SCIENCE

1. A

2. E

3. A

4. C

5. C

6. C

7. E

8. B

9. D

10.C

11.C

12.E

BASIC SCIENCE

1. B

2. E

3. A

4. C

5. A

6. B

7. E

8. E

9. C

10.E

11.?
12.D

CELL BIOLOGY

1. Cell membrane

2. Cytoplasm

3. Pinocytic vesicle

4. Mitochondria

5. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

6. Rough endoplasmic reticulum

7. Lysosome

8. Golgi vesicle/peroxisome

9. Golgi apparatus

10.Centriole

11.Nuclear membrane/pore

12.Chromatin

13.Nucleolus

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

1. Brachiocephalic trunk (artery)

2. Arch of aorta

3. Ligamentosum arteriosum

4. Superior vena cava

5. Right auricle of right atrium

6. R.coronary artery

7. Right atrium
8. Inferior vena cava

9. Apex of heart

10.Right ventricle

11.Branch of L. coronary artery

12.Left ventricle

13.Left auricle of left atrium

14.Pulmonary trunk

15.Left subclavian artery

16.Left common carotid artery

CARDIOVASCULAR QUIZ

1. E

2. B

3. C

4. A

5. C

6. C

7. C

8. A

9. D

10.E

11.C

12.D
 SHORT ANSWERS

• Interrelationships between circulatory and respiratory systems: The

circulatory and respiratory systems work in conjunction for the maintenance
of body homeostasis. The pulmonary circulation involves the flow of blood
from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs and again to the left atrium.
In the lungs there is gas exchange at the alveoli. Also in the process of
internal respiration, there is close proximity of the circulatory and respiratory
system. Most importantly, the erythrocytes carry the oxygen (and other
gases) bound to hemoglobin to different tissues and they themselves are
carried by blood. A number of reflexes also work to control respiration
through receptors on blood vessels.

• The wall of an artery has three coats: tunica interna (the innermost coat of
epithelial cells), tunica media (the thickest layer of elastic and smooth
muscle fibres), and the tunica externa (outermost layer composed of elastic
and collagen fibres). They have a narrower lumen compared to veins. The
veins are composed of the same three layers, though the relative thicknesses
are different. They have valves and a wider lumen. The capillaries connect
arterioles to venules . Capillary walls are composed of only a single layer of
endothelial cells and a basement membrane. This facilitates microcirculation
and exchange.

• The heart is divided in to four complete chambers: the left and right atria and
the left and right ventricles. These chambers are completely divided by the
septum so no mixing of blood occurs. Also, there are valves such as the
bicuspid and tricuspid valve.

• Each cardiac cycle lasts for 0.8s and consists of: atrial systole: contraction
of atria, ventricular systole: contraction of the ventricles, and complete
cardiac diastole: relaxation of the atria and ventricles.

The normal ECG shows five waves, which have been named P, Q, R, S, and T.

The P wave arises when the impulse from the SA Node sweeps over the atria.

The QRS complex represents the very rapid spread of the impulse from the
AV Node through the AV bundle and the Purkinje fibres and the electrical
activity of the ventricular muscle.

The T wave represents the relaxation of the ventricular muscle.

 • Cardiac Output is a product of heart rate and stroke volume. The factors that
regulate cardiac output are:

Heart rate:

1. Increased parasympathetic supply slows the heart rate.

2. Sympathetic stimulation increases the heart rate.

Stroke volume:

1. changes in end diastolic volume

2. changes in magnitude of sympathetic stimulation to ventricles

3. changes in afterload

• Blood Pressure: The hydrostatic pressure exerted by blood on the walls of

the blood vessel. More commonly, it is the mean arterial pressure (map) that
is calculated as

Mean Arterial Pressure = Diastolic pressure + (Systolic Pressure – Diastolic

pressure) /3

Factors affecting MAP:

1. Pumping action of heart

2. Cardiac output

3. Peripheral resistance

4. Elasticity of arterial walls.

5. Blood volume

6. Peripheral resistance

The Rh system: There are six common types of Rh antigens, each of which is
called an Rh factor. These types are designated C, D, E, c, d, and e. A person who
has a C antigen does not have the c antigen, but the person missing the C antigen
always has the c antigen. The same is true for the D-d and E-e antigens. Also,
because of the manner of inheritance of these factors, each person has one of each
of the three pairs of antigens. The type D antigen is widely prevalent in the
population and considerably more antigenic than the other Rh antigens. Anyone
who has this type of antigen is said to be Rh positive, whereas a person who does
not have type D antigen is said to be Rh negative.

ABO System: Two antigens-type A and type B-occur on the surfaces of the red
blood cells in a large proportion of human beings. It is these antigens (also called
agglutinogens because they often cause blood cell agglutination) that cause most
blood transfusion reactions. Because of the way these agglutinogens are inherited,
people may have neither of them on their cells, they may have one, or they may
have both simultaneously. In transfusing blood from one person to another, the
bloods of donors and recipients are normally classified into four major O-A-B blood
types depending on the presence or absence of the two agglutinogens, the A and B
agglutinogens. When neither A nor B agglutinogen is present, the blood is type O.
When only type A agglutinogen is present, the blood is type A. When only type B
agglutinogen is present, the blood is type B. When both A and B agglutinogens are
present, the blood is type AB.

