
24
.
Jhere are signincant benents to learning about risks and dangers as early as possible.
Schools can be models of participatory risk reduction in their communities.
25
Jhe
ullS0R campaign (20062007) slogan stated
that 0RR 8egins at School. Jhis is inscribed as
the third priority of the lyogo lramework for
Action that promotes the 'use of knowledge
and education systems to build a culture of
safety and resilience at all levels'.
Among other interventions, partners may consider the following measures.
Support to education continuity following a disaster,
26
lducation for 0RR, including 0RR awareness raising campaigns and the inclusion
of 0RR into school curriculum or extracurricular activities,
lnsuring physical structures used for education are safe and resilient e.g. school
safety plans,
Risk Reduction for the lducation Sector by promoting specinc indicators|tools
e.g. building codes, Safer Schools.
lromotion of the role of children to disseminate 0RR, 'peertopeer' or childled 0RR.
Reaching children who have no access to formal education.
Adult education.
JAV !)) $/+ R5&2%&'
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Jhe scope of work considered under the Shelter sector includes emergency temporary
shelter, postemergency rehabilitation semipermanent shelter, provision of nonfood
items and cash|vouchers.
3l
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(2006)
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Jhe primary function of any form of shelter is to provide essential protection
from the elements of nature. lt is also essential to provide security, personal
and asset protection, promote good health, prevent disease, support human
dignity, promote family and community life and support the rapid recovery post
disaster.
0C lCl0 recognises the complexities of interventions in the shelter sector,
requiring technical competence, as well as the links to longer term initiatives
and enective governance.
lmergency temporary shelter involves the provision of temporary shelter
in humanitarian crises including (but not limited to). the provision of tents,
materials for the construction of temporary shelter (plastic sheeting, wood,
roonngsheets, nails, tools, rope, etc.) and the repair and | or modincation of
public buildings to temporarily accommodate those anected. Actions for post
emergency rehabilitation | semipermanent shelter relate to the provision of
shelter as a solution for the longer term, including (but not limited to). support for
hosting arrangements, the provision of materials and tools for the construction
or repair of shelters and in exceptional cases the actual reconstruction or repair
of shelters.
32
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0ue to its physical nature, shelter may be particularly vulnerable to disasters.
Shelter represents a key asset of a family, and its loss or damage can result in
increased exposure and vulnerability. Jhe lack of adequate, safe shelter, presents
ma|or risks to people anected by disaster. loorly located, designed, constructed
and|or maintained shelter is a leading cause of mortality in hazards such as
earthquakes (e.g. laiti 20l0). 0isplacement or loss of shelter makes people
vulnerable to possible afershocks, as well as to the climate - rain, snow, wind,
heat - thus compounding the enects of the disaster. lt is important to safeguard
anected people from these risks through the provision of adequate shelter.
JFFB1,/) -1 !DD ,5G Z)*2-*B
0C lCl0 requires all humanitarian action to be riskinformed, meaning that
analysis and design should be based on a sound assessment of risk and the
intervention should seek to reduce immediate and future risks. lt can involve.
sickness and death from exposure in cold climates, and measures to prevent
Cender8ased violence in camps (e.g. location of latrines, sumcient lighting
and security). lt should also consider longerterm risks, such as the impact on
family and community life and livelihoods.
such as ensuring that shelters are designed to withstand, as far as is possible,
hazards such as winds, oods, earthquakes.
0C lCl0 recognises that good professional practice in shelter will incorporate
many, if not most aspects of 0RR. Accordingly, 0C lCl0 will require that
humanitarian interventions in shelter are designed and implemented by agencies
possessing the requisite technical competence in the specinc areas of shelter
covered.
while emergency shelter provision during the immediate response stage is
generally temporary or transitional, people tend to start rehabilitating or
reconstructing their homes very early. Jhis stage presents an opportunity for
building capacity, raising awareness or risk reduction for future safe shelter
constructions.
0uring recovery and reconstruction phases, it is important to address the
underlying issues that had prevented safe shelter construction and the risk
that threaten durability and sustainability of shelter. 8uilding shelter back to a
better standard that is less vulnerable to contextspecinc hazard will contribute
to reduced risks in the longterm. Reconstructed or rehabilitated shelter with
future risk in mind will prove more sustainable. lor example, incorporating
earthquakeresistant construction elements such as bracings and struts can
reduce future earthquake risk, or building raised shelter (for example, elevated
homesteads or multiple purpose evacuation centres) in oodprone areas can
provide essential protection.
Jhis should be implemented within a framework of local risk assessment (i.e.
mapping the areas at risk and unsafe houses), improvement of local building
practices and skills, improved and more resilient building materials and techniques,
greater accessibility and contingency planning (i.e. stockpiling materials) for
subsequent disaster events.
