Teaching & learning

Additional mathematics
Form 4

CHAPTER 10

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Prepared by :
Additional Mathematics Department
Sek Men Sains Muzaffar Syah Melaka
For Internal Circulations Only
a b c
a) = = b) a2 = b2 + c2 - 2bc cosA
sin A sin B sin C

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c) Area of triangle = absin C
2
 Students will be able to:
1. Understand and use the concept of sine rule to solve problems.

1.1 Verify sine rule.

1.2 Use sine rule to find unknown sides or angles of a triangle.
1.3 Find the unknown sides and angles of a triangle involving ambiguous case.
1.4 Solve problems involving the sine rule

To solve the triangle means we must find three

interior angle and three sides of any triangle

A Sine Rule
Label the triangle with alphabets A,B,C and a,b,c . For any triangle ABC, whether it is an acute-angled or obtuse-
angled triangle, sine Rule state that :

a b c
= =
sin A SinB sin C

It is correct when the label of the triangle are correct.

So label on the triangle is vary importance to verify sine rule.

Homework Text Book Exercise 10.1.1 page 242

Example 1 . Solve each of the following triangle

a) b)

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 Exercise 1 : Solve the triangles below
a) Ans ∠ PQR =420 ,PQ=10.49 cm, 2. . Ans ∠MKL =380,MK=17.66 cm, 3. Ans ∠ABC=49.050,
PR=7.38 ML=11.04 cm ∠ACB =65.950, AB = 6.05 cm

R L 12 cm K C
0
100 5 cm 6 cm
720 10 cm 0
0
42 B
66 650
Q A
P M

Homework Text Book Exercise 10.1.2 page 243

1.3 Finding the unknown sides and angles of a triangle involving ambiguous case.

Ambiguous case (Ambiguous means having more than one value )

a) When two sides and an acute angle which is not an included angle are given with the acute angle
opposite the shorter of two given sides, then ambiguity arises.
b) Ambiguity means it is possible to form two triangle as shown below

A situation like this will not happen if

a) the angle given is an obtuse angle
b) the side that is opposite the given
angle is longer than the second side.

Example 2 : a) { Answer C =57.7o or 123.3o BC 12.8 cm or 23.5cm

a) ABC is a triangle with ∠ B = 25o , AB = 20 cm and AC = 10 cm. Solve the triangle.

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 Exerice 2: For each of the following triangle , state if ambiguity arises. Hence, solve the triangles
a) ∆ ABC : ∠ B = 30o , c = 8cm and b = 6cm
c) ∆ ABC : ∠ B= 64o 22' a = 13.3 cm and b = 12 cm

∠ C=41o49' , 138o 11' ∠ A=108o11' 11o49' a =11.4 cm , 2.46 cm ∠ A = 87o 47', 92o13' ∠ C = 27o51' 23o25' c = 6.22 , 5.29

b) ∆ XYZ : ∠ Y = 69o 10' , x = 8.2cm and y = 9.5 cm d) ∆ PQR : ∠ R = 28o , p = 8 cm and r = 11 cm

∠ X = 53o 47' ∠ Z = 57o 3' z = 8.53 ∠ P = 19o58' ∠ Q = 132o2' q = 17.4 cm

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Homework Text Book Exercise 10.1.3 page 244

1.4 Solving problems involving the sine rule

Example 3 Example 4 L

9.5 cm
7 cm

P S R 35o
PSR is a straight line as shown in the diagram above J K
Given that SR = 6 cm , SQ = 7 cm , ∠PQS = 23o and
The diagram shows a triangle JKL,
∠SRQ = 65 0 , Calculate a) Draw and label another triangle JLK ’ such that JK ‘ = 7cm
a) ∠SQR b) the length of PS JL = 9.5 cm and ∠LJK remains fixed at 35 o .
b) Calculate the obtuse angle of ∠JKL
c) Find ∠KL K ′

Homework Text Book Exercise 10.1.4 page 245

Students will be able to:

2. Understand and use the concept of cosine rule to solve problems.
2.1 Verify cosine rule.
2.2 Use cosine rule to find unknown sides or angles of a triangle.
2.3 Solve problems involving cosine rule.
2.4 Solve problems involving sine and cosine rules.

