Nodule 1b: Sampling

NOTES

Sampling Techniques
Sampling


Sampling Terminology
The population is divided into sampling units
which are groups of elements or the elements
themselves.
A list of the sampling units for a particular
study is called a frame.
The choice of a particular frame is often
determined by the availability and reliability
of a list.
The development of a frame can be the most
difficult and important steps in conducting a
sample survey.


Prepared by:
Mrs. Marian T. Reyes
CBESTA1
De La Salle University

Sampling Nethods
Sample surveys can also be classified in
terms of the sampling method used.
The two categories of sampling
methods are:
Probabilistic sampling
Non-probabilistic sampling


Types of Samples
Quota
Samples
Non-Probability
Samples
Judgment Snowball
Probability Samples
Simple
Random
Systematic
Stratified
Cluster
Convenience


Non-probabilistic Sampling
Nethods
The probability of obtaining each
possible sample can't be computed.
Statistically valid statements cannot be
made about the precision of the
estimates.
Sampling cost is lower and
implementation is easier.
Nethods include convenience and
judgment sampling.


Non-probabilistic Sampling
Nethods
Convenience Sampling
The units included in the sample are chosen
because of accessibility.
!n some cases, convenience sampling is the only
practical approach.
Judgment Sampling
A knowledgeable person selects sampling units
that hefshe feels are most representative of the
population.
The quality of the result is dependent on the
judgment of the person selecting the sample.
Generally, no statistical statement should be made
about the precision of the result.


Survey Errors
Two types of errors can occur in
conducting a survey:
Sampling error
Non-sampling error


Survey Errors Survey Errors
Sampling Error
- !t is defined as the magnitude of the
difference between the point estimate,
developed from the sample, and the
population parameter.
- !t occurs because not every element in the
population is surveyed.
- !t cannot occur in a census.
- !t can not be avoided, but it can be
controlled.


Survey Errors
Non-sampling Error
!t can occur in both a census and a sample
survey.
Examples include:
Neasurement error
Errors due to non-response
Errors due to lack of respondent knowledge
Selection error
Processing error



Probabilistic Sampling
Nethods
The probability of obtaining each
possible sample can be computed.
Confidence intervals can be developed
which provide bounds on the sampling
error.
Nethods include simple random,
stratified simple random, cluster, and
systematic sampling.


Simple Random Sampling
A simple random sample of size n from a
finite population of size N is a sample
selected such that every possible sample of
size n has the same probability of being
selected.
We begin by developing a frame or list of all
elements in the population.
Then a selection procedure, based on the use
of random numbers, is used to ensure that
each element in the sampled population has
the same probability of being selected.


Simple Random Sampling
01 Alaska Airlines
02 Alcoa
03 Ashland
04 Bank of America
05 BellSouth
06 Chevron
07 Citigroup
08 Clorox
09 Delta Air Lines
10 Disney
11 DuPont
12 Exxon Mobil
13 General Dynamics
14 General Electric
15 General Mills
16 Halliburton
17 IBM
18 Kellog
19 KMart
20 Lowes
21 Lucent
22 Mattel
23 Mead
24 Microsoft
25 Occidental Petroleum
26 JCPenney
27 Procter & Gamble
28 Ryder
29 Sears
30 Time Warner
01 Alaska Airlines
02 Alcoa
03 Ashland
04 Bank of America
05 BellSouth
06 Chevron
07 Citigroup
08 Clorox
09 Delta Air Lines
10 Disney
11 DuPont
12 Exxon Mobil
13 General Dynamics
14 General Electric
15 General Mills
16 Halliburton
17 IBM
18 Kellog
19 KMart
20 Lowes
21 Lucent
22 Mattel
23 Mead
24 Microsoft
25 Occidental Petroleum
26 JCPenney
27 Procter & Gamble
28 Ryder
29 Sears
30 Time Warner
01 Alaska Airlines
02 Alcoa
03 Ashland
04 Bank of America
05 BellSouth
06 Chevron
07 Citigroup
08 Clorox
09 Delta Air Lines
10 Disney
11 DuPont
12 Exxon Mobil
13 General Dynamics
14 General Electric
15 General Mills
16 Halliburton
17 IBM
18 Kellog
19 KMart
20 Lowes
21 Lucent
22 Mattel
23 Mead
24 Microsoft
25 Occidental Petroleum
26 JCPenney
27 Procter & Gamble
28 Ryder
29 Sears
30 Time Warner
Numbered Population Frame


Simple Random Sampling
Using Random Numbers
Then a selection procedure, based on the use of
random numbers, is used to ensure that each
element in the sampled population has the same
probability of being selected.
Random Number Table