33
ln cases of ma|or displacement and camp settlements, camp planning and
management should be conducted using a riskinformed approach.
28
Shelter responses may increasingly occur in urban settings (e.g. lortaulrince,
laiti 20l0) characterised by lack of planning, poor construction, overcrowding
and limited access and open spaces. Specinc considerations should be given to
the challenges posed by such contexts, see
the section below '0RR and urban contexts'.
Jargeted 0RR carried out by partners may
seek to address shelter issues. Several ullS0R
Campaigns have benented from 0C lCl0 funds
to promote greater safety in sectors relevant to
Shelter, such as the Safe School and lospital
Campaign,
29
and more recently the Haking Cities
Resilient enort.
lxamples of measures include developing and testing (i.e. demonstrative) approaches
to safer shelters. Shelter management at the communitylevel may be considered
as a possible approach. ln oodprone areas, initiatives have been piloted to elevate
homesteads, establish safe areas, or the construction of multiuse buildings (e.g.
8angladesh) to safely shelter large numbers of people.
JAW !)) $/+ FQR:
30 and 3l
Z/1F* 1R _JZ&
'wASl' refers to water, Sanitation and lygiene. Jhe aim of the Commission's intervention
on wASl is to 'save and preserve life and alleviate the sunering of populations facing
severe environmental health risks and|or water insecurity in the context of anticipated,
ongoing and recent humanitarian crisis'. lt has the following specinc ob|ectives.
a) Jo ensure timely and dignined access to sumcient and safe wASl services for
populations threatened by ongoing, imminent or future humanitarian crises, and
to increase their resilience to withstand water stress and shocks.
b) Jo implement measures to prevent the spread of wASl related diseases in
populations threatened by ongoing, imminent or future humanitarian crises.
c) Jo enhance the impact, relevance, emciency and enectiveness in the delivery of
wASl assistance by strengthening the capacities of the humanitarian aid system,
including its coordination mechanism.
Jhe scope of work considered under the wASl sector includes humanitarian wASl
capacity building and emergency wASl operations, coordination, rehabilitation,
deployment and operation of water supply and treatment systems, sanitary facilities
and waste management, vector control and hygiene promotion. See a more extensive
typology of emergency wASl operations annexed to the Commission Stan working
0ocument on lumanitarian wASl policy (Sw0(20l2) 277).
34
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Jhe extent to which 0RR considerations need to be addressed in wASl interventions
will be inuenced by the type of hazard faced and level of vulnerability. A rapid
onset event (e.g. ood, earthquake, hurricane) can destroy or severely damage
infrastructure, as well as limit the capacity of service providers (e.g. community,
government or private sector) to operate and maintain systems. A slow onset or
chronic event such as drought can critically reduce normal water resources by
drying up surface water and lowering groundwater tables.
JFFB1,/) -1 !DD ,5G _JZ&

sickness and death from wASl related diseases such as cholera and|or acute
water shocks and stress. lt should also consider longerterm risks, such as the
impact on aquifer depletion and overgrazing of emergency water borehole
programmes.

such as ensuring that waterpoints are designed to withstand, hazards such as
landslides, oods or earthquakes.
35
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0C lCl0 recognises that good professional practice in wASl will
incorporate many, if not most aspects of 0RR. Accordingly 0C
lCl0 will require that humanitarian interventions in wASl are
designed and implemented by agencies possessing the requisite
technical competence in the specinc areas of wASl covered.
Jhe need to consider integrated water management is essential
in areas prone to water insecurity, disasters or environmentally
fragile. ln a watershed, water extraction|pumping measures
taken upstream may result in negative impacts downstream
(e.g. diverting water from small rivers to increase irrigation).
3.8 Protecton and cross-cuttng ssues
"/ !))
JE
ln times of disaster, the normal systems of protection may break
down, certain groups may be anected disproportionately and may
have to adopt coping mechanisms that increase vulnerability.
Young men may be targeted for recruitment into the military or
violent gangs, young women may be more vulnerable to rape
or transactional sex,
33
inadequate shelter may expose people
to thef or violence, elderly people may become isolated and
children may be separated from their families. A core principle of
humanitarianism (e.g. see the SlllRl landbook) is that people
anected by disaster have the right to protection, assistance and
life with dignity. A risk informed approach takes into account
the full range of protection needs of various groups. lroperly
conducted, a risk analysis will identify key protection issues
for these vulnerable groups and risk informed programming
can ensure that the protection needs of these groups are met.
lnective disaster preparedness and advocacy is especially
important for protection.
