Sri Lanka Tsunami

Sunday 26 December 2004: 07.58 Earthquake off west coast of Sumatra measured over 9 on the Richter Sca e 09.!8 Lar"e wave strikes# $%! metres hi"h 09.&! 'irst tsunami strikes % (%7 metres hi"h )0.0! Second tsunami strikes % )0 metres hi"h )0.$0 Third tsunami strikes# 5 metres hi"h: causes hour on" inundation )$.00 Sea eve returns to norma Unawatuna, which is on the south coast of Sri Lanka.

Then at a*out )000 this mornin" our time a hu"e wave sudden + hit the
*each. Then the water started comin" under the door. ,ithin a few seconds it was touchin" the window. ,e swam out of the room neck dee- in water# forcin" our wa+ throu"h the ta* es and chairs in the restaurant and u- into a tree. ,e were swe-t a on" for a few hundred metres# tr+in" to dod"e the motorc+c es# refri"erators# cars and other de*ris that were comin" with us. .s the+ wa ked -ast# the teena"e son# wearin" an En" and foot*a shirt said in a ver+ matter of fact wa+ /0+ *rother is dead/. There are no kind of emer"enc+ services here# there are no he ico-ters thum-in" throu"h the sk+ to come to save -eo- e. 1t is a do%it%+ourse f rescue.

There are no rea medica services here either at the moment. . ca went round a*out )5 minutes a"o for a doctor *ecause a man2s
-u se was "ettin" weaker and weaker *ut there are no doctors here.

3 o*a 4a5ards
To know the difference *etween a natura ha5ard and natura disaster To understand how we c assif+ ha5ards To be able to e6- ain wh+ some - aces are more at risk from ha5ards than others The know the difference *etween a natura ha5ard and a natura disaster: 7atura 4a5ard: the -otentia of somethin" to cause dama"e

7atura 8isaster: somethin" has ha--ened and has caused a ot of dama"e# economic or human 8isasters: . f ood in 9an" adesh in a farmin" vi a"e . drou"ht in the south east of En" and .n ava anche in a ski resort 4a5ards: . f ood in a rura area which f oods em-t+ fie ds . drou"ht in .ustra ia2s out*ack .n ava anche hi"h u- in the mountains# awa+ from sett ements

8efinitions:
Hazard . -erceived natura event# which has the -otentia to threaten *oth ife and -ro-ert+ Disaster . ha5ard that causes deaths or dama"e to "oods# -ro-ert+ and the environment

: assif+in" 4a5ards:
).
Hydro!meteoro"o#ica" Hazards 'ormed *+ h+dro o"ica ;f oods< and atmos-heric ;storms and drou"hts< -rocesses. $eo%hysica" Hazards 'ormed *+ tectonic="eo o"ica -rocesses ;earthquakes# vo canoes and tsunamis<

$.
&atura" Hazard: E>s# tsunamis# f oods# drou"hts etc...

&atura"!techno"o#ica" Disasters ,hen a natura ha5ard tri""ers a tech disaster# e.". 'ukushima -ower station $0)) 'echno"o#ica" (ccidents 8isaster due to a human techno o"ica accident# e.". :herno*+ )98(

!.
)onte*t Hazard Those which o-erate on a " o*a =wor dwide sca e e.". Sea eve rise? vo canic ash c oud? -o ution )hronic Hazard 1f a conte6t ha5ard increases the threat of an environmenta ha5ards# it *ecomes a chronic ha5ard# e.". sea eve rise increases the risk of f oodin".

&.
9+ eve of threat ;risk< te6t *ook -a"e 5# risk *ased on si5e of -o-u ation# -rotection measures# ma"nitude# death rankin" +isk :an *e defined as the -ro*a*i it+ of a ha5ard event occurrin" and creatin" oss of ives and ive ihoods. 4a5ards to -eo- e is the most severe t+-e of risk a thou"h ha5ards to "oods ;infrastructure=-ro-ert+< and to the environment can a so have devastatin" events. ,u"nerabi"ity . hi"h risk com*ined with an ina*i it+ of individua s and communities to co-e. -actors affectin# .u"nerabi"ity 'i"ure ).$ -a"e !

