Mijssbauer Spectroscopy of Minerals

Catherine McCammon
positions and the hyperfine parametersare given in Table 2. Suggested referencesfor further information are listed in Table 3.
3. EXPERIMENT

1. INTRODUCTION

Since the discovery of the Mossbauereffect in 1958, numerous applications in a wide variety of scientific disciplines have been described.Of the more than 30,000 paperspublished as of 1993, at least 2OCKl contain results of studieson minerals (as estimatedfrom dataprovided by the MUssbauerEffect Data Center, USA). This chapter provides a reference to Mossbauerdata for 108 minerals containing 57Fe and 18 containing l19Sn,accompaniedby referencematerial on Mossbauerspectroscopy.
2. THEORY

The Mossbauereffect is the recoillessabsorption and emission of y-rays by specific nuclei in a solid [81, 821, and provides a means of studying the local atomic enviroment aroundthe nuclei. The interactions between the nucleus and the atomic electrons dependstrongly on the electronic, chemical and magnetic state of the atom. Information from thesehyperfine interactions is provided by the hyperfine parameters, which can be determined experimentally from the line positions in a Mossbauer spectrum (Figure 1). A typical experimental spectrum is illustrated in Figure 2. Table 1 describes the hyperfine parameters as well as other observables. Formulae relating the Mossbauer line

A transmission Mossbauer spectrometer is very simpIe. and typically consists of a y-ray source, the absorber (sample) and a detector. The source is moved relative to the absorber, shifting the energy spectrum due to the Doppler effect. Spectra are commonly plotted as percent transmission versus source velocity (energy). Selected references to important experimental considerations are given in Table 4, while Table 5 lists somecommon applicationsof Mtissbauer spectroscopyto mineral studies. This chapter only includes referencesto transmission studies; however the technique can also be performed in a scattering geometry to study surface properties (e.g., [105, 121, 1271).
4. MINERAL DATA

C. McCammon, Bayerisches D-8580 Bayreuth, Germany

Geoinst., Postfach

10 12 51,

MineralPhysics and Crystallography A Handbook of Physical Constants

AGU Reference Copyright Shelf 2 Geophysical Union.
332

Over 100 different Mossbauer transitions have been observed, although unfavourable nuclear properties limit the number of commonly used nuclei. 57Feis by far the most popular isotope, followed by l19Sn.Both the 14.4 keV transition in 57Feand the 23.88 keV transition in ii9Sn involve a spin change of 3f2 + l/2, and therefore have similar hyperfine properties. 57Fe Mossbauerdata of selectedminerals are listed in Tables6 through 10, while l19Sndata are listed in Table 11. The data were chosen from the literature as being typical for eachmineral; however since hyperfine parametersoften dependon chemical composition, particle size, thermal history and degreeof crystallinity, the data should be consideredrepresentative

1995 by tbe American

McCAMMON

333

barenudeus ~~~~ 0

Isomer shift

Quadrupoie splitting

Magnetic splitting

Ah

Fig. 1. Illustration of hyperfine interactions for s7Fe nuclei, showing the nuclear energy level diagram for (1) a bare nucleus, (2) electric monopole interaction (isomer shift), (3) electric quadrupole interaction (quadrupole splitting), and (4) magnetic dipole interaction (hyperfine magnetic splitting). Each interaction is shown individually, accompanied by the resulting Mossbauer spectrum.

0.98 5 .% E 0.96 2 ,m I- 0.94 0.921 -4.0 , , , j 4.0

-2.0 0.0 2.0 Velocity (mm/s)

Fig. 2. Mossbauer spectrum of orthopyroxene with composition Fe0.8Mg0,Si03 showing two quadrupole doublets, one corresponding to Fe2+ in the Ml site (45% of total area) and one corresponding to Fe2+ in the M2 site (55% of total area).