Refer to the basic protection principles provided by the SlllRl
landbook (20ll), and the wealth of information, guidance and
tools available on the Clobal lrotection Cluster webpage. http.||
www.globalprotectioncluster.org|
Cender is a key consideration in 0RR. lvidence from past
disasters, seems to point to a disproportionate impact on women
and girls. Jhe death toll was much higher among women and
girls for reasons ranging from higher levels of unpreparedness
to not being allowed to make decisions at household or
community levels. 0ue to their dinerent roles in society, women
and men may have dinerent priorities and ideas on the priorities
and actions to be taken to reduce the risks. lnabling the voices
of both women and men, girls and boys, to be heard, and to
participate and to make decisions is central to enective disaster
36
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risk reduction. Community resilience and community preparedness cannot be achieved
successfully if the gender roles and dynamics are not taken into account. Cender issues
are to be considered when conducting a risk analysis.
Age is a ma|or factor inuencing vulnerability to disasters. Jhe enective participation
of older people and children
34
can ensure that lifesaving actions are designed and
implemented to include the specinc needs of the dinerent age groups.
A number of initiatives from a rightsbased approach to 0isaster Risk Reduction have
highlighted the role of children as agents of change, including disaster preparedness
interventions led by and for children. Jhis includes activities such as working with
Hinistries of lducation and national 0RR agencies to develop school safety manuals
and to include 0RR in the education curriculum.
Jraditional knowledge and the historical memory of the older people of the community
may be valuable source of guidance in disaster risk reduction.
Hen, women and children with disabilities are ofen invisible in 0RR processes, however
they have specinc vulnerabilities and capacities which need taking into account when
planning and implementation of intervention. lack of accessibility of disaster related
services such as early warning systems, shelters and healthcare, are key issues to be
addressed. lncreasing the visibility and active participation of persons with disabilities
in analysis and decisionmaking at community level can help to ensure activities are
more inclusive of their needs. 8uilding the capacity of disabled people organisations
(0l0s) is also considered critical in supporting greater participation.
37
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3.9 Dkk l Dsaster Preparedness Sub-Sectors
'0isaster Risk Reduction | 0isaster lreparedness' is one of the twelve sectors recognised
by 0C lCl0. Jhis sector is divided into seven subsectors.
local disaster management components
lnstitutional linkages and advocacy
lnformation, education, communication
Smallscale infrastructure and services
Constituting stocks of emergency and relief items
livelihoods and economic assets protection
0ther
0C lCl0 recognises that many of the activities that follow would be considered
'development actions' and will only engage in these activities under conditions set by
the lumanitarian lmplementation llan and operational guidance.
Afer a disaster, there is likely to be increased concern about disasters, interest in risk
reduction measures, and potential availability of nnancial resources for such actions.
Jhis may present an important opportunity to introduce or revisit practices or measures
that can help reduce future risk.
ln the following sections, brief explanations and examples are provided for each of the
subsectors.
3.9.l Local Dsaster Hanagement
9.6B./&/%#
\1/,2 %,F,/.-3 ]4.2G.5C c(B,.5.5C
local capacity building and training refers to
measures linked to strengthening the abilities
of the community and stakeholders present
at the local level to better prepare, mitigate
and respond to natural hazards. Jhe approach
reinforces the peoplecentred principle of
0C lCl0's action. Such measures seek to
promote greater inclusion and consideration of groups at particular risk including
women, children, older people, people with disabilities and other marginalised groups.
Activities may include.
Strengthening of systems and mechanisms for inclusion and participation in risk
governance at the local level.
Community mobilisation promoting inclusion of women, children, older people and
people with disabilities covering issues such as participatory elaboration of local
disaster preparedness strategies and contingency plans,
Coordination with (sub)national disaster management authorities and systems,
and building alliances for 0RR,
lromoting the piloting and replication of good practices in 0RR, including for
example supporting the organisation and training of local emergency committees|
brigades,
Jraining of Red Cross and Red Crescent volunteers, community facilitators and
mobilisers,
38
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Jraining of medical stan in mass casualty management,
Jraining members of the community on safe coping mechanisms, nrst aid, search
and rescue, and damage assessments and needs analysis.
0esign, implement, and evaluate simulation exercises at the local level,
$,B23 _,B5.5C Z36-*+6
larly warning Systems (or lwS) are. 'the set of capacities needed to generate and
disseminate timely and meaningful warning information to enable individuals,
communities and organizations threatened by a hazard to prepare and to act
appropriately and in sumcient time to reduce the possibility of harm or loss'. A people
centred early warning system comprises four key elements. knowledge of the risks,
monitoring, analysis and forecasting of the hazards, communication or dissemination
of alerts and warnings, and local capabilities to respond to the warnings received.
