FACTORS AFFECTING SHIP

RESISTANCE
October 1, 2009 1
Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
Dimensional Analysis
October 1, 2009 2
Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
Above waterpart
Under water part
Ship Speed V
Water Density
Water Viscosity
Pressure p
Ship Size (L)
Total ship resistance R could depend upon the
following:
Speed V
Size of body, which may be represented by the linear
dimension L
Mass density of the fluid
Viscosity of the fluid
Acceleration due to gravity g
Pressure in the fluid P
October 1, 2009
Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
3
Applying dimensional analysis and assuming that the
resistance R can now be written in terms of unknown
powers of these variables:
(1)
October 1, 2009
Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
4
f e d c b a
p g L V R
Introducing dimensional quantities into equation (1), we
have
(2)
October 1, 2009
Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
5
( )
f e d
c
b a
LT
M
T
L
LT
M
L
T
L
L
M
T
ML
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2 2 3 2
Hence
(3)
October 1, 2009
Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
6
f e d b Time
f e d c b a Length
f d a Mass
2 2 2 :
3 1 :
1 :
+ + + =
+ + + =
+ + =
So, Solve for a,b, and c in terms of d, e, and f
(4)
October 1, 2009
Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
7
e d c
f e d b
f d a
+ =
=
=
2
2 2 2
1
Then from equation (1)
(5)
(6)
where the left-hand side of the equation is a non-
dimensional resistance coefficient.
October 1, 2009
Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
8
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

f
e
d
V
p
V
gL VL
f L V R
2 2
2 2

=
2 2
2
, ,
2
1
V
p
V
gL VL
f
SV
R
v

Equation (6) states that

if all the parameters on the right hand side have the
same values for two geometrically similar but different
sized bodies, the flow pattern will be the same for each.
October 1, 2009
Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
9
If we ignored for now the third term, then
It is obvious that the first term which is related to the
viscosity is also related to the frictional resistance, while
the second term is a function of g is related to the
residuary resistance.
October 1, 2009
Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
10
(

=
2
2
,
2
1
V
gL VL
f SV R
T
v

The frictional resistance is governed almost

exclusively by viscous effect.
The residuary resistance is concerned with the
dynamic movement of large masses of the fluid.
October 1, 2009
Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
11
Case (I)
Consider a non-viscous liquid in which there is no
frictional or other viscous drag,
And for two geometrically similar bodies (Ship and
model):
October 1, 2009
Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
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(

= =
2
2
2
1
V
gL
f SV R R
R T

October 1, 2009
Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
13
Water Density
s
Water Viscosity

s
=0
Pressure p
s
L
s
Speed V
s
SHIP
Water Density
m
Water Viscosity
m
=0
Pressure p
m
L
m
Speed
V
m
MODE
L
Geomtrical Similarity:
October 1, 2009
Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
14
3 1
|
.
|

\
|
V
V
= = = =
m
s
m
s
m
s
m
s
m
s
S
S
D
D
B
B
L
L
The residuary resistance of the ship R
Rs
and of model
R
Rm
will be in the ratio
October 1, 2009
Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
15
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
m
m
m m m
s
s
s s s
Rm
Rs
V
gL
f V S
V
gL
f V S
R
R

If the value of the function argument is the same:

i.e.
October 1, 2009
Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
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|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
2 2
m
m
s
s
V
gL
V
gL
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
m
m
s
s
L
V
L
V
2 2
Then
Corresponding speeds
October 1, 2009
Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
17
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
m
m
s
s
L
V
L
V
Then
where
s
and
m
are the displacements of ship and
model respectively.
October 1, 2009
Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
18
m
s
m
s
m
s
m
s
m
s
m m m
s s s
m m m
s s s
s m m
s s s
Rm
Rs
L
L
L L
L L
V S
V S
V S
V S
R
R
A
A
=
V
V
= |
.
|

\
|
=
= = =

3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
i.e., the residuary resistance per unit of displacement is
the same for model and ship.
October 1, 2009
Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
19
m
Rm
s
Rs
R R
A
=
A
Froudes Law:
When the speed of a ship and her corresponding model
are in the ratio of the square routs of their lengths, then
the residuary resistance varies as the displacement
October 1, 2009
Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
20
Case (II)
Consider a deeply submerged body, where there is no
wave making, the total resistance will only be
frictional.
October 1, 2009
Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
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(

= =
v

VL
f SV R R
F T
2
2
1
October 1, 2009
Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
22
Ship
V
s
L
S
M o d e l
L
m
V
m
October 1, 2009
Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
23
(

=
s
s s
s s s Fs
L V
f V S R
v

2
2
1
(

=
m
m m
m m m Fm
L V
f V S R
v

2
2
1
If the parameter is the same for ship and model. In
other words
and assume
s
=
m
and
s
=
m
then
October 1, 2009
Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
24
m
m m
s
s s
L V L V
v v
=
October 1, 2009
Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
25
Fm Fs
R R =
1
2
1
2
1
2 2
2 2
2
2
2
2
= = = =
s m
m s
m m
s s
m m m
s s s
Fm
Fs
L L
L L
V S
V S
V S
V S
R
R

Rayleighs law:
When the speeds of a ship and her model are
inversely proportional to their respective lengths, then
the frictional resistance of the model is equal to that
of the ship provided that is the same.
October 1, 2009
Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
26
Resistance Coefficients
Divide all through by 0.5SV
2
October 1, 2009
Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
27
R F T
R R R + =
Wetted Surface Area S
= +
October 1, 2009
Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
28
2 2 2
5 . 0 5 . 0 5 . 0 SV
R
SV
R
SV
R
R F T

+ =
R F T
C C C + =
t Coefficien
Resist Total
t Coefficien
Resist Frictional
t Coefficien
Resist Residuary
Non dimensional Groups
1. Froude Number
William Froude (1810-1871)
V in knots and L in feet
October 1, 2009
Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
29
Fr
gL
V
gL
V
V
gL

2
2
L
V
Ratio Length Speed
k
=
2. Reynolds Number
Osborne Reynolds (1842-1916)
V in m/s
L in m
in m
2
/s
October 1, 2009
Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
30
Rn
VL VL

v

Froudes Law, or Rayleighs Law?

Assuming
m
=
s
and
m
=
s
1.From Rayleigh s codition
Since L
m
< L
s
then V
m
>>>>V
s
Example
If L
s
=125 m , V
s
=25 knots, and L
m
=5 then V
m
= 625
knots. !!!!
October 1, 2009
Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
31
m m s s
L V L V =
m
s
s m
L
L
V V =
2. From Froudes condition
Since L
m
< L
s
then V
m
<<<< V
s
Example
If L
s
=125 m , V
s
=25 knots, and L
m
=5 then V
m
= 5 knots.
October 1, 2009
Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
32
s
s
m
m
L
V
L
V
=
s
m
s m
L
L
V V =
Conclusions:
1- it is impossible to satisfy both laws at the same time
2- it is possible to satisfy Froudes law
3- it is uneconomical and impracticable to satisfy
Rayleighs law
October 1, 2009
Dr. Adel Banawan
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
33