334

MdSSBAUER

SPECTROSCOPY

only. For more complete information on specific minerals, one should consult resources such as the Minerals Handbook published by the Mossbauer Effect Data Center (see Table 3). Minerals are listed by name except when part of a larger structure group, e.g. Fe3A12Si30i2 is listed under garnet, not almandine. Chemical compositions are given exactly as reported by the authors (even if the resulting compositions are not electrostatically neutral). Data for differing compositions are provided for the major mineral groups to illustrate the

dependence of hyperfine parameterson composition. The relative areas of subspectra can be used as a rough approximation to relative abundance,e.g. [973, but note that site proportions often vary betweendifferent samples of the same mineral. For example, the amount of Fe3+ may depend strongly on foa conditions, and the distribution of iron cations between different crystallographic sites may be a function of thermal history. Most spectrawere fitted to Lorentzian lineshapes; the few exceptionsare noted in the tables.

TABLE 1. Descriptionof Mossbauerparameters Name Isomer shift (8) Unit mm s-l Description Energy difference betweensourceand absorbernuclei resulting from effects including differences in valence state, spin state and coordination of absorber atoms. Experimentally one observesa single line shifted from a referencezero point by the isomer shift plus the second-orderDoppler shift (SOD), a small thermal shift due to atomic vibrations. The experimentalshift of the centroid of a Mossbauerspectrum from a zero referencepoint. The contribution from the SOD is similar in most standard materials, so for purposesof comparison the isomer shift is often taken to be equalto the centre shift. Splitting of the energy levels causedby interaction between the nuclear quadrupolar moment and an electric field gradient at the nucleus, and depends on the valence and spin state of the absorber atoms, as well as the coordination and degree of distortion of the crystallographic site. Experimentally one observesa doublet in s7Fe and l 19Sn spectrawith componentsof equal intensity and linewidth in the ideal random absorbercase. The quadrupole splitting is given by the energy separation between components. Interaction of the dipole moment of the nucleus and a hyperfine magnetic field causesa splitting of the nuclear energy levels, resulting in six peaks for 57Fespectrain the simplest case.For an ideal random absorberwith no quadrupoleinteraction the linewidths of the peaks are equal with intensity ratio 3:2:1:1:2:3. The separation of peaks 1 and 6 is proportional to the magnitudeof the hyperfine magneticfield. Full width at half maximum of the peak height. Peaks can be broadened beyond the natural line width by effects due to equipment(vibrational, geometrical, thermal, and electronic problems), the source (self-absorption resulting from decay), and the sample (thicknessbroadening,next-nearestneighboureffects, and dynamic processes suchas relaxation). Relative proportion of subspectrumarea to the total area. Each site normally contributes a subspectrum(e.g. a quadrupoledoublet) whose areais approximatelyrelatedto the relative abundance of that particular site within the absorber.

Centre shift (CS)

mms -1

Quadrupolesplitting
(mQ)

mm s-l

Hyperfine magneticfield 8

Tesla

Line width (0

mm s-l

Relative area(0

McCAMMON

335

TABLE 2. Determination of line positions for s7Fe14.4 keV transition Hyperfine interactionspresent - electric monopole - electric monopole+ quadrupole - electric monopole + magneticdipole (dE, = 0) - electric monopole+ quadrupole+ magneticdipole (specialcaseof axially symmetric electric field gradient and Ih goHI >> IAEQI) h glR = 0.11882 mm s-l T-l h g3n = 0.067899 mm s-l T-l - electric monopole+ quadrupole+ magneticdipole (general case) Line positions
L,=CS L, = cs + I2 AE,
L2=CS-/2AE*

L,=V~PNH L2= l214vH L3=%C(NH &=I~PNH

&=/zhH

( 3g3n-an) +cs gw- m ) + cs ( g3n-&R) + + cs cs

( gw.z+gm) ( -&2+&n) + cs + a/z ) +cs

+/2AE* 42AEQ - 112 AE -,,2dEp Q

-/==Q
+%dEQ

Li = 12PN H ( -be

Requires calculation of the complete interaction Hamiltonian (e.g. [71]). There are eight lines involving the following hyperfine parameters: isomer shift (@, hyperfine magnetic field (H), quadrupoleSplitting (/\EQ), the polar (0) and azimuthal (9) angles relating the direction of H to the electric field gradient (EFG), and the asymmetry parameterof the EFG (?j).

