STA 2023 Introduction to Statistics

Review Questions for the Final Examination

1. Identify the type of sampling used in each case.
a) A quality control manager selects ever 500
th
newspaper from the printing press.
b) A researcher identifies a numbered list of 500 subjects, then selects 50 of them by using a computer to randomly
generate 50 numbers.
c) A market researcher selects all customers in each of 15 randomly selected stores.

2. Identify the level of measurement which is most appropriate.
a) Consumer ratings of poor, fair, good or excellent.
b) Times required by different students to learn how to drive a car.
c) Political party preference.

3. Use the given sample data to find each of the measurements.
{61, 63, 75, 76, 81, 82, 82, 88, 94}
a) mean
b) median
c) mode
d) range
e) standard deviation

4. Use the frequency table to construct a relative frequency histogram and an ogive.

Class Limits Frequency
1-15 2
16-30 0
31-45 2
46-60 5
61-75 12
76-90 20

5. Given the summary statistics for the actual low temperatures for 35 days in Boston, construct a boxplot to illustrate the
data.


6. The following stemplot shows the diastolic pressures for a sample of 40 men.
a) Find the percentile for a diastolic pressure of 78.
b) Find the diastolic pressure at the 40
th
percentile
4 : 4
5 : 48
6 : 44555 66889
7 : 01122 45567 77899
8 : 01111 22334 57

7. The mean and standard deviation for the diastolic pressures of men are 73.2 and 9.1, respectively and the diastolic
pressures for women have a mean and standard deviation of 67.4 and 11.6.
a) Find the z score for a mans diastolic pressure of 85.
b) Find a womans diastolic pressure that would give a z score of -1.5.
c) Would a diastolic pressure of 96 be considered unusual for a woman? Why?

8. A batch consists of 15 defective capacitors and 85 good capacitors.
a) If two capacitors are selected without replacement, what is the probability that both are good?
b) If six capacitors are chosen with replacement, what is the probability that all are good?
c) If six capacitors are chosen with replacement, what is the probability that at least one is defective?


Column n Mean Variance Std. Dev. Std. Err. Median Range Min Max Q1 Q3
Actual Low 35 53.771427 47.12269 6.864597 1.1603286 54 29 39 68 49 59
9. A citizens action committee against nuclear power is comprised of 6 Democrats (4 of whom are men), 8 Republicans (5
of whom are men), and 3 Independents (1 of whom is a man). If one member is randomly selected, find the probability
of:
a) getting a Republican.
b) getting a Republican or an Independent.
c) getting a Republican or a man.
d) getting a Democrat, given that the selected person is a man.

10. An IRS agent randomly selects 15 income tax returns for audit. (She audits 15 returns each day.) In the past, the agent
has found that 20% of her audited returns contain errors.
a) Find the probability that for one particular day, there are exactly two returns with errors.
b) Find the probability that for one particular day, there are at least two returns with errors.
c) Find the mean number of returns with errors per day.
d) Find the standard deviation for the number of returns with errors per day.

11. A bank loan officer rates applicants for credit. The ratings are normally distributed with a mean of 200 and a standard
deviation of 50.
a) If an applicant is randomly selected, find the probability of a rating between 170 and 220.
b) If an applicant is randomly selected, find the probability of a rating above 178.
c) Find P
80
, the score which separates the lower 80% from the top 20%.
d) If 40 different applicants are randomly selected, find the probability that their mean is above 215.
e) If the loan officer processes 300 applications, how may would be expected to have a rating between 170 and 220.

12. A survey of 865 voters in California reveals that 408 favor approval of an issue before the legislature. Construct the 95%
confidence interval for the true proportion of all voters in California who favor approval.

13. A botanist measures the heights of a sample of 24 seedlings and obtains a mean of 41.6 cm and a standard deviation of 4.8
cm. Construct the 98% confidence interval for the population mean height.

14. We want to estimate the mean energy consumption level for a home in one region. We want to be 90% confident that our
sample mean is within 25 kwh of the true mean, and past data strongly suggest that the population standard deviation is
137 kwh. How large must our sample be?

15. In tests of a computer component, it is found that the mean time between failures is 937 hours. A modification is made
which is supposed to increase reliability by increasing the time between failures. Tests on a sample of 36 modified
components produce a mean time between failures of 983 hours, with a standard deviation of 52 hours. At the 0.01 level
of significance, test the claim that the modified components have a longer mean time between failures.

16. Describe the type I error and the type II error that corresponds to the hypotheses in the previous problem.

17. When 12 bolts are tested for hardness, their indices have a standard deviation of 41.7. Test the claim that the standard
deviation of the hardness indices for all such bolts is greater than 30.0. Use a 0.025 level of significance. Assume the
hardness index for these bolts is normally distributed.

18. Two separate tests are designed to measure students abilities to solve problems. Several students are randomly selected
to take both tests and the results are given below.
Test A: 48 52 58 44 43 43 40 51 59
Test B: 73 67 73 59 58 56 58 64 74
a) Graph a scatterplot for the data.
b) Find the value of the linear correlation coefficient r.
c) Use a 0.05 significance level to find the critical value for this data.
d) What do you conclude about the correlation between the two variables?