Simple Random Sample
9 9 4 3 7 8 7 9 6 1 4 5 7 3 7 3 7 5 5 2 9 7 9 6 9 3 9 0 9 4 3 4 4 7 5 3 1 6 1 8
5 0 6 5 6 0 0 1 2 7 6 8 3 6 7 6 6 8 8 2 0 8 1 5 6 8 0 0 1 6 7 8 2 2 4 5 8 3 2 6
8 0 8 8 0 6 3 1 7 1 4 2 8 7 7 6 6 8 3 5 6 0 5 1 5 7 0 2 9 6 5 0 0 2 6 4 5 5 8 7
8 6 4 2 0 4 0 8 5 3 5 3 7 9 8 8 9 4 5 4 6 8 1 3 0 9 1 2 5 3 8 8 1 0 4 7 4 3 1 9
6 0 0 9 7 8 6 4 3 6 0 1 8 6 9 4 7 7 5 8 8 9 5 3 5 9 9 4 0 0 4 8 2 6 8 3 0 6 0 6
5 2 5 8 7 7 1 9 6 5 8 5 4 5 3 4 6 8 3 4 0 0 9 9 1 9 9 7 2 9 7 6 9 4 8 1 5 9 4 1
8 9 1 5 5 9 0 5 5 3 9 0 6 8 9 4 8 6 3 7 0 7 9 5 5 4 7 0 6 2 7 1 1 8 2 6 4 4 9 3
9 9 4 3 7 8 7 9 6 1 4 5 7 3 7 3 7 5 5 2 9 7 9 6 9 3 9 0 9 4 3 4 4 7 5 3 1 6 1 8
5 0 6 5 6 0 0 1 2 7 6 8 3 6 7 6 6 8 8 2 0 8 1 5 6 8 0 0 1 6 7 8 2 2 4 5 8 3 2 6
8 0 8 8 0 6 3 1 7 1 4 2 8 7 7 6 6 8 3 5 6 0 5 1 5 7 0 2 9 6 5 0 0 2 6 4 5 5 8 7
8 6 4 2 0 4 0 8 5 3 5 3 7 9 8 8 9 4 5 4 6 8 1 3 0 9 1 2 5 3 8 8 1 0 4 7 4 3 1 9
6 0 0 9 7 8 6 4 3 6 0 1 8 6 9 4 7 7 5 8 8 9 5 3 5 9 9 4 0 0 4 8 2 6 8 3 0 6 0 6
5 2 5 8 7 7 1 9 6 5 8 5 4 5 3 4 6 8 3 4 0 0 9 9 1 9 9 7 2 9 7 6 9 4 8 1 5 9 4 1
8 9 1 5 5 9 0 5 5 3 9 0 6 8 9 4 8 6 3 7 0 7 9 5 5 4 7 0 6 2 7 1 1 8 2 6 4 4 9 3
9 9 4 3 7 8 7 9 6 1 4 5 7 3 7 3 7 5 5 2 9 7 9 6 9 3 9 0 9 4 3 4 4 7 5 3 1 6 1 8
5 0 6 5 6 0 0 1 2 7 6 8 3 6 7 6 6 8 8 2 0 8 1 5 6 8 0 0 1 6 7 8 2 2 4 5 8 3 2 6
8 0 8 8 0 6 3 1 7 1 4 2 8 7 7 6 6 8 3 5 6 0 5 1 5 7 0 2 9 6 5 0 0 2 6 4 5 5 8 7
8 6 4 2 0 4 0 8 5 3 5 3 7 9 8 8 9 4 5 4 6 8 1 3 0 9 1 2 5 3 8 8 1 0 4 7 4 3 1 9
6 0 0 9 7 8 6 4 3 6 0 1 8 6 9 4 7 7 5 8 8 9 5 3 5 9 9 4 0 0 4 8 2 6 8 3 0 6 0 6
5 2 5 8 7 7 1 9 6 5 8 5 4 5 3 4 6 8 3 4 0 0 9 9 1 9 9 7 2 9 7 6 9 4 8 1 5 9 4 1
8 9 1 5 5 9 0 5 5 3 9 0 6 8 9 4 8 6 3 7 0 7 9 5 5 4 7 0 6 2 7 1 1 8 2 6 4 4 9 3
Random Number Table
Read 2-digit numbers from an arbitrary
starting point, eliminating numbers
greater than 30 and those that have
been selected already.