,h+ are some -o-u ations at hard risk:

). 4a5ards are hard to -redict:

 7atura ha5ards var+ in s-ace as we as time *ecause of chan"in" human

activities and var+in" -h+sica factors# e.". tectonic - ate movements E6-ensive and difficu t to -redict

The rise in sea eve means that ow +in" coasta - ains that were once
safe - aces to ive are now more -rone to storm sur"e and f ood. 8eforestation of watersheds eads to ess interce-tion of rain and more f ash+ h+dro"ra-hs# increasin" the frequenc+ and ma"nitude of f ood events

$. Lack of . ternatives:
Sometimes -eo- e have to ive in unsafe ocations such as hi sides or f ood- ains or re"ions su*@ected to drou"ht *ecause there is a shorta"e of and or a ack of know ed"e of a ternatives.

!. 9enefits vs :osts:
Aeo- e su*conscious + wei"h u- the *enefits of ivin" in a hi"h risk area a"ainst the costs 9enefits of ferti e farmin" and on the f anks of vo canoes ma+ outwei"h the risk of an eru-tion

&. Risk Aerce-tion:

Aeo- e tend to *e o-timistic a*out the chan"e of a disaster occurrin" 8ue to fa se statistics and uneducated thou"hts ). ,hich sector re eases the most amount of "asB ,h+ do +ou think this isB Aower stations *ecause the+ *urn fossi fue s and re ease "as $. ,hich sector re eases the most: :C$B % Aower stations 0ethane % ."ricu ture ;cow farts and rice farmin"< 7itrous C6ide % ."ricu ture ;ferti isers and and c earin"< !. ,h+ mi"ht some sectors re ease more of certain "ases than othersB 9ecause that "as mi"ht *e a ke+ in"redient to what the+ make=do

Ener"+ from the sun *eats down on the Earth Some *ounces strai"ht *ack into s-ace. The rest is a*sor*ed *+ the and# oceans and atmos-here Some of this ener"+ "oes out to s-ace# *ut some is a so a*sor*ed and re% emitted *+ trace atmos-heric "ases The 2"reenhouses "ases2 are -resent natura + *ut human activit+ is increasin" their concentration The "ases are /tuned/ to a*sor* ener"+ at infrared wave en"ths This /e6cited/ the "as mo ecu es# warmin" the atmos-here. Ener"+ is re% admitted in a directions .s the "reenhouse "ases increase in the atmos-here# the+ work to increase tem-eratures at the surface

$+//&H0US/ /--/)' the natural warmin" of the EarthDs atmos-here due to the tra--in" of heat# which wou d otherwise *e radiated *ack to s-ace. 1t ena* es the surviva of ife on Earth. /&H(&)/D $+//&H0US/ /--/)' ,hen eve s of "reenhouse "ases in the atmos-here increase owin" to human activit+. $L01(L 2(+34&$: . recent + measured rise in the avera"e surface tem-erature of the - anet# caused *+ the The Earth is warmed durin" the da+ *+ incomin" u travio et radiation from the sun. The Earth oses heat at ni"ht throu"h out"oin" infrared Radiation. Cver a on" -eriod of time *a ance has e6isted *etween incomin" E out"oin" radiation# so the EarthDs tem-erature has remained constant. 3reenhouse Effect is the natura -rocess *+ which the Earth2s infrared radiation is re%ref ected and tem-orari + stored *+ a a+er of "reenhouse "ases. ,ithout this -rocess the EarthDs atmos-here wou d *e !! o: ower. 3 o*a ,armin" is effect of a thickenin" a+er of "reenhouse "ases. 1nfrared radiation is -revented from esca-in" *ack into s-ace. The -rocess has *een ca ed the Enhanced 3reenhouse Effect.

,hat wou d ha--en if it was $ de"rees hi"her:

;Aa"e )0< :ora Reefs: :han"in" sa t eve s % cora reefs ver+ sensitive :han"es tem-eratures % too hot ;not *etween $!%$8< eads to cora * eachin" :han"es de-th and i"ht intensit+ 7atura *arrier Tourist hots-ot Lifest+ e % food and medicina

:ase Stud+: Firi*ati

,hat ha--ened to the is and of Te*uaB ,hat is ha--enin" to Firi*atiB 8o +ou think the "rou- of is ands wi e6ist in )00 +ears from nowB ,h+=wh+ notB
Te*ua was 2swa owed *+ the sea2 due to an increase in sea eve s

The Threat of : imate :han"e:

: imate *and % *ands where the c imate is simi ar % chan"es what -eo- e can "row

5ositi.e -eedback

&e#ati.e -eedback

+educin# )"imate )han#e

Cffshore wind farms 8iscoura"ement from drivin" Encoura"ement for e ectronic cars=h+*rid

1s the ,or d 9ecomin" 0ore 4a5ardousB

3a#nitude The si5e of a natura ha5ard event e.". the force of a "a e or ener"+ "iven off durin" a vo canic eru-tion -re6uency 4ow often an event of a certain si5e ;ma"nitude< occurs# e.". ever+ +ear or ever+ )0 +ears. 1t is a so known as the recurrence inter.a".

