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P Development of computer methods for design P Designoptimization based on finite element analysis P Biomechanics P Spin-off: Rational Engineering. Solution of industrial problems
John Rasmussen, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Aalborg University, 2001
Lecture 1
Introduction
P The Books P Optimization in the design process - analysis and synthesis P Explicit and implicit problems P Optimization in commercial computer systems P Definition of optimization problems P Properties and graphical solution of optimization problems P Introduction to sensitivity analysis
The Books
Aroras text is the main book of the course. It is a very practical guide to optimization for engineering applications. It contains enough theory to explain what is going on, but not more than that. For people wishing to develop their own optimization software, the best reference is: G.N. Vanderplaats: Numerical Optimization Techniques for Engineering Design. It focuses entirely on algorithms. Haftka, Grdal & Kamat: Elements of Structural Optimization has both theory and applications, but is mostly directed towards structures. Various papers and notes will be available from http://www.ime.auc.dk/~jr for download.
To read: Arora, chapts. 1 and 2. Assignments: Arora, problems 2.1, 2.3, 2.4, 2.8, 2.13
The 2nd law of thermodynamics states that entropy $0: Everything is getting more messy all the time!
P Thermodynamics is hardly the part of physics that enjoys the most popularity among ordinary people. Yet, its finer points influence our lives so much that we all unconsciously relate to them. P Positive entropy is the depressing message that everything degenerates, dissolves, evaporates, vanishes, goes out of date, rusts, gets dissipated. In time, the whole universe will be one homogenious, grey soup with uniform temperature and density.
Termodynamics
- is based on statistics
We drop a glass. The potential energy of the glass is dissipated in the floor as heat.
Thermodynamics is a matter of statistics. We expect the dropped glass to stay on the floor. We do not expect it to suddently jump back into our hands. It could possibly happen, but it is very, very unlikely.
We tend to regard it as a miracle when something appears to defy the laws of thermodynamics.
Lifes fundamental property is its ability to reproduce itself indefinitely. Though we grow old and die, we do produce copies of ourselves that are brand new and perfect. We die, but the species survives. Life appears to defy the laws of nature, so it must be a miracle!
Design produces order from chaos, so it has that hint of cheating the 2nd law of thermodynamics. Many artists regard their design process as a product of divine inspiration and resist any attempt to analyze it.
Forfatteren Bjarne Reuter med sit nyfdte barn i 1991. (Ud & se, oktober 2000).
Recognition of a need
Time
Solution
Time
P Et products life cycle develops in time starting with an idea or recognition of a need and ending with the consequences of the product for customers, users, share holders, etc. P Decisions in the design phase determine the products destiny and its influence on the environment. P Interpretation: the whole thing is a model where input in terms of decisions produce output in terms of consequences. PWe usually dont know the products consequences before it has been prodices, applied and even recycled; it is a very complicated model!
John Rasmussen, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Aalborg University, 2001
Analysis
Synthesis
Synthesis: to create a product with desired properties Analysis: to find the properties of the product, i.e., its consequences. Synthesis is inverse analysis!
P Answer: Yes, if we can reverse the analysis process, we can do design. P Reversal is difficult, but optimization can do it! (sometimes) P The main problem: analysis is IMPLICIT
Optimization is a som mathematical method toat invert analysis! Optimering kan opfattes en matematisk teknik til reversere analyse.
Optimization
- is a mathematical metod, and it requires formalization of the design process. Let us identify the components involved:
Need
Transport a person from A to B Conceptuel phase Choice of components Detailed design
Solution
Time
P The design space: all imaginable designs. P Design criterion, objective function. The measure of quality. P Requirements, constraints. P Analysis, prediction of consequence, simulation.
Matematical programming
The problem below is solvable if you have a model, typically a computer model, that can compute functions g for given values of vector x
Minimize go(x) ,
Objective function
Subject to gi(x) # Gi ,
These are conflicting criteria. The design problem is not well-posed unless you speify a trade-off between the desires or convert all but one to constraints.
John Rasmussen, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Aalborg University, 2001
Optimization
- graphical interpretation
x2
Analysis
- eksplicit and implicit
g (x) = G 2 2
Unconstrained optimum
V = hBD/4
Constrained optimum Feasible domain
g (x) = G 1 1 x1 Well-posed design problems can have many constraints but never more than one objective!
0.5 l
FE Analysis
Topology
Conceptuel phase Choice of components
Shape
Sizing
Detailed design
P When there are many design variables (more than 2) P When we have a difficult physics problem P Whsn fair is not good enough
F 11 cross sectional areas 6 x 2 node coordinates = 23 design variables 3 values of each: 323 years = 9.4e23 combinations. 1 comb/sek 3000
Optimization is useful
... when the problem is complicated In this turbine wheel, the load, temperature distribution and material strength depend on the shape. This makes it very difficult to understand the physics of the problem, and optimization is the only possible design tool.
Optimization is useful
... when fair is not good enough
Hi-tec or very competitive industries cannot survive unless they do their very best. For people in spaceships, survival should be taken very literally.
Optimization is useful
... as an aesthetic design tool
Problem 2.2
Problem 2.2
Solution
We must find out how much gasoline (G) and how much lube (L) to produce. The objective function is the profit: F = 50G + 120L - 30A - 36B We have to decide which variables to formulate the problem in. We choose A and B, and use the mixing proportions to eliminate G and L: G = 0.6A + 0.8B, L = 0.4A + 0.2B F = 50(0.6A + 0.8B) + 120(0.4A + 0.2B) - 30A - 36B = 48A + 28B We have constraints on resources of A and B and of the market for G and L: A # 20000 B # 30000 G = 0.6A + 0.8B # 20000 L = 0.4A + 0.2B # 10000
John Rasmussen, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Aalborg University, 2001