Professional Documents
Culture Documents
All acclamation and appreciation for almighty Allah the most beneficent and merciful who is the entire source of all kind of wisdom and knowledge. My special praise of the Holy Prophet Hazrat Muhammad (peace be upon him) the most perfect and exalted among and of every born on the earth. Who is forever a torch of guidance and knowledge for humanity as a whole? I thanks to Mr. Muhammad Aqeel, Preston University Lahore for his keen interest, useful suggestion, consistent encouragement, incentive teaching, and dynamic supervision throughout the course of his project. Last but not least, I feel my proud privilege to mention the feeling of obligations toward my affectionate parents and family members, who inspired me for higher education and supported financially and morally throughout my study.
Biogas Power Plant 2
TO OUR WORTHY FATHER WHO ALWAYS INSPIRE AND ENCOURAGED ME FOR WHAT I WANT AND GRAFTED IN THE UNTIRING TO GET ON TO HIGHER IDEAL LIFE OUR BELOVED MOTHER & FAMILY MEMBERS WHICH I STRONGLY BELIEVE THAT THEIR PRAYERS ARE WITH ME AND WILL ALWAYS.
Electrical Technology
Group Members
Waseem Abbas Muhammad Rizwan Mudassar Iqbal Safeer Ali Project Submitted To MR Muhammad Aqeel 16E2-112021 16E2-112022 16E2-111501 16E2-111502
CHAPTERS NAME
Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Introduction .. 09 Natural Gas .... 17 Bio Gas .. 25 Design and Analysis .. 35 Project Cost and Cost Analysis 50 Environmental and Social Impact .. . 52 Conclusion 59 Future Enhancement .... 62 References .. 69
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
INTRODUCTION
After Reading this Chapter you will be able to: Brief History of Pakistan Roll of Energy in development of Country Energy Requirements in Pakistan Energy Crisis of our Country Starting a Project to overcome Energy Crisis Reason of this project Selecting a place to start a project
CHAPTER 2
NATURAL GAS
After reading this Chapter you will be able to: 2.1 Brief History of Natural Gas 2.2 What is the Natural Gas 2.3 The Formation of Natural Gas 2.4 What is CNG and its uses 2.5 Natural Gas Problems and Hazards 2.6 Comparison of Natural gas and Biogas 2.7 Why we are facing the shortage of Natural Gas
CHAPTER 3
3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6
BIOGAS
After reading this Chapter you will be able to: Brief introduction of Biogas Potential of the Biogas Technology Biogas Composition, Properties and Utilization as CNG Government Roll for Biogas projects Biogas Problems and Hazards Performance of Biogas Generator
6
CHAPTER 4
4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10
After reading this Chapter you will be able to: Concept of the Biogas project The Digestion Process The fermentation slurry Fermentation Slurry As Fertilizer Feed Methods Bio GAS Plant types Design of Biogas Project Analysis of the Biogas Digester Design Uses and implementation Calculation of the Design and Project
CHAPTER 5
5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6
After reading this Chapter you will be able to: Cost of the Bio Digester Cost of the Delivery of material Cost of the Bio Digester Setup Cost of the Labour And Maintenance Total Cost of the Project Cost Comparison With Natural Gas
CHAPTER 6
6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5
After reading this Chapter you will be able to: Making a Entire Community on Board Environmental Impact of Project Social Impact of Project Social Implementation of Project Effect on the life of People
CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
After reading this Chapter you will be able to: 7.1 Bio gas Project Need 7.2 Operational And Financial Benefits 7.3 How it effect on peoples life 7.4 Biogas and Natural Gas Comparison 7.5 Conclusion
CHAPTER 8
FUTURE ENHANCEMENT
After reading this Chapter you will be able to: 8.1 Energy Production Potential 8.2 Technical Aspects 8.3 Economic Aspects 8.4 Necessary Framework Conditions 8.5 Costly Benefit Of Biogas Plant In Future 8.6 Difficulties 8.7 Observation of the Development
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Brief History of Pakistan
Pakistan officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a sovereign country in South Asia. With a population exceeding 180 million people, it is the sixth most populous country in the world. Located at the crossroads of the strategically important regions of South Asia, Central Asia and Western Asia, Pakistan has a 1,046-kilometre (650 mi) coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west and north, Iran to the southwest and China in the far northeast. It is separated from Tajikistan by Afghanistan's narrow Wakhan Corridor in the north. The territory of modern Pakistan was home to several ancient cultures, including the Neolithic Mehrgarh and the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilization, and has undergone invasions or settlements by Hindu, Persian, Indo-Greek, Islamic, Turco-Mongol, Afghan and Sikh cultures. The area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties, including the Indian Mauryan Empire, the Persian Achaemenid Empire, the Arab Umayyad Caliphate, the Mongol Empire, the Mughal Empire, the Durrani Empire, the Sikh Empire and the British Empire. As a result of the Pakistan Movement led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and India's struggle for independence, Pakistan was created in 1947 as an independent nation for Muslims from the regions in the east and west of India where there was a Muslim majority. Initially a dominion, Pakistan adopted a new constitution in 1956, becoming an Islamic republic. A civil war in 1971 resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as the new country of Bangladesh. Pakistan is a federal parliamentary republic consisting of four provinces and four federal territories.