RENAL SYSTEM
RENAL SYSTEM QUIZ

1. B

2. B

3. D

4. A

5. B

6. D

7. A

8. C

9. A

10.B

11.A

12.A

Fill in the blanks:

1. Aldosterone

2. Water

3. Isotonic

4. Uremia

5. Decreases

6. Vasopressin

7. Hypothalamus

8. Increases

9. Concentrated

10.More
Short answers:

• Water is taken into the body through the alimentary tract and also a small
amount of water is formed by metabolic processes. The balance between
fluid intake and output is controlled by the kidneys. The fluid is reabsorbed
into the kidney by three processes: Simple diffusion, co-transport and
facultative reabsorption.

• Three primary nitrogenous wastes are: Ammonia, Urea and Ureic acid. Toxic
levels of urea in the blood, resulting from severe malfunction of the kidneys is
known as uraemia.

• Mechanism of urine formation each part of the nephron:

Tubular Segment
Major Function

Glomerulus/ Bowman’s capsule Forms

ultrafiltrate of plasma

Proximal tubule Bulk

reabsorption of solutes and water. Secretion of solutes
(except potassium) and organic acids and bases.

Loop of Henle Establishes

medullary osmotic gradient

Secretion of
urea

Descending limb Bulk

reabsorption of water

Ascending limb
Reabsorption of NaCl (active transport)

Distal tubule & cortical duct Fine tuning of

the reabsorption/secretion of small quantity of solute remaining (Aldosterone)

Cortical & Medullary collecting duct: Fine tuning of

water reabsorption

Reabsorption
of urea
• Glomerular filtration is driven by hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular
capillaries and is opposed by both the hydrostatic pressure in Bowman’s
capsule and the osmotic force due to the proteins in the glomerular capillary
plasma. Glomerular Filtration Rate is the amount of filtrate formed in both
kidneys per minute (120-125 ml/min). It depends upon renal autoregulation,
neural and hormonal regulation.

• The urine is stored in the urinary bladder and is intermittently ejected during
micturition/urination. The micturition reflex discharges urine from the
urinary bladder via parasympathetic impulses that cause contractions of the
detrusor muscle and relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter muscle via
inhibition of impulses in somatic motor neurons to the external urethral
sphincter.

• Increased angiotensin II levels and increased level of plasma potassium

promote release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex. It increases secretion of
K+ and reabsorption of Na+, Cl-, increases reabsorption of water, which
increases the blood volume. ADH: Increased osmolarity of extracellular fluid
/decreased blood volume promote release of ADH from posterior pituitary. It
increases the facultative reabsorption of water, which decreases the
osmolarity of body fluids.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
1. D

2. D

3. D

4. C
 5. B

6. B

7. A

8. B

9. D

10.A

11.C

12.D

TRUE/ FALSE

1. True

2. False

3. False

4. False

5. True

6. True

7. True

8. True

9. True

10.False

Fill in the blanks:

1. Alveolar

2. Carbonic acid/bicarbonate ions

3. Medulla oblongata and pons

4. Primary bronchus

5. Emphysema

6. Haemoglobin

7. Internal intercostals

8. Uvula, epiglottis

9. Decreases

10.Nitrogen
THERMOREGULATION QUIZ

1. E

2. D

3. B

4. B

5. A

6. C

7. B

8. A

9. B

10.E

11.B

12.B

GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEMS

1. B

2. E
 3. E

4. D

5. D

6. D

7. D

8. C

9. E

10.D

11.C

12.A

13.B

12.B, 13.D, 14.E, 15.A, C.

MATCH THE COLUMNS

Column in the same order. Column B in the following order:

1. Salivary glands

2. Pancreas

3. Liver

4. Gastric glands

Fill in the blanks:

1. Villi

2. Peyer’s patches

3. Soft palate and hard palate

4. Tongue
 5. Pharynx

6. Oesophagus

7. Rugae

8. Haustra

9. Microvilli

10.Iliocaecal valve

11.Small intestine

12.Colon

13.Appendix

14.Small intestine

15.Pyloric

16.Small intestine

17.Colon

18.Anal canal

FOOD MOVEMENT, BREAKDOWN, AND ABSORPTION

• salivary amylase

• chewing

• psychological stimulus

• mechanical stimulus

• pepsin

• HCl

• Mucus
 • Churning

• Brush border enzymes

• Bicarbonate ions

• Lipase

• Bile

Fill in the blanks:

Segmentation, migrating motility complex, migrating motility complex,

haustral churning, rectum, defecation reflex.

The Liver

Anabolic and catabolic, catabolic, albumin, fibrinogen, cholesterol,

hyperglycaemia, glycogen, hypoglycaemia, glycogenolysis, metabolizing,
Kupffer.

MUSCULO SKELETAL QUIZ

1. D

2. D

3. C

4. D

5. C

6. B

7. D

8. D

9. A

10.E

11.C
12.E