Reviving and|or strengthening of traditional, existing local knowledge of lwS,
Jechnical studies conducted specincally to set up an lwS (e.g. hydrological study),
Honitoring systems (e.g. installation of rain gauges),
Support to alert services, including training of lwS operators,
Communication network (e.g. installation of radio networks),
Simulation exercises,
Regional and national exchanges of lwS technical expertise.
P,FF.5C ,5G G,-, /1+F4-*B.O,-.15
Jhis comprises a range of activities linked to mapping and managing relevant data for
the purposes of risk analysis and decisionmaking. Activities may include.
0ata collection, surveys for risk mapping purposes,
Community risk mapping and Ceographical lnformation Systems (ClS), including
larticipatory 30imensional Hodelling (scale model),
Happing evacuation routes on murals and signboards|posters visible for all,
lrinting, distribution, dissemination of collected data|maps.
3.9.2 Insttutonal Lnkages and Advocacy
Advocacy is a process that aims to inuence people, policies, systems and resource
allocation decisions in order to bring about change. Jhis strategy may seek to inuence
a range of audiences, including government, donors, civil society, private sector, the
media, etc. lnstitutional strengthening refers to measures seeking to strengthen the
abilities of key institutions in 0RR. Jhis may involve supporting enorts to strengthen
the linkages between communities and the relevant institutions. Activities may include.
lromoting 0RR integration into development planning and budgeting,
Advocating to key disaster management dutybearers for the integration of 0RR
into regular planning,
Jraining of decisionmakers at dinerent levels on disaster preparedness| risk
reduction,
Jraining and information materials on 0RR for local authorities, health care centres,
and other relevant institutions,
Advocating to the Hinistry of lducation for the integration of 0RR into
curricula| teacher training.
39
Coordination and multistakeholder dialogue
are essential for enective 0RR and response.
Activities to facilitate coordination may include.
Supporting interinstitutional fora|
meetings|mechanisms,
working with sectoral groups and Clusters
on coordination,
Setting up or strengthening platforms, networks and other
coordination groups from regional to local level,
Regional cooperation, exchange of experts and peers, and
promotion of 0RR networking,
Standardization of llC materials and operating protocols.
3.9.3 Informaton, Lducaton, Lommuncaton
ln 0RR, public awareness seeks to encourage a culture of
safety. Activities may include.
Communityled awareness campaigns (e.g. theatre,
community radio, participatory video),
0evelopment of awareness materials. leaets, posters,
billboards, brochures, radio spots | public service
announcements,
lnvolving the media, e.g. Jv, articles published in
newspapers and magazines,
leertopeer awareness, conferences, seminars,
symposiums, exhibitions, workshops,
Jraining workshops for the media||ournalists.
ln this context, education is to be understood broadly as the
many forms of formal (through schools and universities) and
nonformal transmission of knowledge, skills, experience
and engagement of groups of people, including the use of
media, awareness campaigns, special events, etc. Activities
may include.
0esigning and producing of training materials for school
children and teachers,
Jraining of teachers and pupils,
lmergency planning at school level,
Conducting simulations at school level and lwS at school
level,
lducation of students on basic services in emergency
situations,
0eveloping a 'culture of prevention' for youth and
children, including extracurricular activities,
llanning for continuity in education in the event of
emergencies,
0C lCl0 recognises that Childcentred 0RR requires
focusing on the specific risks faced by children, as well
as involving children in efforts and initiatives to reduce
40
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disaster risk. Jhe llC tools should be inclusive to guarantee that the information
is accessible for all.
3.9.4 Small Scale Infrastructure and Servces
Jhis subsector includes smallscale infrastructure works common to many
0lllCl0 pro|ects, as well as small installations for preparedness and emergency
response facilities. lt may also cover safeguarding critical facilities and services
such as communications and energy|electricity from disasters.
Such works will be considered only for demonstrative purposes, and always
complementary to other disaster preparedness measures. Jhey should be the result
of an appropriate risk analysis methodology, be anordable and easily replicable in
neighbouring areas and when relevant in the country|region. Sustainable actions
and maintenance schemes should be an integral part of any intervention.
lach pro|ect should be designed by an appropriate professional. Activities may include.
8uilding protection walls along river banks with community participation,
Smallscale drainage and irrigation works,
lreventive action against soil erosion,
Reinforcing roads and bridges,
Structural mitigation in 'safe places' identined in emergency plans,
Construction of emergency response facilities, including emergency coordination
centres and emergency warehousing,
Settingup or rehabilitation of evacuation shelters and routes,
0emonstration pro|ects, especially on safer construction, for promotion with
professionals and the community.