Biogas Power Plant 9
12
The energy crisis has led to a negative impact on direct foreign investment. Investors require a sustained, secure and cheap power supply in any country. In Pakistan, no such facility is available because of which many investors are not willing to come forth. The long-term solution of the energy crisis is to build mega dams to store water and generate electricity. Government power bodies like WAPDA and KESC should initiate plans to supply energy. In a nutshell, energy is the lifeline of a nation and plays a vital role in national progress and economic development of any country. It needs sincere and dedicated efforts of our policy makers to find solutions to meet the energy requirements of the nation.
13
16
NATURAL GAS
2.1 Brief History of Natural Gas
From 1947 to the early 1990s, the economy made considerable progress in the transformation from a wood-burning base to modern energy sources. The process remains incomplete. Biogases (the woody residue left over from crushed sugarcane), dung, and firewood furnished about 32 percent of all energy in FY 1988. Some localities had been denuded of firewood, forcing the local population to use commercial energy sources, such as kerosene or charcoal. Domestic sources of commercial energy accounted for 77 percent of all commercial energy in FY 1990. The major domestic energy resources are natural gas, oil, and hydroelectric power. The remainders of energy requirements are met by imports of oil and oil products. Crude oil production increased sharply in the 1980s, from almost 4.0 million barrels in FY 1982 to 22.4 million barrels in FY 1992. This increase was the result of the discovery and development of new oil fields. Despite this expanded production, however, about 28 million barrels of crude oil were imported annually in the early 1990s. The production from domestic oil refineries also rose in the 1980s, reaching 42 million barrels annually in the early 1990s. However, oil products imports accounted for about 30 percent of the value of all oil imports. Pakistan vigorously pursued oil exploration in the 1980s and early 1990s and made a number of new discoveries. In the early 1990s, the most productive oil field was at Dhurnal in Punjab, accounting for 21 percent of total output in FY 1993. The Badin area in southern Sindh was the site of a number of discoveries in the 1980s, and its proportion of total output has continued to increase over the years. In the early 1990s, more favorable terms on pricing and repatriation of profits stimulated the interest of foreign oil companies. About twenty foreign companies are engaged in oil exploration, but poor security for workers and property in remote areas of Baluchistan and Sindh remains a significant constraint on foreign investment.
17
Disadvantages:
Even though it is cleaner than coal and oil, it still contributes a large amount of carbon dioxide to greenhouse gases. By itself natural gas is mostly methane, which is 21 times more dangerous for greenhouse warming than carbon dioxide so any leakage of the gas (from animals, landfills, melting tundra, etc) contributes strongly to greenhouse emissions. If your house is not properly insulated it can be very expensive.
Biogas Power Plant 21
Natural Gas
It is obtained in natural form. It is available in large quantities. It is used as a source of power.
Biogas Power Plant 22
Biogas
It is obtained from shrubs, farm wastes, animal and human wastes. It is available in limited quantities. It is used mostly in rural areas. It is not used as raw material. Decomposition of organic matter yields gas, which has higher thermal efficiency in comparison to kerosene, dung cake and charcoal. It gives no smoke. Hence, quite useful.