2.1 Verify cosine rule

Cosine Rule

a 2 = b2 + c2 - 2bc CosA The cosine rule can be used to solve any triangle when
b2 = a2 + c2 - 2ac CosB a) two sides and the included angle are given,
c2 = a2 + b2 - 2ab CosC b) three sides are given

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Example
xample 5: Write the cosine rrule
ule for each of triangles below
a) C b) c) d)
S
β t b q r
8 cm p
70
0
12 cm
β β
a c e
B A

Homework Text Book Exercise 10.2.1 page 247

2.2 Using cosine rule to find unknown sides or angles of a triangle
Example 4
a) Given ∆ABC such that ∠ A = 50.5o , c = 4.5 cm and b) Find all the angle of triangle PQR. Given that p = 4 cm,
b = 6 . 5 cm . Find the value of a [ Ans a = 5.029 cm ] q = 6 cm, and r = 8 cm.
(Ans ∠ R = 103o 29' , ∠ P = 28o 58' ∠ Q =46o 33' )

Exercise 4
a) Given that ∆ABC , b = 5 cm, c = 4 cm and ∠ A = 66o .
Find the value of a [ Answer 4.97 ]
b) Given that ∆ABC , a = 12.5 cm, b = 20.5 cm and
∠ C = 124o 25' . Find the value of c and the remaining
angle of the triangle.
[ Answer c = 29.43 cm, ∠ A 20o 31', ∠ C = 41o 25' ]

Homework Text Book Exercise 10.2.2 page 248

2.3 Solve problems involving cosine rule
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2.4 Solve problems involving sine and cosine rules
Example 5 Example 6
From the diagram given , find ∠ PQS and ∠ RSQ From the diagram given , find i) ∠ ACD
[ Answer 67.49o and 17.7o ] ii) length of AB [ Answer 42.4 , 12.76 cm ]

Exercise 6
a) In the diagram below, ABC is a straight line. Find b) A
(a) length of BD (b) length of CD [Ans 3.538 cm 8.35 cm ]
D
15 cm
4 cm 7
B
D C 12 cm
A 5
BCD is a straight line in the above diagram. Given that BC
= 12 cm, AC = 15 cm, ∠CAD = 29o and ∠ABC = 68 .
0
B 6 cm C
L a) Find ∠BAC , b) the length of CD
[ answer 47.88o , 12.64 cm ]

Homework Text Book Exercise 10.2.4 page 250

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 Students will be able to:
3. Understand and use the formula for areas of triangles to solve problems.
1
3.1 Find the area of triangles using the formula ab sin C or its equivalent.
2
3.2 Solve problems involving three-dimensional objects.

Area of Triangles 1
Area of ∆ABC = ab sin C
2
1
= ac sin B
2
1
= bc sin A
2

Find the area of the following triangles

a) Answer 50.07 cm2 b) Answer [ 57.22 cm2 ]

c) Answer [40.13 cm2 ] d) Answer [ 56.82 cm2 ]

Homework Text Book Exercise 10.3.1 page 254

3.2 Solve problems involving three-dimensional objects
a)Calculate ∠BGE [ Answer 70.17 o ] b) Calculate i) Length of PS ii) ∠PSQ
[Answer 16.76 cm , 83.41 o ]

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Exercise 7
c) [Answer i) 25.8o ii) 15.82 cm2 ] d) [ 70.2 o ii ) 34.66 cm 2 ]
ABE and DCF are
equilateral triangle Base on the diagram
BCFE and ADFE given on the left
are rectangle. Calculate
Calculate i) ∠PUQ
i) ∠ACE
ii) area of ∆PUQ
ii) Area of ∆AEB

Homework Text Book Exercise 10.3.2 page 255

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.SPM 2003 SPM 2004
A diagram shows a tent VABC in the shape of a The diagram shows a quadrilateral ABCD such that
pyramid with triangle ABC as the horizontal base. V is ∠ABC is acute angle .
the vertex of the tent and the angle between the
inclined plane VBC and the base is 500.
D

5.2 cm
9.8 cm
C
12.3 cm

A 9.5 cm

(a) Calculate
(i) ∠ABC
(ii) ∠ADC
(iii) the area, in cm2, of quadrilateral ABCD. [8 marks]
Given that VB = VC = 2.2 m and AB = AC = 2.6 m,
calculate (b) A triangle A’B’C’ has the same measurements as those
given for triangle ABC, that is,A’C’ = 12.3 cm,C’B’ = 9.5 cm
and ∠B ' A' C ' = 40.5 , but which is different in shape to
o
(a) the length of BC if the area of the base is 3 m2
[3 marks] triangle ABC.
(b) the length of AV if the angle between AV and the (i) Sketch the triangle A’B’C’,
base is 250 (ii)State the size of ∠A' B ' C '
[3 marks] [2 marks]
(c) the area of triangle VAB
Answer SPM 2004
Answer
[4 marks]

(i) ∠ABC = 57.23

o

Answer:
(a) Length BC = 2.700 cm
(b) Length AV = 3.149 cm
(ii) ∠ADC = 73.93o
(c) Area = 2.829 cm2
(iii) Area of ABCD = 80.96 cm2

(b) (i)

C'

B
A B
'

(ii) ∠A' B ' C ' = 180 − 57.23 = 122.77

o o o

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