3.9.5 Lonsttutng Stocks of Lmergency and kelef Items
Jhis involves building up stocks of emergency relief items, targeting the
reinforcement of the response capacity of local actors and institutions in disaster
prone areas. lmergency kits are to be sex|age|disability and culturally appropriate.
upgrading or renovation of storage facilities,
lrepositioning of stocks (kits, water treatment products),
lrepositioning of equipment (water treatment unit, tanks, tools),
Jraining for stock management and monitoring the distribution process.
3.9.6 Lvelhood and Lconomc Assets Protecton
livelihood protection involves protecting
household livelihood systems to prevent an
erosion of productive assets or to assist in
their recovery. lt should reduce vulnerability
resulting from the forced selling of
productive assets to meet immediate food
and other needs. welldesigned and timely
intervention in this area may help reduce the
impact of and considerably reduce the costs
of dealing with a fullblown emergency.
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0C lCl0 recognises that livelihood protection is a development action and will only
engage in these activities when there is good evidence that they will have an impact on
an impending humanitarian disaster. 8earing this in mind, activities may include.
Assessing risks to livelihood in relation to dinerent kind of hazards,
llaborating plans for livelihood protection and recovery,
Strengthening knowledge capacities, skills, experiences and linkages to protect,
preserve and enrich community livelihoods,
lromoting resilient farming practices and inputs (e.g. use of drought resistant seeds
and crops, short cycle cultivation, livestock vaccination, adaptation of agriculture
calendars to climate change scenarios, emcient irrigation, improvement of food
transformation, conservation and stocking etc.),
Running demonstration actions for the protection of livelihoods and assets,
lmproving infrastructure or supporting soil and water conservation measures,
carried out through food or cashforwork or some other means,
Reforesting and repairing of water catchments.
Supporting the development of family 0RR plans incorporating protection of
livelihoods during emergencies.
3.l0 Dkk n derent contexts
0C lCl0 humanitarian assistance takes place in a multitude of contexts, from natural
to manmade disasters and forgotten crisis. Jhe following provides 0RR considerations
for three types of settings that present a specinc set of challenges for programming. a)
slowonset hazards, b) urban contexts, and b) complex emergencies.
3.l0.l Dkk n slow-onset hazards
Slowonset hazards refer to potentially disastrous events that do not emerge from
a single, distinct event (for example, earthquake, cyclone or ood) but that manifest
themselves gradually over time (several months or years), most ofen as a result of a
set of factors. Jheir slow onset nature presents signincant challenges for a standard
humanitarian response - how many people must die or be severely anected before
a ma|or response is triggered? 0n the other hand, the slow onset nature provides
an opportunity for 0RR, in early response and implementing measures to avoid a
catastrophic outcome.
0rought is one of the most important of the slowonset hazards. 0ther examples are.
desertincation, environmental degradation, waterlogging, pollution, climate change
enects (sea level rise and variations in temperatures and rainfall), and insect infestation.
Jhe main lines of action for 0C lCl0 in the context of slowonset disasters are.
lifesaving humanitarian response, through sector actions (i.e. lutrition, lealth,
wASl, lood Assistance, lrotection), ensuring that these are fully riskinformed,
Strengthening humanitarian stakeholders' emergency preparedness,
Supporting recovery through protection of livelihoods.
Supporting communitybased preparedness interventions, including smallscale
and innovative actions for replication purposes and building evidence of successful
actions,
lroviding technical support, dissemination of good practice, awareness raising and
advocacy.
42
ln the case of drought, a combination of factors, including crop failure and severe
water and food shortages, will determine whether it results in a disaster. Jhe causes
are ofen complex, and include political, economic and social factors. Conict and|or
insecurity may worsen an already food insecure context. Approaches to mitigating the
impact of drought are well documented. Jhe main interventions will focus on a range
of strategies to cope with food insecurity and famine, and bolster greater resilience of
communities, such as.
Honitoring drought and vulnerability,
Supporting preparedness planning and contingency planning,
35
lrotecting food production and livelihoods (including key assets),
lreserving food (for example, through establishing seed and food storage|banks),
Jargeted food assistance,
Jreat pockets of acute undernutrition,
Safeguarding and preserving water supplies,
lreserving livestock when this is the main livelihood option,
Seeking to limit the likelihood of future disaster through longerterm initiatives.
ldentifying the critical stage when to intervene during a slowonset hazard may be
challenging. Close cooperation|coordination with existing early warning systems is
essential to agree on the key 'triggers' for early action. Jhe drought cycle management
approach supported in the lorn of Africa has provided valuable lessons in respect to
the principle of 'doing the right thing at the right time'.