Simple Random Sample
01 Alaska Airlines
02 Alcoa
03 Ashland
04 Bank of America
05 BellSouth
06 Chevron
07 Citigroup
08 Clorox
09 Delta Air Lines
10 Disney
11 DuPont
12 Exxon Mobil
13 General Dynamics
14 General Electric
15 General Mills
16 Halliburton
17 IBM
18 Kellog
19 KMart
20 Lowes
21 Lucent
22 Mattel
23 Mead
24 Microsoft
25 Occidental Petroleum
26 JCPenney
27 Procter & Gamble
28 Ryder
29 Sears
30 Time Warner
01 Alaska Airlines
02 Alcoa
03 Ashland
04 Bank of America
05 BellSouth
06 Chevron
07 Citigroup
08 Clorox
09 Delta Air Lines
10 Disney
11 DuPont
12 Exxon Mobil
13 General Dynamics
14 General Electric
15 General Mills
16 Halliburton
17 IBM
18 Kellog
19 KMart
20 Lowes
21 Lucent
22 Mattel
23 Mead
24 Microsoft
25 Occidental Petroleum
26 JCPenney
27 Procter & Gamble
28 Ryder
29 Sears
30 Time Warner
01 Alaska Airlines
02 Alcoa
03 Ashland
04 Bank of America
05 BellSouth
06 Chevron
07 Citigroup
08 Clorox
09 Delta Air Lines
10 Disney
11 DuPont
12 Exxon Mobil
13 General Dynamics
14 General Electric
15 General Mills
16 Halliburton
17 IBM
18 Kellog
19 KMart
20 Lowes
21 Lucent
22 Mattel
23 Mead
24 Microsoft
25 Occidental Petroleum
26 JCPenney
27 Procter & Gamble
28 Ryder
29 Sears
30 Time Warner
Sample Members


Systematic Sampling
Systematic Sampling is often used as an alternative
to simple random sampling which can be time-
consuming if a large population is involved.
!f a sample size of n from a population of size N is
desired, we might sample one element for every Nfn
elements in the population.
We would randomly select one of the first Nfn
elements and then select every (Nfn)th element
thereafter.
Since the first element selected is a random choice, a
systematic sample is often assumed to have the
properties of a simple random sample.


Systematic Sampling
For example, suppose you want to
sample 8 houses from a street of 120
houses. 120f8=15, so every 15th
house is chosen after a random starting
point between 1 and 15. !f the random
starting point is 11, then the houses
selected are 11, 26, +1, 56, 71, 86,
101, and 116.


Systematic Sampling
Advantages
spreads the sample more evenly over the
population;
easier to conduct than a simple random sample
Disadvantage
the system may interact with some hidden
pattern in the population, e.g. every third
house along the street might always be the
middle one of a terrace of three


Cluster Sampling
Cluster sampling requires that the
population be divided into N groups of
elements called clusters.
We would define the frame as the list of
N clusters.
We then select a simple random sample
of n clusters.
We would then collect data for all
elements in each of the n clusters.


Cluster Sampling
Advantages
saving of traveling time, and consequent reduction in
cost;
useful for surveying employees in a particular industry,
where individual companies can form the clusters
Disadvantages
units close to each other may be very similar and so
less likely to represent the whole population;
larger sampling error than simple random sampling


Cluster Sampling
A primary application is
area sampling, where
clusters are city blocks or
other well-defined areas.


Stratified Simple
Random Sampling
The population is first divided into H groups, called
strata.
Then for stratum h, a simple random sample of size n
h
is selected.
The data from the H simple random samples are
combined to develop an estimate of a population
parameter.
!f the variability within each stratum is smaller than
the variability across the strata, a stratified simple
random sample can lead to greater precision.
The basis for forming the various strata depends on
the judgment of the designer of the sample.


Stratified Sampling
Advantages
Greater precision.
Convenience
!t ensures better coverage of the
population than simple random
sampling.


Stratified Sampling
Disadvantages
Difficulty in identifying appropriate strata.
Nore complex to organize and analyze
results.


Stratified Sampling
20 - 30 years old
(homogeneous within)
(alike)
30 - 40 years old
(homogeneous within)
(alike)
40 - 50 years old
(homogeneous within)
(alike)
Heterogeneous
(different)
between
Heterogeneous
(different)
between
Stratified by Age


Stratified Sampling
Choice of Sample Size for each Stratum
!n general the size of the sample in each stratum
is taken in proportion to the size of the
stratum. This is called proportional
allocation. Suppose that in a company there
are the following staff
and we are asked to take
a sample of +0 staff,
stratified according to
these categories.
63 Female, part time
9 Female, full time
18 Nale, part time
90 Nale, full time


Stratified Sampling
The first step is to find the total number of
staff (180) and calculate the percentage in
each group.
male, full time = ( 90 f 180 ) x 100 = 0.5
x 100 = 50
male, part time = ( 18 f 180 ) x 100 = 0.1
x 100 = 10
female, full time = (9 f 180 ) x 100 = 0.05
x 100 = 5
female, part time = (63f 180) x100 = 0.35
x 100 = 35