TABLE 3. Suggested references for MosSbauer spectroscopy

Type
Book

Reference Bancroft, G.M. Miissbauer Spectroscopy. An Introduction for Inorganic Chemists and Geochemists. McGraw Hill, New York, 1973. Cranshaw, T.E.. Dale, B.W., Longworth, G.O. and Johnson, C.E. Miissbuuer Spectroscopy and its Applications, CambridgeUniversity Press,Cambridge, 1986. Dickson, D.P. and Berry, F.J. (eds.) Miissbauer Spectroscopy, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1986. Gibb, T.C. Principles of Miissbauer Spectroscopy, Chapmanand Hall, London, 1977. Gonser, U. (ed.) Mfissbauer Spectroscopy, Topics in Applied Physics, Vol. 5, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1975. Greenwood, N.N. and Gibb, T.D. M&sbauer Spectroscopy, Chapmanand Hall, London, 1971. Giitlich, P., Link, R. and Trautwein, A., MSssbauer Spectroscopy and Transition Metal Chemistry, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1978. Hawthorne, F.C. (4.) Spectroscopic Methods in Mineralogy and Geology, Rev. Mineral. Vol. 18, Mineralogical Society of America, 1988. See Chapter on Mossbauer Spectroscopy, F.C. Hawthorne, pp. 255340. Mitra, S. Applied MBssbauer Spectroscopy, Theory and Practice for Geochemists and Archeologists, PergamonPress,Oxford, 1992. Robinson, J.W. (ed.) Handbbok of Spectroscopy, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, USA, 1981. SeeChapter on MossbauerSpectroscopy,J.G. Stevens(ed.), pp. 403-528.

336

MijSSBAUER

SPECTROSCOPY

TABLE 3. (continued) Type Journal Reference Analytical Chemistry (American Chemical Society, Washington DC) contains biennial reviews (starting in 1966) of Mossbauerspectroscopy,seefor example Vol. 62, pp. 125R-139R, 1990. Hyperfine Interactions (J.C. Baltzer AG, Basel) publishes proceedingsfrom various Mossbauer conferences,seefor exampleVol. 68-71, 1992. MossbauerEffect Referenceand Data Journal (MossbauerEffect Data Center, Asheville, NC) containsreferencesand Mossbauer data for nearlyall Miissbauerpaperspublished. Stevens,J.G., Pollack, H., Zhe, L., Stevens,V.E.. White, R.M. and Gibson, J.L. (eds.) Mineral: Data and Mineral: References, MdssbauerHandbook Series, MdssbauerEffect Data Center, University of North Carolina, Asheville, North Carolina, USA, 1983. MossbauerMicro Databases (MtissbauerEffect Data Center, Asheville, NC) cover many topics including Minerals. Databasesare set up to run on IBM-compatible microcomputersand can be searchedusing variousoptions. Mlissbauer Effect Data Center Mtjssbauer Information System (maintained by the MUssbauer Effect Data Center, Asheville, NC) containsextensivebibliographic and Mossbauerdata entries compiled from the Mossbauer literature. Searchesof the databaseare possible; contact the MossbauerEffect Data Center for details.

Data Resource

TABLE 4. MethodologyReferences Experimentalaspect Reference

TABLE 5. Applications in mineralogy Application Oxidation state, including intervalence chargetransfer Site occupancies, including Fe3+/cFe Site coordination Semi-quantitativephaseanalysis Phasetransitions Magnetic structure Reference 110, 15,201 114,32, 97, 1141
u5,221 [13,851

Absorber thickness r74,991 Geometriceffects [16,281 Absorber homogeneity NL501 Preferredorientationof absorber 195,961 Saturationeffects [97,99, 1201 Isomer shift referencescales [1161 Goodness of fit criteria 131,37, 58, 1031 Conventionsfor reporting Mossbauerdata [117]

