Give an example of a physiological and pathological stimulus which could cause a cell to adapt?

Physiological hormones Pathological infection

Briefly describe the cell stress response in term of change of in gene expression. Housekeeping genes are switched off Cell Stress Genes are switched on An example of a Cell Stress, aka Heat Shock, protein is ubiquitin.

Define each of these terms, then give a physiological and pathological example of the term: Hypertrophy Increase in the size of cells Physiological example skeletal muscle cells Pathological example ventricular hypertrophy in heart due to narrowing of aortic valve Hyperplasia Increase in the number of cells Physiological endometrium of womb with stimulation from oestrogen during normal menstrual cycle Pathological nodular hyperplasia of the prostate Atrophy Decrease in cell size Physiological loss of spermatogenic activity in elderly men Pathological atrophic adrenal gland, due to surgical ablation of pituitary (loss of ACTH production) Give a definition of apoptosis and an example of it Apoptosis is organised, energy dependent, sequenced cell death. Programmed cell death. Dismantling and recycling of cells. Also known as involution. Physiological during development of hands and feet. Failure of apoptosis results in webbed fingers or toes. Physiological compare the thymus of the child and adult. Child dense lymphoid cells; adultreduced size, lymphoid tissue replaced with adipose. Apoptosis of lymphoid cells occurred. Give a definition of metaplasia and an example of it Change from one cell type to another Metaplasia of bladder epithelium from transitional to stratified squamous epithelium in response to trauma. The trauma is caused by a calculus (bladder stone). Stratified squamous epithelium is tougher than transitional and will provide protection. In Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux Disorder the squamous epithelium of the lower oesophagus changes (via metaplasia) to columnar epithelium. Columnar epithelium can produce mucus for protection. Define dysplasia, give one cause of dysplasic cervix Change to an undifferentiated cervix. HPV virus infection can lead to dysplaic cervix.

Give a description of reperfusion necrosis Failure of blood supply leads to ischaemia Decreased oxygen in the tissue leads to decreased free radicals The free radical scavenging systems become depleted On re-perfusion with oxygen many free radicals are produced. The depleted scavenging system is overloaded. The free radicals cause necrosis reperfusion necrosis

Describe the nucleus above. Pyknotic nucleus small and very basophyllic as no DNA transcription

Describe the nucleus above. Karyorrhexis of nucleus nucleus broken into fragments Membrane breakdown cell contour becomes irregular

Describe the slide above. Karyolysis of nucleus dissolution The cell is a mass of denatured protein which is very eosinophyllic