19. Use the paired data in the previous question.
a) Obtain the linear regression equation for the data.
b) What is the best prediction for a students score on Test B if the student scored 57 on Test A.
c) Graph the regression equation on the same graph as the scatterplot.
ANSWERS

1. a) systematic b) random c) cluster

2. a) ordinal b) ratio c) nominal

3. a) x =78 b) x =81 c) mode = 82 d) range = 33 e) s 10.7

4.
class freq cum freq rel freq
1 15 2 2 0.049
16 30 0 2 0.000
31 45 2 4 0.049
46 60 5 9 0.122
61 75 12 21 0.293
76 90 20 41 0.488
total 41





5. 49 54 59

39 68








6. a)
63
25
(100) 62.5 63 answer = P
40
= 7.
b) (0.40)(40) 16
16 17 71 72
71.5
2 2
L
th th
x
= =
+ +
= = =


8. 9.







10. binomial table n = 15, p = 0.20 9.
x = number of audits with errors
a) P(x = 2) = 0.231
b) P(x > 2) = 1 P(x = 0 or 1) = 1 (0.035 + 0.132) = 0.833
c) = np = 3
d) = (15)(0.2)(0.8) 2.4 npq = = 1.55

11. normal, = 200, = 50
a) P(170 < x < 220) = normalcdf (170, 220, 200, 50) = 0.3811686325 0.3812
b) P(x > 178) = normalcdf (178, 999999, 200, 50) = 0.6700314007 0.6700
c) area to left = 0.80, invNorm (0.8, 200, 50) = 242.0810617 242
d) n = 40, P( 215) (215, 999999, 200, 50 / 40) normalcdf x > = = 0.02888897188 0.0289
e) (0.3812)(300) 114
Democrat Republican Independent

Men
4 5 1 10
Women
2 3 2 7

6 8 3 17
1 2 1 2 1
6
1 2 6
85 84
) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0.721
100 99
85
) ( ... ) 0.377
100
) (at least one ) 1 (all are G) 1 0.377 0.623
a P G and G P G P G G
b P G and G and and G
c P D P
= =
| |
=
|
\
= = =
8
a)
17
8 3 11
b)
17 17 17
8 10 5 13
c)
17 17 17 17
4 2
d)
10 5
+ =
+ =
=
men: 73.2, 9.1, women: 67.4, 11.6
85 73.2
a) 1.297 b) 67.4 1.5(11.6) 50
9.1
c) 96, 2.466 unusual; more than 2 s.d. from mean
z x
x z
= = = =

= = = =
=

12.
2
408 (0.47)(0.53)
0.4716763006 0.472, 1.96 0.033267 0.033
865 865
pq
p E z
n

= = = = =
0.472 0.033 (0.438, 0.505) p E = = or 1-PropZInt gives (0.43841, 0.50494)

13. Assume heights are normally distributed, n = 24, x = 41.6, s = 4.8, use t distribution, degrees of freedom = 23

2
4.8
(2.500) 2.449489743 2.4
24
s
E t
n

| |
= = =
|
\
, 41.6 2.4 (39.2, 44.0) x E = =
or use TInterval: (39.151, 44.049)

14.
2
2
(1.645)(137
81.263 82
25
z
n
E

(
(
( = = =
(
(




15. Make your decision by computing the test statistic and comparing to the critical value OR use the calculator to find the p-
value and compare to the significance level.
n = 36, x = 983, s = 52, claim: > 937

H
o
: = 937
H
1
: > 937

significance level: = 0.01

test statistic: use the t distribution


983 937
5.307
52
36
x
t
s
n

= =
critical value: Table A-3, df = 35
t = 2.438
rejection region: Reject H
0
if t > 2.438

p-value: TTest: t = 5.307, p = 0.000000316 0
Reject H
0
if p <
decision: Reject H
0

conclusion: The sample data support the claim that the modified
components have a longer mean time between failures than
unmodified components.



16. Type I Error: Decide that the modified components are improved when in fact they are not. [Decide that the modified
components have a longer mean time between failures than unmodified ones when in fact the mean time between failures
is the same (937 hours).]

Type II Error: Decide that the modified components have not been improved when in fact they are improved. [Decide
that the modified components have the same mean time between failures as unmodified ones (937 hours) when in fact the
mean time between failures is more than 937 hours.]


17. Make your decision by computing the test statistic and comparing to the critical value OR use the calculator to find the p-
value and compare to the significance level.
n = 12, s = 41.7, claim: > 30.0

H
o
: = 30.0
H
1
: > 30.0

significance level: = 0.025

test statistic: use the
2
distribution


2 2
2
2 2
( 1) (11)(41.7)
21.2531
(30)
n s

= =
critical value: Table A-4, df = 11,
2
= 21.920

rejection region: Reject H
0
if
2
> 21.920

p-value =
2
cdf(21.25, 999999, 11) = 0.03084
Reject H
0
if p <
decision: Fail to reject H
0

conclusion: There is not sufficient sample evidence to support the
claim that the standard deviation of hardness indices for all
such bolts is greater than 30.0.


( ) ( )
2 2
9, 438, 582, 28670
21688, 38064
centroid , 48.6, 64.6
n x y xy
x y
x y
= = = =
= =
=


18.a

b) calculator: LinRegTTest
r = 0.8671270702 0.867

c) Table A-6: critical value = 0.666

d) H
o
: = 0, H
1
: 0, = 0.05
decision: reject H
o

conclusion: There is significant correlation between
scores on Test A and Test B.



19. a)
1
1

0.93010753, 19.401434
19.4 0.93
o
o
y b b x
b b
y x
= +
= =
= +
b) 57
19.4 (0.93)(57) 72.4
x
y
=
= + =
c)


x y
40 56.6
48.7 64.7
60 75.2