Measuring Hazard Events: 4urricane: Saffir%Sim-son 4urricane Sca e ;from )%5< % dama"e# wind s-ed and storm sur"e Go cano: Go canic E6- osive + 1nde6 ;0%7< Earthquake: Richter sca e ; o"arithmic ;increases *+ )0 fo d< 0%9H< measured *+ a seismo"ra-h Tornado: 'u@ita Sca e ;)%5< ,hat is the re ationshi- *etween ma"nitude and recurrence eve B .s ma"nitude increases frequenc+ decreases 4a5ard 8ata: Loca" #o.ernments or &$0s who re-ort disaster statistics to the I7 1usinesses e.". 7.T :.T and S130.# which are used *+ insurers $"oba" 0r#anisations e.". internationa strate"+ for disaster reduction# and the E0%8.T ;emer"enc+ data< ;run *+ the ,4C % wor d hea th or"anisation< 8isaster data co ection is ver+ unre ia* e .re 4a5ards . wa+s Re-ortedB 'rom )9(0# increase in ha5ards re-orted 'rom )980 % ar"e s-ike 0ore techno o"+# more accurate findin"s and easier to re-ort# *etter communications 3eo-h+sica hasn2t chan"ed that much 4+dro%meteoro o"ica % increasin" more ra-id + % " o*a warmin"B 9io o"ica started s-ikin" in )99! Since )9(0 % sate ite remote sensin" and " o*a communications *e"an ,hich ha5ards are most frequent: Lar"est increase in f oods 0ost ha5ards have decreased 1ncreased in vo canic activit+ 8ecreased in drou"hts=wi dfires=windstorms 3eo-h+sica ha5ards are around the same 4+dro%meteoro o"ica ha5ards are increasin" .-art from s ides which area around the same .round ( times as man+ f oods 7ot a ha5ard data is re-orted accurate + Cvera there is a chan"in" frequenc+ in ha5ard# some are increasin" and some are not ' ood and drou"ht increasin" Go canoes and earthquakes are simi ar

,h+ are 7atura 8isasters 1ncreasin"B

To know a ran"e of human and %hysica" factors that inf uence natura disasters

To understand the im-acts of #"oba" warmin# on natura disasters

Gideo: Tro-ica Storm 'ormations ,ater over $7 eva-orates :reates a ow -ressures and risin" air s-ins and condenses 0ore air sucked in .ir "ains s-eed Tro-ica de-ression forms !8 m-h tro-ica storm worms Sate ite ima"er+ shows tro-ica c+c ones formin" ,hen winds reach 7& m-h *ecomes a hurricane ,inds s-in around the 2e+e2 ,a around the e+e most severe Jes 9ei@in" 7orma universit+ %K for ver+ ) de"ree increase num*er of hurricanes wi increase two% to seven%fo d 7ationa :entre for .tmos-heric Research % K L of hi"h%ma"nitude events has increased *ecause of " o*a tem- rise 4urricane stren"th and frequenc+ inked to sea tem-eratures# warmerMmore ike + to occur Earth2s tem-s have risen faster in the ast centur+ than -ast ))#!00 7o 7ationa 4urricane :entre %K due to natura varia*i it+ in ocean tem-s 0a+ *e some im-act from 3, on hurricanes# *ut this is not the main factor .t antic Cceano"ra-hic and 0eteoro o"ica La*orator+ %K 5L increase in rain and wind is -ar of .TL.7T1: 0ILT1%8E:.8.L 0C8E ;natura c+c e ever+ $0%!0 +ears< 8etection has im-roved rather than the num*er of hurricanes :urrent hurricane activit+ simi ar to that in )9$0%)970s