CNG has grown into one of the major fuel sources used in car engines in Pakistan. The government of Punjab, the most populous province of that country, has mandated that all
Biogas Power Plant 23
24
BIOGAS
3.1 Brief introduction of Biogas
In the present era of ever-increasing energy consumption and dwindling fossil fuel reserves, the importance of biomass based, decentralized fuel such as Biogas and Biomass based power generation has been greatly increased. It is a well established renewable and environment friendly fuel for rural energy needs. Biogas is ideally suited for rural applications where required animal or human excreta and agricultural waste are available in plenty. Harnessing such a resource promotes rural industries, agriculture, dairy and animal farming in a sustainable way. This will also increase employment in the rural regions and discourage migration to cities. Biogas as a renewable energy source could be an alternate means of solving the problems of energy crisis. Agriculture has the key importance in the economy of Pakistan. Agriculture has remained the basis of the Pakistans Economy as it provides employment to 45 percent population and provides input for agro based industry. The major limiting factor is energy which is responsible for impede in developing economies .In Pakistan almost 20% of the foreign exchange is spent on import of fossil fuels. The given survey shows the increase in the energy consumption of fuels and electricity in Pakistan of last five years. Pakistan is currently facing an unprecedented energy crisis. Shortage of energy, including both electricity and gas, is considered to be a major road block to Pakistans rapid economic gro wth and poverty reduction. The prices of both continue to increase due to a sharp increase in their demand, adding to the worries of the crises-hit dwellers. The consumers are facing many difficulties because of gas load shedding. In rural areas LPG is the only alternative to firewood or coal but LPG prices have already jumped to Rs100 per kilogram that makes LPG unaffordable to the rural communities.
Biogas Power Plant 25
28
The second stage involves dehydrogenation, such as changing glucose into acetic acid, carboxylation of the amino acids, and breaking down the long chain fatty acids into short chain acids, again obtaining acetic acid as the final product. These reactions are fermentation reactions accomplished by a range of acidophilic (acid-forming) bacteria. Their optimum performance requires a PH environment in the range 6-7 (slightly acidic), but the acid already formed will lower the PH of the solution, it is sometimes necessary to adjust the PH, for example by adding the lime. Finally the third phase is the production of biogas from acetic acid by a second set of fermentation reactions performed by methanogenic bacteria. These bacteria require a strictly anaerobic environment. Often, all processes into stages will allow greater efficiencies to be reached. The third phase takes the order of weeks, the preceding phases on the order of hours or days, depending on the nature of the feed stock.
Biogas Power Plant 29
30
3.4.1
As previously described in the manure of the live stock animals, biogases, field grass, straw, and different types of cellulosic material and organic wastes are the raw material for the production of biogas. Urban areas of Pakistan generate over 55000 tones of solid wastes daily. More than a total of 15 million layer-chicken and 528 broiler chicken birds were approximately produced in 2003 with a share of 22%, 68%, 3.5% and 6.5% of Sindh, Punjab, Baluchistan and NWFP Provinces respectively. According to unofficial estimates, hardly 5 to10% poultry farms have membership of Pakistan Poultry Association (PPA). As per livestock Census 2006 there are 56.9 million animals (Buffaloes, cow, and bullocks) in Pakistan. . On the average the daily dung dropping of medium size of animal is estimated15 kg per day. This would Yield 854 million kg dung/day. Assuming 50 % connectivity the availability of fresh dung comes out to be 427million kg/day. Thus 21.35 million m3 Biogas can be produced through bio-methanation. In addition it will also produce 450 million _ones of bio-fertilizer per day.
3.4.2
Biogas Technology is an environment friendly technology. It contributes towards eco System management and biodiversity conservation. It provides soot-free clean gas for meeting domestic fuel needs as well as enriched bio fertilizer for improvement of Fertility/productivity of agricultural lands. The dung from animal is the source of biogas. The raw material is available in Punjab, NWFP, Sindh and some parts of Baluchistan. So far PCRET has installed 3500 biogas plants (with net generation capacity of 14395 M3 / day) on cost sharing basis throughout Pakistan.
34
Fixed-dome plant 1. Mixing tank with inlet pipe. 2. Digester. 3. Compensating and removal tank. 4. Gasholder. 5. Gas pipe. 6. Entry hatch, with gaslight seal and weighted.