[W 1081 L=, 251

TABLE 6. s7FeM&ssbauer data for selectedsilicate minerals Absorber

Amphibole structure W2i.-rFedi8O&H)2 T

CS(Fe) mm s-l 1.16(l) 1.13(l) 1.16(l) 1.07(l)

AEQ mm s-l 2.76(l) 1.81(l) 2.79( 1) 1.55(l)

site

Ref

Tesla
0.07 0.93 0.69 0.31

RT RT

F%2Mgo.sSis&d0Hh

MFe2+ vrFe2+ vrFe2+ MFe2+

uo71 [531

McCAh4h4ON TABLE 6. (continued) Absorber

337

T
77 K

CS(Fe) mm s-l 1.27(l) 1.30(l) 1.27(l) 1.14(l) 1.12(l) 0.40(l) 0.34( 1) 1.20(l) 0.41(l) 1.14(3) 1.16(3) 0.23(5) 1.15(l) 0.29(l)

a,

H
Tesla

I
0.59 0.31 0.10 0.36 0.19 0.45

site wFe2+ wFe2+ wFe2+ vFe2+ MFe2+ MFe

Ref

mm s1 3.17(l) 2.39(l) 1.86(l) 2.87(l) 2.36(l) 0.44( 1) 1.76(l) 2.44(l) 0.86(l) 2.67(5) 2.38(5) 0.70(3) 2.41(l) 0.98(l)

H131 [401

Nal

.8c%lxs18022(oH)2

RT

X=Fedfgo.3

Andalusite (Ab.96Feo.o3~0.01)2SiO5 Babingtonite Ca2Fel.7Mno.3Si5014tOH) Chlorite X%&4KW7.901$ X=WaFe2.3Mno.l Chloritoid Fel.7Mgo.3A~Si2OlotOH)~ Clay minerals c Cordietite A13Mgl.9Feo.2A1Si5Ol8 Epidotestructure
CaaSi3012(OH) X=Alz.zFeo.s YA11.7Fel.2Si3012tOH)
Y=Cal.2Ce0.5La0.2

RT RT

111
0.40 0.60 0.70 0.21 0.09 0.98 0.02 MFe2+ MFes MFe2+ wFe2+ Fe3+ wFe2+ wFe

WI [331

RT

RT

1571

RT

1.22(l) 1.21(l) 0.36(l) 0.30(2) 1.08(l) 1.20(4) 0.35(l) 1.29(l) 1.31(l) 0.36(l) 1.28(l) 0.36(l) 0.41(l) 1.26(l) 0.39(l) 1.26(l) 1.1 l(1) 0.3 l(5) 1.11(l) 0.33(l) 1.03(2) 1.06(2) 0.48(2)

2.31(l) 1.60(l) 2.06(l) 1.54(3) 1.67(l) 1.90(8) 1.94(l) 3.51(l) 3.46(l) 0.24(l) 3.56(l) 0.33(l) 0.55(l) 3.49(l) 0.58(l) 3.60(l) 1.39(l) 0.48(5) 1.73(l) 1.20(l) 2.48(2) 2.01(2) 1.32(2)

0.94 0.06 0.92 0.08 0.58 0.09 0.33

MFe2+ channel Fe2+ wFes wFeG MFe2+ Fe2+ MFes

r471 1361 [361

RT RT

Garnetstructure
Fe3A12Si3012 Fe2+$e3+2Si3012
quenched X=All.5Cro.5 from 9.7 GPa,llOOT WShd%d%%

RT RT RT RT RT RT

0.54 0.46 0.84 0.16 0.17 0.83 0.80 0.10 0.10 0.94 0.06 0.27 Fe2+ Fe3+

[891 r1311 [71 [71 [71 WI

Ca3F%Si3012
Ca2.8Feo.7All.3Si3012

Mgo.Peo.1

SiO3

quenched

from 18 GPa,1800C

GranoMetite MwJ%.43BSQ Ilvaite

CaFe3Si208(OH)d

RT

uO91 [731

RT

0.35 0.38

338

MtjSSBAUER

SPECTROSCOPY

TABLE 6. (continued) Absorber Kyanite (~o.98FeO.ozhsios Mica groupb Ko.sNao.J~Si3WW2 X=All.Pe0.2Mg0.1 T

