What Wh ti is P Petroleum t l Reservoirs?

Asep p K. Permadi, , Ph.D.

Bandung, Bandung August 2006

The Quest for Oil

Modern civilization in fact involves: Transportation Energy requirements Other energy generation Run and build things on hydrocarbon Oil drives the economy of the world

The Challenge in Petroleum Industry

Finding reservoirs containing oil: Hide far away below the Earth surface Cannot be seen and touched Reservoir geometry is very complex Variety of rocks, properties, and history

Elements of Oil Business

Characters High Risk High Cost High Tech

Producing Oil Safe Clean Efficient

Business Targets Max Recovery Min Risk Min Cost

What is Petroleum Reservoirs?

An oil reservoir is basically: A body of rock Millions of years ago, it originally settled as sand dunes, , beaches, , deserts, coral reefs, rivers As time goes by it gets buried and compressed d it gets t pressurized i d Thousands of ft to miles underneath the ocean or land surface

Finding g Petroleum Reservoirs

Means finding ways to Visualize underground formation Evaluate the potential Steer drill bit to the pay zone

What is Oil?
Oil is originated as living organisms in the seas such as plankton and algae about hundreds of million of years ago As they die the remains fall to the bottom of the sea They become the source of oil as they are buried with the accumulating g settlement and reached high temperature It start to cook and change to oil that then migrates to where h it is found f d today. d

The Birth of Reservoirs

Began with the movement of continents over millions of years Push P h and d pull ll of f land: l d valley ll became b a shallow sea, and then swamp, later desert, and then back to a sea again When water flooded the area, it produces organic matters that would later became oil. Organisms living in the sea today may eventually become oil over the next millions illi of f years

A Reservoir is a Trap
There Th are many different diff t kinds ki d of f reservoirs depending on the types of trap. p
Strustural Stratigraphic Salt dome, etc

Detecting Oil
Finding clues at the Earth surfaces Remote sensing g by y studying y g magnetic, g , gravity, density, seismic properties) Sensing through wells while drilling

Different depths and scales from inches to miles

Evaluation of Oil Existence

How much oil is there? Where exactly y is it? How easily will it flow?

Evaluation of Oil Existence

Information obtained by sensors during drilling will determine angle angle, depth, depth and thickness of oil bearing layer and accordingly the exact location of oil. the fluid distribution within the reservoir and accordingly the oil volume contained. how easily it will flow when rock and oil properties are known

Facts and Figures

Jumlah lapangan minyak (in terms of reservoir) di dunia = 30,000 dengan cadangan 140,000 Mton. (million ton) Lebih dari 50% cadangan minyak dunia (71,000 Mton) terkandung hanya di 33 lapangan (0.1% jumlah lapangan); 26% berikutnya terkandung di 0,8% , jumlah j lapangan; p g ; 0.91% lapangan p g minyak y mengandung 76% total cadangan minyak dunia. Lapangan minyak terbesar di dunia: Ghawar dengan cadangan 11,400 11 400 Mton, Mton kedua Burgan dengan 9,800 Mton. Cadangan minyak Indonesia = 5 milyar barrel. Kon e si ke Mton? (1 ton minyak Konversi min ak ~ 7.3 7 3 bbl, bbl SG = 33 API)

Facts and Figures

Ghawar Burgan
9,850 Mton

11,400 Mton

36,000 Mton 239 Res.

Bolivar

Safaniya

26%
71,000 Mton 33 Res. 33,000 Mton 29,700 Res.

51%

23%

Cadangan Minyak Dunia: 140,000 Mton 30,000 Reservoirs

Facts and Figures

Laju Penemuan Cadangan Minyak 1930-1983