3.l0.2 Dkk n urban contexts
Accelerated urbanisation is taking place in
dinerent parts of the world, with more than
half of the world's population now living in
urban areas. Jhis upward trend is expected to
continue. Jhis urban growth is accompanied
by a high degree of vulnerability of much
of the urban population, due to informal
settlement patterns, limited access to land
and security of tenure, and poor or nonexistent urban infrastructures. Consequently,
it is likely that there will be an increasing requirement for humanitarian action and
an associated requirement for 0RR in urban contexts.
lractice has shown that urban culture demands specinc approaches that ofen do not
correspond to methodologies and tools that have proven emcient in rural or semi
urban contexts. Although some of the tools, approaches, policies and practices have
already been adapted from rural to urban areas, their scalingup and the development
of new tools to nll gaps is also essential to enhance the impact and emciency of
humanitarian assistance in urban areas and reach the most vulnerable.
Jhe following are examples of how 0C lCl0 may support risk reduction in the
urban context.
lromoting citizen participation and local organisations addressing disaster risk,
Advocating with local decisionmakers for risk informed local planning and
budgeting,
43
35 - 0Cn4 - Pol|cy ucvclomcnt cnJ StuJ|cs 8rcnc| - Pol|cy 8r|c[n Scr|cs No. 6 0Cn4 cnJ Slow-0nsct cmcrcnc|cs
S
/($2'&21 C$; ;C0B% 'C$' "(N$%
culturc JcmcnJs scc|[c crocc|cs t|ct
ojcn Jo not corrcsonJ to mct|oJolo|cs
cnJ tools t|ct |cvc rovcn cqc|cnt |n
rurcl or scm|-urocn contcxts.
Conducting or updating urban risk assessments, and disseminating nndings to
the public,
Assessing the safety of school and health facilities and supporting upgrading
where needed,
Supporting smallscale mitigation works, such as improving ood drainage
and providing evacuation shelters,
lromoting local awareness and disaster risk reduction in education
programmes,
Strengthening early warning systems and emergency management
capacities,
Contingency planning and simulation exercises involving all stakeholders.
0C lCl0 is supporting the global campaign 'Haking Cities Resilient. 'Hy City
is getting ready!'', by boosting the signing up of more local and national
governments to apply the ten essential actions checklist, citytocity learning,
producing guidelines and trainings, and applying the local Covernment Self
Assessment Jool (lCSAJ).
3.l0.3 Dkk n complex emergences
Complex emergencies are linked to a range of hazards, including armed
conict. latural hazards and conict are ofen strongly interlinked. Conict can
increase the risks associated with natural hazards while natural hazards (such
as drought) may exacerbate or generate conict. Conversely, some disasters
triggered by natural hazards (such as the 2004 Jsunami in Aceh, lndonesia)
may contribute to a reduction in conict.
Complex emergencies can lead to a deterioration in socioeconomic conditions
and hence to increased vulnerability to hazardous events. Rapid response
mechanisms are ofen disrupted by conict, hindering both immediate relief
enorts and longerterm recovery enorts.
ln accordance with the 0o lo larm principle,
humanitarian action in complex emergencies
should be based on a comprehensive risk
analysis, which considers all relevant hazards,
including those relating to conict. lactors to
consider include the intensity of the conict,
displacement of population, access to local
resources, humanitarian space and access,
the presence of combatants, neutrality and
the quality of governance. lt is important to
analyse both existing and longerterm risks, including the enects of climate change
and governance.
ln some complex emergencies, the reduction of risks associated with natural hazards
may be an acceptable entry point, especially where the parties to the conict have
a negative perception of humanitarian organisations. Reducing risk due to natural
hazards is generally perceived as 'neutral' and nonthreatening politically.
while engagement at community level is critical to the success of risk reduction
measures, in complex emergencies full participation may not be feasible.
S
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36
0C lCl0 requires that humanitarian interventions in
conict situations are designed and implemented by
agencies possessing the requisite technical competence
and strong capacity in the specinc areas of conict covered,
including knowledge of the socioeconomic dimensions,
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systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their enects, which
moderates harm or exploits benencial opportunities. various types of adaptation
can be distinguished, including anticipatory and reactive adaptation, private and
public adaptation, and autonomous and planned adaptation' (llCC JAR, 200l a).
!.6,6-*B: A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society
involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and
impacts, which exceeds the ability of the anected community or society to cope
using its own resources.
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risks through systematic enorts to analyse and manage the causal factors of
disasters, including through reduced exposure to hazards, lessened vulnerability or
people and property, wise management of land and the environment, and improved
preparedness for adverse events.
&,O,BG: A dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition that
may cause loss of life, in|ury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of
livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage.