Biogas Power Plant 41
42
Floating-drum plant 1. Mixing tank with inlet pipe. 2. Digester. 3. Overflow on outlet pipe. 4. Gasholder with braces for breaking up surface scum. 5. Gas outlet with main cock. 6. Gas drums guide structure. 7. Difference in level = gas pressure in cm WC. 8. Floating scum in the case of fibrous feed material. 9. Accumulation of thick sludge. 10.Accumulation of grit and stones. 11.Water jacket with oil film. Advantages: Simple, easily understood operation, constant gas pressure, volume of stored gas visible directly, few mistakes in construction. Disadvantages: High construction cost of floating-drum, many steel parts liable to corrosion, resulting in short
Biogas Power Plant 43
to the production of the biogas and the manure mixing chamber allows for farmers and villagers to dispose of their livestock waste into the biogas plant. Once gas begins to be produced the sludge can then flow into the compensation chamber and eventually into the drying bed, where now almost pathogen free is harmless to humans. Once left in the drying bed for approximately a month, it is then able to be used as a nutrient rich fertilizer. Many areas are involved in the calculations that make for an effective system, including usage and production of the biogas itself, as well as the time the waste will spend in the
Biogas Power Plant 45
village households No % Quantity 38 25 2 38 25 2 yield per day 250L 200 40L Each
42,250L/d 33,800L/d 14,320L/d
4.10.2 GAS USAGE A community consisting of 8 people used a total of 200L/d of gas in their daily duties including cooking, making tea and using gas lamps.
Biogas Power Plant 48
49
BIOGAS DIGESTER :
Concrete Base 56 x 0.4m x 500 per m (cubed) Concrete Walls (4/3pi r cubed/2 - inside) x 500 Concrete Base (small tank) 28m (sqrd) x .4 x 500 Concrete Walls (small tank) (1/2)4/3pi r cubed inside Corrugated Iron 50m sqrd x 200/m sqrd Gas Pipes 500m x 500/m Toilet Room 11200 23200 5600 7130 10000 250000 30000
DELIVERY
Transportation 15500
SETUP
Installation Connection to Homes 38 x 500 20000 19000
LABOUR
On site engineer Hourly rate x # of labors 30 x 10 x 40hours
Biogas Power Plant
10000 12000
50
MAINTENANCE
Labour 10000 Damages 5000 Gas 5000 Fertilizer 2000 __________________________________________________________________ TOTAL COST Rs 435630
51
This chapter presents an introduction to Natural Gas and its Brief History. Then we will explain the Natural Gas as source of Energy. Then we will describe the compression of Natural gas and Biogas. After reading this Chapter you will be able to: 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Making a Entire Community on Board Environmental Impact of Project Social Impact of Project Social Implementation of Project Effect on the life of People
Education:
The citizens must be schooled in how the innovation works in simple to understand terms that all of them can comprehend and appreciate. This will be most effective if done by a person who speaks the local language and is from a nearby area as there may be a better sense of trust between them and more chance of the citizens asking questions and alike. This education should include the inputs into the system, how the system converts these products and most importantly the resulting products of the system and the advantages of using them.
Cultural
There is a concern that cultural values and beliefs may conflict with the use of this system. This issue has been dealt with in other communities by reinforcing the vision of the revered Mahatma Gandhi and his belief that one day Indians would live in self-sufficient communities
Biogas Power Plant 57
58
CONCLUSIONS
7.1 Bio gas Project Need
With rapid increase in population and industry, energy needs are on rise. Almost 7million m3 wood is used for commercial and domestic purpose annually in Pakistan. Biogas energy generation systems are in demand and their number is increasing steadily. They are cheaper and can be run with very low operating cost. This bio energy corridor can work as a good substitute for nearly 70% of countrys population residing in rural areas. Installation of plants to bottle the biogas can be another option. This will decentralize the source of energy and ensure uninterrupted power supply to the villages in Pakistan. At present many agencies like PDDC, PCRET and RSPN are working to disseminate this renewable energy technology. But the need of a National policy is imperative to bring this technology at farmers doorstep and boost its success rate. Biogas can be used to generate electricity with a combustion engine generator where it would replace petrol or diesel. Biogas can be sued directly in petrol engines, using the Otto cycle, where spark plugs are used to ignite the fuel and in modified diesel engine in which biogas are introduced into the cylinder with the air supply. A small amount of diesel is required to ignite the mixture in these duel fuel engines. Another option is to adapt a diesel engine to an Otto cycle by replacing the diesel injector with a spark plug. There are also some duel fuel generator sets on the market that are specifically aimed at biogas use.