CS(Fe) AEQ

mm s-l

mm s1

H Tesla

site

Ref

RT RT

0.38(2) 1.21(l) 1.14(l) 0.36(l) 1.12(l) 0.19(l) 1.02(l) 1.06(l) 0.31(l) 1.06(l) 0.28( 1) 0.89(2) 0.95(2) 0.84(2) 0.19(4) 0.94(2) 0.99(2) 0.23(4) 1.13(l) 0.39( 1) 0.46(l) 1.20(l) 1.14(l) 1.12(l) 0.44(5) 0.36(l) 0.43(4) 0.14(4) 1.18(l) 1.13(l) 1.30(l) 1.26(2) 1.29(l) 1.28(l) 1.19(l) 0.42( 1) 0.14(l) 0.39( 1)

0.99(2) 2.99(l) 2.12(l) 0.86( 1) 2.63(l) 0.56(l) 2.52(l) 2.08( 1) 0.80( 1) 2.34(l) 0.66( 1) 1.91(2) 2.39(2) 1.33(2) 1.23(4) 1.98(2) 2.36(2) 0.70(4) 2.75(2) 0.91(2) 0.68(l) 2.35(l) 1.86(l) 1.58(l) 0.98(5) 0.18(l) 1.22(8) 0.59(8) 2.49( 1) 1.91(l) 3.13(l) 2.00(l) 3.06( 1) 2.16(l) 2.22( 1) 1.07(l) 0.68 0.32 0.92 0.08 0.85 0.07 0.08 0.54 0.46 0.50 0.50 0.20 0.80 0.08 0.05 0.87 0.38 0.62 0.59 0.33 0.08

WI r411 1391 1761

RT RT

C~A127Sid40@Hh

RT

0.30
0.70 0.48 0.52 0.70 0.30 0.51 0.41 0.08 0.41 0.59

WI
r1111 [I111 r1111 Km 1191 WI
channel Fe2*
XnFe2+

X=Mg2.3Alo.+o.l Olivine F@iO, CaFeSi04

310K 400K 310 K

Fe2+o.~e3+Si04 Orthoclase ~b.95FQ.osSidh Osumilite XMgl.4Feo.9AL.4Sil0.3030

X=Ko.9Nao.1

290 K

RT RT

Perovskite structure Mgo&eo.~SQ

quenched from 25 GPa, 165OT

RT

WI

Fe3+ wFe3c vFes IvFeN

Pyrophyllite FezMgo.1Ab.,SbO,o(OH),

RT

Pyroxene structure FeSi03

RT 77 K 77 K RT RT

1381

WI [381 WI
MFes

NaFeSi,o,

RT

1.62(l) 0.30(1)

0.50 0.50

WI

McCAMMON

339

TABLE 6. (continued) Absorber T CS(Fe) mm s-l RT 0.22( 1) 0.35( 1) 1.12(l) 0.36(4) 1.14(l) 0.38(3) 0.27(4) 1.15(2) 1.16(l) 0.36(4) 0.38(2) 0.16(50) 0.37(l) 0.37( 1) 0.24( 1) 0.35( 1) 0.37( 1) 1.13(l) 1.09(l) 0.18(5) 1.05(l) 0.27(5) 0.96(l) 0.98( 1) 0.92( 1) O.ao(l) 1.15(l) 0.21(l) 0.35( 1) 0.48( 1) 1*06(l) 1.09(3) 0.27(5) me mm s-l 1.58(2) 0.99(2) 2.70(l) 0.70(5) 2.74(2) 1.08(l) 0.30(3) 2.79(l) 2.21(2) 0.70(5) 1.1 l(3) 0.5( 10) 0.23(l) 0.65(l) 0.54( 1) 0.81(l) 1.35(l) 2.65( 1) 2.62( 1) 0.37(5) 2.78(l) H Teda I site Ref