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related disasters.
0B*F,B*G5*66: Jhe knowledge and capacities developed by governments,
professional response and recovery organisations, communities and individuals to
enectively anticipate, respond to, and recover from, the impacts of likely, imminent
or current hazard events or conditions.
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hazard to resist, absorb, accommodate to and recover from the enects
of a hazard in a timely and emcient manner, including through the
preservation and restoration of its essential basic structures and functions.
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D.6L: Jhe combination of the probability of an event and its negative consequences.
48
49
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eneciaries
understanding of
benenciaries about 0RR
and 0C lCl0
what is 0C lCl0 and why it
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implementation
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and what it does in 0RR
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and the general public of
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0C lCl0 funds it
Jestimonies, successful stories of
0C lCl0 0RR initiatives
vll visits
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0C lCl0 partners
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products through l0 and
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(videos, photos, exhibitions)
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not technical
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authorities
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unknown or patchy by
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who, what, where and how 0RR
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mandate, policy and strategies
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response
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meetings.
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web|Social media (incl..
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importance of 0RR,
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(lRR0)
0C lCl0 0RR lolicy
Regular meetings and
communication
0C lCl0 focal points in lu
0elegations
lress lnformation 0mcers (ll0s)
in the 0elegations
Regional lnformation 0mcers
(Rl0s)
web|Social Hedia
0RR terminology is
ofen unknown by lu
institutions
lRR0 | Jransition needs
to be promoted at
political and practical
levels
!" $%&'
F,B-5*B6
Hutual understanding of
respective 0RR mandates
and ob|ectives between
0C lCl0 and partners
lartners understand their
role in communication |
advocacy
0C lCl0 and partners policies,
strategies and interventions on
0RR
lmportance of |oint
communication rules and terms
to be considered in 0C lCl0
funded interventions, including in
visibility and communication
0C lCl0 0RR lolicy
leriodic communication
Heetings, monitoring visits
lumanitarian lmplementation
llans, Single lorms, reporting
Rl0s and communication
omcers from partners
Sharing|interchange of
communications products
web|Social media
A better and
more intensive
communication
between 0C lCl0 and
its partners increase
the coherence of 0C
lCl0's funding and its
support by luropean
taxpayers
!" $%&' .5T
)146*
Clarity about 0C lCl0s
mandate and ob|ectives
in 0RR
0C lCl0 l0 and neld
aware of achievements
and progress in the neld
Jechnical Assistants in
the neld are able to share
basic messages about
0RR
Successful 0RR stories
and achievements
well documented data about
0C lCl0s programming and
engagement in 0RR
0C lCl0 0RR lolicy
lluid communication
l0lield 0mces regarding
operational results
Communication products for
wider public (videos, factsheet,
photos, web stories) also
informing operational desks
8rienng of colleagues and
translation in practice
8rienng Rl0s
A shared and
consensual
terminology, policy
and strategy on 0RR
KAK 0/+"-$%.'#
$K,+F2*6 ,B* C.Q*5 S*21W 1R .5G./,-1B6 R1B +15.-1B.5C B*642-6 1R !.6,6-*B
0B*F,B*G5*66 ,/-.156 .5 -)* +,.5 !" $%&' !DDc!0 64ST6*/-1B6 M6**
6*/-.15 <@IN
Jhree levels of indicators may be considered.
Z-B,-*C./ .5G./,-1B6 at institution level (e.g. ullS0R|llA),
0B1CB,++* .5G./,-1B6 (e.g. 0lllCl0 llls or 0rought preparedness

programme),
0B1[*/- .5G./,-1B6 (e.g. 0lllCl0 pro|ects).

lor each of these levels, there are three families of indicators linked with the strategy
|programme| pro|ect cycle management.
lntry strategy | opportunity indicators links with the beginning of the cycle (Clobal
assessment, entry points, baseline study),
Result or outcome indicators, linked with the monitoring process,
lndicator of progress linked with the end of the cycle.

Lxample of a Specc 0b|ectve:
Jhe ob|ective. the population in Area X is aware of the disaster risk in their area and
are prepared to react in an adequate fashion.
I%+&2$'0(6 lercentage (%) of population perceiving that they are in disaster
prone area and prepared to react adequately,
Source of verincation. 8aseline survey in high risk area at the beginning of
the operation compared with the evaluation results of drill exercises (baseline
survey and drill evaluation) at the end of the operation.