59
7.3 Conclusion
Bio energy is one of the primary sources of fuel in Pakistan. The energy utilization in Karnataka considering all types of energy sources and sector wise consumption revealed that traditional fuels such as firewood (7.440 million tons of oil equivalent -43.6%), agro residue (1.510 million tons of oil equivalent -8.85%), biogas, cow dung (0.250 million tons of oil equivalent -1.47%) accounts for 53.20% of the total energy consumption in Karnataka. In rural areas the dependency on the bio energy to meet the domestic energy requirements are as high as 8085%. The production and use of biogas for domestic purposes can drastically reduce the depletion of natural resources like forests, which are otherwise the prominent and traditional source of energy for cooking and lighting. It removes dependence on forest and enhances greeneries leading to improved environment. Kolar depends mainly on non-commercial forms of energy. Non-commercial energy constitutes 84%, met mainly by sources like firewood, agricultural residues and cow dung, while commercial energy share is 16%, met mainly by electricity, oil, etc. Availability of animal residues for biogas generation gives a viable alternative for cooking, lighting fuel and a useful fertilizer. Biogas technology is gaining additional upwind through new subsidy programmers for market incentive and development of renewable energies. Biogas potential in Kolar district is good (>60%). Analyses reveals that the domestic energy requirement can be met by biogas option in 301 villages in Kolar district for more than 60% population, 363 villages for 40-60%
Biogas Power Plant 60
61
FUTURE ENHANCEMENT
8.1 Energy Production Potential
Appropriate feedstock for electricity-generating biogas plants is available in adequate quantities in many countries. Small and medium-size biogas plants could provide a considerable contribution to national electricity generation in such countries. However, in comparison to industrialized countries, only very few small and medium sized biogas plants are used for electricity generation in Africa, Latin America and even Asia. Electricity production from biogas can be a very efficient method for producing electricity from a renewable energy source. However, this applies only if the emerging heat from the power generator can be used in an economically and ecologically sound way. The average calorific value of biogas is about 21-23.5 MJ/m, meaning that 1 m of biogas corresponds to 0.5-0.6 l diesel fuel or an energy content of about 6 kWh. However, due to conversion losses, 1m of biogas can be converted only to around 1.7 kWh el. Bigger biogas plants are generally more cost-efficient than smaller ones. However, electricity generation from biogas is a technology appropriate even for relatively small applications in the range of 10-100kW.
62
The economic feasibility of a biogas plant depends on the economic value of the entire range of plant outputs. These are: Electricity or mechanical power; Biogas; Heat, co-generated by the combustion engine;
63
64
8.6 Difficulties
In order to avoid misinterpretations the basic weakness of efficiency calculations from a micro as well as macro-economic point of view have to be pointed out. For reasons of operational ability these calculations extensively comprise monetary effects. This means that cost and benefit are only determined with a view to monetary aims. There are then, 'intangible' aims and thus, 'intangible' cost and benefit for which a final valuation lies within the judgment of the decision maker.
66
67
68
REFERENCE
http://creative.com.pk/energy.html http://rspn.org/our_projects/pdbp.html http://paksc.org/pk/how-to-make/bioenergy/biogas-plant.html http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/11474/InTechEnvironmental_technology_assessment_of_natural_gas_compared_to_biogas.pdf http://www.chevron.com/deliveringenergy/naturalgas/ http://www.photius.com/countries/pakistan/geography/pakistan_geography_ene rgy.html http://www.doi.vic.gov.au http://www.papg.org.pk http://www.buzzle.com/articles/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-naturalgas.html http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_advantages_and_disadvantages_of_n atural_gas_for_our_planet http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_uses_of_CNG http://www.preservearticles.com/201104195606/difference-between-naturalgas-and-biogas.html http://www.buzza.in http://www.ewb.org.au/explore/initiatives/ewbchallenge/2011ewbchallenge/ma ps http://www.ewb.org.au/explore/initiatives/2011ewbchallenge/transportation http://www.ewb.org.au/explore/initiatives/2011ewbchallenge/power http://www.indexmundi.com/australia/life_expectancy_at_birth.html http://www.ganesha.co.uk/Articles/Biogas%20Technology%20in%20India.htm#Ta ble
69
Tables List:
Table 01 Table 02 Table 03 Table 04 Table 05 Table 06 Table 07 Table 08 Total Primary Energy Supply Total Energy Consumption Total Energy Sector Utilization Typical Composition of Natural Gas Comparison of Natural Gas and Biogas Natural Gas Consumption Gas Production Cost Comparison with Natural Gas Page 12 Page 13 Page 13 Page 18 Page 22 Page 23 Page 48 Page 51
Figures List
Figure 01 Figure 02 Figure 03 Figure 04 Figure 05 Figure 06 Figure 07 Figure 08 Selecting a place to start a project A Methane molecules, CH4 Anaerobic Digestion Process Bio GAS Plant Types Fixed-dome plant Floating-drum plant Biogas Digester Design Diffusion of Innovation Curve Page 16 Page 19 Page 29 Page 40 Page 41 Page 43 Page 45 Page 53
70