1s it inevita* e that the im-acts of 74 wi continue to increaseB Jes: 1ncreasin" -o-u ation in -oorer countries where -eo- e can2t -rotect themse ves from 74 ;rura %K ur*an mi"ration< %%%K vu nera*i it+ e.". -oor qua it+ housin" o Na-an ;41:< )8$=)00 000 ;death rate *+ 74< o 0a awi ;L1:< 8 7&8=)00 000 0a"nitude and frequenc+ of h+dro%meteoro o"ica ha5ards is increasin" *ecause of :: %K "reater dama"e 1ce and % -eo- e ma+ make themse ves *ecome more vu nera* e *ecause of where the+ ocate. Locate O *ase of stee- s o-es o 4uman activit+ e.". Sri Lanka % man"rove c earance o L1:s % f ood- ains=s o-es of vo cano 1ncreasin" economic dama"e in L1:s

o E.". St Lucia has to -a+ & times the 38A to recover from 4. 0itch :+c e of -overt+ worsens vu nera*i it+ o Lack of mone+ o Aoor infrastructure o :an2t withstand ha5ard%co a-ses o 4as to *e re*ui t from scratch

7o: Arediction: .wareness of a need for monitorin" E.". 7ationa 4urricane :entre o :onstant monitorin" of hi"h%risk areas e.". E>s % Seismometers o 1m-roved techno o"+ e.". 3AS to monitor "round deformation Arevention: o Education of -u* ic ;to save ives< %K so the+ know what to do o E.". 8isaster -revention da+ ;0)=09<# 'E0. o Leaf ets and contro ed *urnin" -ro"ramme in .ustra ia o 9ui din"s ada-ted % s-rink ers o 9ui din" 8esi"ns: Ro in" wei"hts .utomatic shutters

1d 7um*ers Reinforced attice work Ru**er shock%a*sor-tion C-en areas Reinforced ift shafts San 'ran air-ort# Tamaki 9ui din"# Jokohama Landmark Tower

Res-onse: o 4urricane Sand+ ;IS.< o Lar"est .t antic hurricane on record o 1n the da+s and weeks fo owin" the storm# the I.S. .rm+ :or-s of En"ineers mo*i i5ed more than 800 -ersonne from wor dwide ocations to fu fi 'edera Emer"enc+ 0ana"ement ."enc+ mission requests tota in" P!5) mi ion to assist with the re ief and recover+# -rimari + in 7ew Jork and 7ew Nerse+. o The :or-s worked c ose + with its -artners to dewater a--ro6imate + &75 mi ion "a ons of sa t water# insta more than $00 "enerators to critica faci ities such as hos-ita s and -o ice stations# remove more than !00#000 cu*ic +ards of de*ris in 7ew Jork :it+ a one# -rovide more than nine mi ion itres of *ott ed water and *e"in re-airs to coasta -ro@ects. o 1n a nationa commitment to he - recover from the second%most cost + hurricane in our 7ationDs histor+# :on"ress in Nanuar+ $0)! -assed the 8isaster Re ief .--ro-riations .ct of $0)!. o This act a--ro-riated more than P5 *i ion to the .rm+ :or-s for the restoration and construction of federa -ro@ects in the im-acted area. o Cne +ear ater# more than $00 -ro@ects and studies a on" the coast ine from 3eor"ia to 0aine and navi"ation channe s in and to Chio are - anned and underwa+ to reduce the risks of future coasta storm dama"e. o 1ncreased resi ience to future e6treme weather is im-erative# es-ecia + in the conte6t of c imate chan"e# sea% eve rise and other factors. o The 8isaster Re ief .--ro-riations .ct further a ocated P$0 mi ion for IS.:E to co a*orate with federa # state# oca and tri*a -artners in academia# "overnment# non%"overnmenta and -rivate industr+ sectors to com- ete a com-rehensive stud+ to address the f ood risks of vu nera* e coasta -o-u ation a on" !)#000 mi es of coast ine in the 7orth .t antic 8ivisionDs territor+. o IS.:E contri*uted to the Sea Leve Rise Too for Sand+ Recover+ to create a set of ma- services to he - communities# residents# and other stakeho ders consider risks from future sea eve rise in - annin" for reconstruction fo owin" 4urricane Sand+. o 4C,EGER EQTRE0ELJ 9.8 ,.R7173 SJSTE0 :onc usion: o 1 don2t think the+ wi increase o ,e are increasin" the techno o"+ of our *ui din"s and detection

o ,e a so have more mone+ and resources to -revent a"ainst 78 and the techno o"+ 4I0.7 '.:TCRS increasin" disaster frequenc+ and ma"nitude Land Aressure 8estro+in" natura *arriers 8eforestation which eads to increased run off 0an"roves in Sri Lanka 4i"h de-endence on and R im-acts on ive ihoods Techno o"+ 7uc ear techno o"+ 'ocus too much on techno o"+ Statistics make -eo- e too comforta* e Cver de-endent on techno o"+ Aovert+ Lack of hea thcare Less a* e to co-e Less -rediction 7o -revention Less infrastructure and communication Ao-u ation "rowth=chan"e Lar"e -o-u ation