T.-$2 +"#$#%&' 6$/$1&6&/% -.6B./&/%#
50
$7(D`
"XU!$\U7$Z
"XU!$\U7$Z
%'7(DU]X(U'7Z
%'7(DU]X(U'7Z
Z(DJ($"U% \$d$\
0D'"DJPP$ \$d$\
0D'a$%( \$d$\
P'7U('DU7" $eU(
5l
9@9 lumber (#) of local committees (and|or brigades, following the context)
have been established, trained, equipped, are functioning and recognized by
rest of the community (or the relevant omcial body like municipality if it is
stated by law).
9@;@ At least # communities have developed contingency plans that are validated
and tested.
9@< At the end of the pro|ect, an lwS is functioning, appropriate and managed by
the community and|or municipality|local authorities.
9@= At least X% of the benenciaries know and are able to identify the lwS alarm
and alert signals and can provide and receive information in an understandable and
timely way.
lf the focus of the results is an w5 retending te reach an eective resense
-1 W,B5.5C6: it is recommended to use 4 indicators to measure the following
elements.
lmprovement of monitoring, analysis and forecasting of the hazards,
lmprovement of knowledge of the risks by exposed communities,
lmprovement of the communication or dissemination of alerts and warnings,
lmprovement of local capabilities to respond to the warnings received.
0/#%"%,%"./$2 2"/*$1&# $/+ $+D.-$-4
;@9 Afer X months of the pro|ect, # municipal committees established, trained,
equipped and operational.
;@; Hunicipal Committees developed contingency plans that are validated (also at
national level) and tested.
;@< Jhe participating Hunicipalities have assigned % of their next budget year
planning for 0isaster lreparedness activities (please note that this indicator is
possible only in certain contexts).
;@= Jhe lmergency 0peration Centre (l0C) in # municipalities has been created,
equipped and operational and each one of the participating members knows their
role and responsibilities in the l0C.
;@> Jhere is at least one coordination and communication formal protocol between
(national) regional, municipal and communal commissions before the end of the pro|ect.
;@? lro|ect contributes to a better comprehensive disaster Hanagement action
plan at national and municipality level. ln a case of lwS see also how the local
lwS is compatible| integrated within the national|regional one.
0/C.'6$%"./H &+,-$%"./H -.66,/"-$%"./
<@9 At the end of the pro|ect, at least X people (or X % of the benenciaries) (adults
and children) of the target communities know the risks of the (specined) hazard
and know the contingency measures to adopt in case of disaster.
<@; X % of .5G.B*/- benenciaries knowledgeable of community contingency plans.
<@< X % of the schools in the intervention area have school emergency plans
(please specify the local language when needed) and these have been validated by
the parents, teachers, children and the rest of the community.
<@= 8est practices, tools and experience on 0RR in this pro|ect are identined,
systematized and disseminated through X (please specify one common channel).
R6$22I#-$2& "/C'$#%',-%,'& $/+ #&'D"-&#
=@9 At midterm of the pro|ect, at least X% of the benenciary communities have
identined community infrastructures to be improved and|or constructed, to be used
during emergencies and this has been agreed with the Hunicipality.
=@; # shelters have been improved, following the internationally accepted standards,
to receive # people.
=@< % of the population better protected by mitigation works implemented.
9./#%"%,%"/1 #%.-*# .C &6&'1&/-4
>@9 ln the X Hunicipality, an emergency stock (provide details on the specincities of
the stocks) is available to cover the immediate needs of at least # of people during
and in the immediate afermath an emergency (following the Sphere standards)
and has a mechanism for restocking].
>@; At the end of the pro|ect, each Hunicipality has at least one space refurbished
and equipped for warehousing and know how to manage it, and has the capacity to
attend at least #% of the most vulnerable population identined.
T"D&2"5..+ $/+ 8-./.6"- Q##&%# ='.%&-%"./
?@9 At the end of the action X families from x communities have strengthened their
knowledge capacities, skills, experiences and links to protect, preserve and enrich
their livelihoods.
?@; At the end of the pro|ect, at least X 0RR family plans and x business plans have
been prepared incorporating protection of livelihoods and animal management
during emergencies.
?@< At the end of the pro|ect, at least X families have been supported with
demonstrative actions for the protection of livelihoods during natural hazard.
?@= At the end of the pro|ect X adequate livelihoods and assets protection
infrastructures for ooding periods are available for at least x families and their
demonstrative purposes are connrmed.
52
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DRR Thematic Policy

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DRR Thematic Policy

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!

Z-B,-*C./ .5G./,-1B6 at institution level (e.g. ullS0R|llA),

0B1CB,++* .5G./,-1B6 (e.g. 0lllCl0 llls or 0rought preparedness

0B1[*/- .5G./,-1B6 (e.g. 0lllCl0 pro|ects).

Result or outcome indicators, linked with the monitoring process,

lndicator of progress linked with the end of the cycle.

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