CaFeAlSi06 Serpentine
@&0.99%.0J3Si2050,

0.11 0.87f 0.68 0.32 0.39 0.29 0.32 0.30 0.52 0.18 0.79 0.21 0.65 0.35 0.09 0.55 0.30 0.06 0.93 0.07 0.94 0.06 0.23 0.40 0.31 0.06

[31

RT RT

wQ1
[1021 WI

antigorite
@%0.93%.07)3Si20,04

chfysotile
(M&.13%87)3~i205(oH)4

RT

lizardite Sillimanite (~o.9sFeO.ozhsios Smectite minerals Cao.2XSi3.6Ab.401o(OH)2 X=Fel .&go. 1 Cao.2XSi3.5Ab.3010(OH)2 X=F%&k2

RT

[1011

RT RT

Spine1 struchdre y-Fe2Si04

quenched from 8 GPa,lOOOC I-Mgo.ssFeo.riSi04 quenched from 18 GPa.17OOT

RT RT

m WI
r51

Staurolite
xA19%%doH)2 X=Fel.lMgo.5Zno.3Tio.l

RT

2.50(l) 2.13(l) 1.17(l) 0.83(l) 2.63(l) 1.25(l) 0.96( 1) 0.81(l) 2.76(l) 2.29(3) 0.37(5) 1.00(l)

Talc
(Mgo.cFeal)3si4Qo(W2

RT RT

WI
0.14 0.55 0.31 WI

Titanite CaT&,9Feo.l SiO5

Waakleyite
~-@b0.84Feo.16)2sio4

RT

WI

quenched

from 15.5 GPa,18CKYC

VFe3+/vIFe3+

PI

a see [45] for a detailed discussion of calcic amphibole data b spectra are more realistically described with hyperfine parameter distributions, see [98] see [59] for a compilation of data

d spectral data were fitted using a relaxation model c site distribution depends strongly on thermal history, see e.g. [112] f small amount of additional component present

340

MCjSSBAUER

SPECTROSCOPY

TABLE 7. 57FeMossbauer data for selected oxide aud hydroxide minerals Absorber Akagadite
p-FIZOOH

CS( Fe) mm s-l 0.39( 1) 0.38( 1) 0.4( 1) 0.4( 1) 0.35( 1) 0.35( 1) 0.38(5) 1.07(l) 0.30(l) l-06(1)

@Q mm s-l 0.95( 1) 0.55(l) -0.1(l) +1.1(l) 0.62( 1) - 0.3(l) - 0.21(5) 0.70( 1) 0.55(l) 0.53( 1)

H Tesla

site

Ref

RT

0.39 0.61 44.8(5) 39.3(5) 0.60 0.40

Feroxyhite 6-FeOOH Ferrihydrite FesHOs .4H,O B Goethite a-FeOOHb Haematite CX-FQO~= Ilmenite FeTiOs Lepidochrocite y-FeOOH Magnesiowtistite Mgo.&%.zO Maghemite y-Fe203 Perovskite Cal.l%@%103 Pseudobrookite F@TiOS Spine1 structure Fe304

RT

RT RT RT RT RT RT

m-2
38.4(5) 52.1(5)

[421 w21

WJI
1351 ml
50.2( 1) 50.5( 1) 0.33 0.67

RT

0.22(5) 0.37(5) 0.35(5) 0.37( 1) 0.37( 1) 0.63( 1) 0.63( 1) 0.27( 1) 0.90(l) 0.91(l) 0.33( 1) 0.37( 1) 0.48( 1) 0.29(2) 0.92(2) 0.89(2) 0.83( 1) 1.1 l(2) 1.W) 0.93( 1) 0.60(5)
and and

