Class 2 - January 21, 2014

Unit 1 - Population & Evolutionary Biology Population growth & genetic change in populations

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! Weekly Group Meetings with ARC Tutors
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! Sign up form will be sent over email by 12PM today. ! If you dont receive the email, please contact me at robin.olinsky@tufts.edu. ! You have until 9:00am on Thursday, January 23rd to fill out form included in the email. ! Late forms cannot be accepted.

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! Groups will begin meeting the Week of January 26.

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Dowling Hall, Suite 720 Robin.olinsky@tufts.edu 617-627-4110

Robin Olinsky

Population growth & genetic change

-How and Why questions, a caution
can occur without n.s.] [change

phenotype - composite of an organism's observable REPRODUCTIVE EXCESS -

Conditions needed for Nat. Sel. to occur 1-phenotypic variation 2-phenotypic variation is inherited (genetic) 3-reproductive excess 4-non-random (differential) reproduction of genotypes Phenotype Genotype Non-random or differential

differential reproduction - if a trait is heritable, and allows an organism to have higher fitness in its environment, then it will be more likely to reproduce and pass on that gene.

Feb. 1, 1898, after an uncommonly severe [winter] storm [in Boston, 30cm heavy wet snow between 1-5 am; 80km/hr winds prostrated all telephone & telegraph wires out of Boston and Providence (New York Times,Feb. 2, 1898)] a number [136] of English sparrows were brought to [my] laboratory [in Providence RI]. 72 revived; 64 perished
(from H.C.Bumpus, 1899, Biological Lectures from Marine Biol. Lab, Woods Hole, and W.A. Buttemer, 1992,The Condor)

How would you expect survivors might differ from the dead?
[Condition #4]

How would you expect survivors of this storm might differ from the birds that died?

[Condition #4]

SO: larger body size class = survived cold

Text Fig. 26b

Results of another natural experiment : Both greens together = original example; Dark green only = survivors of cold period Any evidence for non-random pattern of body size versus survival?

[Condition #4]

SO: larger skeleton-to-body mass ratio on the whole

In cliff swallows (Fig.26.b), survivors were bigger than average. In Bumpus sparrows case, what was the difference between survivors and non-survivors? [Condition #4]

SURVIVORS WEIGHED LESS

In Bumpus sparrows case, what was the difference between survivors and non-survivors?

[Condition #4]

From G.E. Hutchinson. 1975. An introduction to population ecology. Yale UP.

Population growth and natural selection . . . Sir Ralph Pudsay (an English knight), his 3 wives, and their 25 children. 1468 tombstone Causes of death? (diseases--what sort?) (accidents) Compare to contemporary USA leading deaths: (heart disease) (cancer) ( <age 25, accidents)
[Condition #3]

Thos. Malthus (1798): Reproductive excess occurs often (e.g., in humans, crowded urban London versus less crowded rural colonial America). (Darwin, 1859): How can it be doubted, from the struggle each individual has to obtain subsistence, that any minute variation.adapting that individual better to the new conditions, would tell upon its vigour and health? In the struggle it would have a better chance of surviving; and those of its offspring which inherited the variationwould have a better chance. Mathematical descriptions of population growth.
[Condition #3]

(exponential) dN/dt = rN
Time ! !

-what happens to N? (bank account) -when N increases, what about dN/dt?

K, carrying capacity N

(logistic) dN/dt = rN K-N K

Time ! ! [Condition #3]

Exponential Population Growth: r depends on environmt, stays same if envt stays same difft. envts --> difft. r s

r = per capita rate of increasehow many offspring each individual in the population has on average

Fig. 54.4

[Condition #3]

Effect of environment on population growth?

How did temperature affect spread of gypsy moth?

From Liebhold, A.M. et al. 1992. J. Biogeogr. 19: 513-520.

[Condition #3]

Logistic population growth:

K=

dN/dt = rN K-N K

-what happens to [K-N]/K when N is small? -what happens when N gets big? -what happens when N=K? K & r depend on envt. (must assume envt does not change; different envt --> difft r and K values)
-values of [Condition #3]

DNA---> mRNA ---> proteins---> developmt. [nucleic acids] ---> [amino acids] transcription translation Chromosome- 1 (double-helix) DNA molecule; Gene= an allele? a locus? (we won t use gene ) Allele= alternative form of a trait,
e.g. blood type allele A is one of a couple of alternative alleles

allele is the specic form of gene at the locus

Locus= a trait, e.g., blood type; location or address of a trait on a chromosome (chr) Homologous chr: same loci, maybe difft alleles? Non-homologous chr: diff t. loci Humans: 23chr types x 2 homologs of each=46
[Condition #2]

[Condition #2]

A pair of homologous chromosomes--same loci, maybe different alleles

DNA

1 chromosome with same sequence of loci, but not always the

Humans: 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes, each same alleles (homozygous, heterozygous)

A pair of homologous chromosomes--same loci, maybe different alleles

t2

t2

Allele

Allele

Allele

t2

r1

Hb3

Hb3

Hb4

[Condition #2]

Discrete variation
One locus (usually) Alleles are: 1.! Co-dominant (intermediate/ both) 2. Dominant 3. Recessive

homozygotes

heterozygotes

One or two loci, each with large effect; alleles may have large effect Ex. [discrete] ABO blood type

Fig. 13.15 p. 245

[Condition #2]

Quantitative variation: many loci, no knowledge of how many alleles many loci each with small effect Intermediates could be homozygous or heterozygous or mixture
[Condition #2]

Fig. 13.20, p.249 ed.4

Genetic variation = phenotypic variation? Not necessarily! But how and why?
Some examples of phenotypic variation with no genetic variation? Some examples of phenotypic variation that masks underlying genetic variation? Nature (genetics) versus Nurture (environment)? e.g. ~90-95% of cancers linked to environmental factors, or causes unknown [breast cancer and US women] ~5-10% hereditary susceptibility, of which ca. 50% are linked to mutations at loci BRCA1 and BRCA2 (optional reading posted on Trunk)
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/genome/debate.html http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/risk/brca

[Conditions #1 and #2]