o 0ore -eo- e affected o Lar"er +outh and e der + who are more vu nera* e Ir*anisation 1ncrease num*er of shant+ towns o 7ot sta* e# makeshift 'orced to ive in hi"h%risk areas Ao itica :han"e 0ismana"ement of re ief efforts e.". Aakistan ,ar%torn countr+ has de- eted resources 'or ever+ P) s-end on -re-aredness# countries save P!%& after disaster strikes

8isaster 4ots-ots

$00): :o om*ia Ini and ,or d 9ank defined hots-ots as: mu"ti%"e hazard zones 4ots-ot if: o E6-osed to risk from two or more ha5ards o E6-osed to mu ti- e ha5ards from within the same "rouo Gu nera* e due to socia and=or -h+sica factors

:a ifornia and Ahi i--ines:

0ost Serious 4a5ard to Ahi i--ines:

1 think the most serious ha5ard in the Ahi i--ines are t+-hoons. Lookin" at the data we can see that from )905%$007 there has *een more t+-hoons than a the other events com*ined. There are a so more -eo- e ki ed and in@ured in t+-hoons# with a com*ined tota of (5#)() in@uries and deaths# whereas the second hi"hest ;earthquakes< caused on + $$.(!) deaths and in@uries# far ess. Economic dama"e is a so e6treme + hi"h from t+-hoons# a tota of P9#0)8#57&# which is e6treme + hi"h for a countr+ with a 38A -er ca-ita of P5000. 4owever one cou d a so ar"ue that the reason for the hi"h num*er of -eo- e affected and economic dama"e is the fact that there are man+ tsunamis occurrin"# where as f oods are ess frequent *ut more si"nificant when the+ ha--en. 'or e6am- e the f ood in Nu + )97$ affected $.7 mi ions -eo- e# whereas the t+-hoon in )99) ki ed (000 -eo- e. Therefore t+-hoons are more severe as the+ are the most frequent ;$&) over a -eriod of )0$ +ears< are have affected more -eo- e ;8( mi ion< and caused the hi"hest economic dama"e ;over P9 mi ion< and are therefore the most serious ha5ard. 0ost Serious 4a5ard to :a ifornia: 1 think that the most serious ha5ard in :a ifornia is earthquakes *ecause even thou"h the+ are quite rare# when the+ do hit the+ are catastro-hic. 'or e6am- e an earthquake in )90( destro+ed the who e of San 'rancisco. 9ecause L. is a 41: and has an e6treme + ar"e -o-u ation an+ dama"e done *+ earthquakes wi have a ar"e socia and economic cost. Earthquakes a so affect a most ever+where in L. whereas other ha5ards on + affect certain areas. Earthquakes can a so cause ha5ards such as ands ides and can *urst "as -i-es and water mains eadin" to fires and drou"hts which wi then increase the dama"e of wi dfires and natura drou"hts. 4owever in the future with more frequent E 7iSo events and sea eve rises due to " o*a warmin"# coasta and river f oodin" ma+ *ecome the most serious ha5ard as the+ wi *ecome more frequent and serious. Aractice >uestions: ). a< 8 is ike + to have the ower disaster risk as it does not ie on the San .ndreas fau t ine so wi *e at a ower risk from earthquakes and is a so not near the sea so wi not *e at risk from coasta f oodin". There is a so no ver+ itt e -o-u ation *< ). 1t faces the Aacific Ccean and therefore is su*@ected to E 7ino events# which wi increase rainfa and river f oodin". $. There is a so ar"e ur*anisation in :a ifornia# which eads to much concrete and therefore a faster a" time and therefore more f ash f oods. c<

:a ifornia ies on a constructive - ate *oundar+ *etween the -acific - ate and the 7orth .merican - ate# a thou"h the+ are movin" in the same direction the -acific - ate is movin" faster ;5%9cm< com-ared to ;$%!cm< and therefore causin" friction and earthquakes. The San .ndreas 'au t a so runs throu"h :a ifornia makin" earthquakes more centra ised. Lands ides are a so frequent due to the "eo o"+ of :a ifornia as there are man+ hi s. 4eav+ rainfa from E 7ino +ears wi u*ricate the earth on the hi s and cause the and to s ide.