+0.08(5) +0.02(4) 0.34(5) 0.52(l) 0.90( 1) 0.05(10) 0.05( 10)

illI WI

RT RT

0.54 0.46 45.7( 1) 44.6(l) 48.9(l) 0.46 0.15 0.39

P91

310K

1561
[931 r931 [781 [911 w31 [771 [1W

FeCr204 FeA1204
znFe204 WiFe@4

RT RT
RT RT RT

1.57(l) 0.41(l) 51.0(2) 52.6(2) 0.78(2) 0.23(2) 0.81(2) 1.91(8) 3.15(5) 0.22( 1) 0.42( 1) 0.43 0.48 0.09 0.36 0.64 0.11 0.76 0.13

quenched from 1OOOC

Zno.,Mgo.15F~.15A1204

Fe,,Ti04d Tapiolite FeTa& Wiistite Feo.94

RT RT RT

[791

a spectra data were fitted with a distribution model b see [87] for a discussion of the effect of Al substitution varying crystal size c see [88] for a discussion of the effect of Al substitution varymg crystal size

d octahedral and tetrahedral sites in FQTi04 have been

distinguished using external magnetic fields [ 1231 e there is considerable controversy over fitting models, see [75] for a review

McCAMMON

341

TABLE 8. 57Fe MOssbauer datafor selected sulphide,selenide and telluride minerals Absorber
Arsenopyrite T

CS(Fe) mm s-l
0.26(3) 0.83(2) 0.39( 1) 0.25(3) 0.26(l) 0.43( 1) 0.72( 1) 0.22( 1) 0.3q 1) 0.45( 1) 0.27( 1) 0.39( 1) 0.47( 1) 0.36(l) 0.65( 1) 0.31(l) 0.69( 1) 0.68( 1) 0.67( 1) 0.67(3) 0.67(3) 0.57( 1) 0.39(2) 0.58( 1) 0.37( 1) 0.29( 1) 0.59( 1) 0.58( 1) 0.55( 1) 0.26(l)

Me mm s-l
1.15(3) 2.69(2) 0.22( 1)

site

Ref

Tesla

FeAsS
Berthierite

RT RT RT RT RT
RT RT

[@I
u71 PI
35.7(5)

FeSb$&
Bornite

Cu5FeS4
Chalcopyrite CUFeS2 Cobaltite

WI

(Co,Fe)AsS
Cubanite

0.45( 1) 1.2 0.20(l) 33.1(5) 0.46 0.54

WI
WI r491 WI u 191 r1191 u191 [I191
0.82 0.18

CuFe& (or-rho) CuFe& (cubic)

Ldlingite structure

FeAs2 FeSbz
Marcasite structure

RT

RT RT RT RT RT RT
285 K

1.65(l) 1.28(2) 0.51(l) 0.58( 1) 0.5q 1) 0.32( 1)

FeS2 FeSq FeT%

Pentlandite Fe4.2Coo.lNids Pyrite

1691 u191

FeS2
Pyrrhotite
F%.89s

0.61(l) - 0.48 - 0.59 - 0.45 30.2(5) 25.7(5) 23.1(5) 0.41 0.36 0.23 0.54 0.46

[701

Sphalerite Zno.d%osS Stannite

RT RT RT RT RT RT RT

[431 [491

0.60(10) 2.90(l) 1.07(2) 2.28( 1) 0.33( 1) 0.54( 1) o.@-w 0.7q 1) 3 1.0(5) 31.1(5) 27.8(2)

Cu2FeSnS4
Sternbergite 4TezS3 Tetrahed-ite CUs.9Ag,Fe,.,Sb4S~2.8 Thiospinel minerals

W91
0.60 0.40

WI W51 wa ml51 Fe3

FeNi,S, FeCr2S4
=3S4

0.93 0.06 0.66 0.34

342

MijSSBAUER

SPECTROSCOPY

TABLE 8. (continued) Absorber FeIn&

Co2,Peo.lS4

CS(Fe) mm s1 0.88(1) 0.25(1) 0.23(1)

0.76(4)

SQ mm s-l 3.27(1) 0.25(1) - 0.88

site IFe2+ MFes NFe3 MFe2+

Ref

Tesla 0.45 0.55 3 1.0(5) 0.54 0.46

[491 v301

RT RT RT RT
additional component present

Troilite

FeS
Wurtzite Zno.95Feo.o5S

[551 [431

0.69(3) 0.69(3)

0.56(10)

NFe2+ vFe2+

a small amountof

TABLE 9. 57Fe McIssbauer data for selected carbonate,phosphate. sulphateand tungstateminerals Absorber
Siderite T

CS(Fe) mm s-* 1.24(l)

mm s-l 1.80(l)

me

site

Ref

Tesla
[481

FeC03
Ankerite
CadCO3)2

RT

X=Mm%.3Mno.l Ferberite

RT

1.25(l)

1.48(3)

WI 1511 1621 1511

FeWOd
Jarosite
m?3(so4h(H),

RT RT
RT RT

1.11(2) O&(5) 1.13(2)

1.21(l)

1.49(3) 1.15(5) 1.53(3) 2.98(1) 2.45(1)

1.06(l)

Wolfram&e ~e~.dWdQ Vivianite WdTQ),~8H,O

1.18(l) 0.38(1) 0.40(1)

0.61(l)

0.22 0.21 0.38 0.19

DOI

TABLE 10. 57Fe Mossbauerdata for other minerals Absorber

Iron
a-Fe

CS(Fe)

mm s-l 298 K
RT x < 0.3 RT RT 0.00

mm s-l
+0.001(2)

a,

site

Ref

Tesla 33.04(3) 33.8(7) Fe0

Fe0 Fe0 Fe0 P261 [301 r41 141

Kamacite -Feo.wNm Taenite

FetJVi, FeNi

0.02(1) - 0.08( 1) 0.02(1) 0.40(2)

28.9(2)

McCAMMON

343

TABLE 11. 119Sn McIssbauer datafor selectedminerals Absorber

Berndtite, SnS2 Cassiterite, SnO2 Garnet structure
Ca3Fel.8A10.1Sn0.1Si3012

CS(Sn02)

A&

site %n4+ %n4+ Vn4+ wSn4+ MSn2+ mSn4+ Sn2+ NSn4+ Sn4+ Sn2+ ?$n4+ %n2+ %n4+ ?jn4+ wSn4+ %n4+ Qn4+ rvSn4+ Sn Sn

Ref

mm s-l RT RT
RT

mm s-l

1.03(5) 0.00 -0.14(5) 0.07(5) 3.23(3) 1.13(4) 3.29(5) -0.07(2) 1.46(5) 3.48(5) 1.10(5) 2.64(2) 0.30(4) 0.25(4) 0.24(4) 0.12(4) 1.45(5) 1.48(5) 2.02(2) 2.55(l)

PI
WI [91 191
@I

0.40(5)

YCa2Sn2FqO12 Herzenbergite, SnS Incaite, Pb3.SFeSn$b2S13.S

Malayite, CaSnSiOs Mawsonite, C&&2SnS8 Ottemannite, Sn2S3 Romarchite, SnO Spine1 structure

RT RT
RT RT

0.42(5) 0.42(5) 0.85(5) 0.98(5) 1.32(4) O.oo(5) 0.95(5) 1.31(l) 0.80(8) 0.75(8) 0.75(8)
1.20(8)

0.66 0.34 0.29 0.71

F-31 WV
WI 181

RT RT
RT RT RT RT RT RT RT

Km
1521

Co$nO, Mn2Sn04 Zn2Sn04 Mg2SnQ Stannite, Cu2Feo.Jno.lSnS4

Stannoidite, Cu8(&$n0.2)3Sn2S12 Tin

O-00(5) O.oo(5)

WI WI WI WI WI U181

a-Sn /3-Sn

300K 300K

[ll81

Acknowledgments.
F. Seifert for valuable

I am grateful to G. Amthauer, comments on the manuscript.

H. Amrersten.

J. Cashion,

E. Murad,

G. Rossman

and

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