FIA CURSULUI / COURSE OUTLINE / FICHE DU COURS 2011/2012

Titlul cursului / Course title / Intitul du cours : Genocides in the 20 Century

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Tipul cursului / Course type / Type du cours :

obligatoriu / compulsory / obligatoire opional / elective / optionnel facultativ / voluntary / facultatif

Numele i prenumele responsabilului de curs / Name of the person in charge of the class / Nom et prnom du responsable de cours : Chioveanu Mihai

Gradul didactic / Academic title / Titre acadmique : Conf. Dr./ Associate Professor (PhD.) Semestrul / Semester / Semestrul I II

Descriere sintetic a cursului / Brief description of the course / Description synthtique du cours In the aftermath of World War Two and the Nazi Final Solution scholars gradually came to focus on, analyze, interpret, define, even explain genocide(s) and, latter on, other forms of mass killing th (democide, politicide, classicide, gendercide, ethnic cleansing, and so on) that occurred in the 20 century. The pace was rather slow, and the path rather twisted, with the Holocaust being turned in no less than 50 years from the unspeakable and the unthinkable, into an unique history lesson, and latter on a paradigmatic case of genocide. Other cases received less or no attention up to the mid 1990s, with ethnic cleansing in Former Yugoslavia and the Rwandan genocide to bring them altogether to the fore, as scholars (and politicians) urged the necessity of comparative studies. The argument was that the world we live in not only produced but also keeps producing genocide and other forms of mass killing, despite our never again cry, and constant efforts (educational, political, legal) to reveal, remember, understand as to anticipate and prevent similar phenomena. Extreme and yet characteristic outgrowths of modernity, genocide and mass killing can be analyzed, interpreted, even explained, in various ways. Most scholars tended to look within societies that produced genocide. Others think that powerful leaders that use mass killings to advance their own interests and/or obsessions are the ones that bear full responsibility for gearing the machinery of destruction, with genocide not necessarily being deeply rooted in society but a tactic of state power, a powerful political tool, a mean to achieve other ends. Following this, the course addresses several major historical, classic, cases of genocide that occurred th in the 20 century in an attempt to help the students u nderstand whether genocide represents the dark side of democracy (Michael Mann) or it rather originates from a small group of powerful leaders, been carried out without the broaden support of society (Benjamin Valentino). Furthermore, other examples of ethnic cleansing and mass killing are introduced and interpreted on the basis of collective psychology, ethnic and racial hatred, the nature of the regimes, the strategic logic of powerful leaders that use mass killings to achieve political goals, and so on. However, the format is not based on a chronological and case by case, classic, approach. Aiming to further the students knowledge of both research methodology and substance, the course includes 4 major parts: The first part addresses the multitude of concepts in use, introduces some of the overarching theories in the field, familiarizes the student with the existing literature, and attempts to see whether reaching consensus is possible, and a generic definition is needed and helpful. The second part focuses on the main categories of actors within the Great Game of Genocide: perpetrators, victims, bystanders. Moving from one case to another, this part is an attempt to answer in length several main question, of which some are still not fully answered: when?, where?, who?, how?, why?

The third part will focus on more recent themes and interpretations in an attempt to explore and then synthesize various aspects hitherto neglected or rapidly discarded by the course in the past. Issues and concepts from political science, sociology, cultural anthropology, and history are included since they may shed a new light, provide a new range of nuances, and offer a different dimension to the understanding of genocide. The forth part will focus on the logic and means to anticipate and prevent genocide and mass killing. The course consists in a three-hour session (lecture and seminar) per week, over one semester, as well as on individual study. For each class, a set of required readings is assigned. The readings cover a large variety of classic, as well as more recent, comparative approaches to the study of genocide. When appropriate, conflicting interpretations have been intentionally chosen in order to illustrate the multiplicity of viewpoints in recent history and political science. Required readings are mandatory, as a basis for class discussions. Several additional readings, which will be recommended during the semester, are intended to guide students research work for the term papers. Students are strongly encouraged to familiarize themselves with these readings. Bibliografie general / References / Bibliographie gnrale Anne Appelbaum, Gulag. A History, New York, Anchor Books, 2003. David, Bankier and Israel Gutman. Nazi Europe and the Final Solution, Jerusalem, Yad Vashem, 2003. Omer Bartov and Phyllis Mack, In Gods name. Genocide and Religion in the 20th century , New York, Berghahn Books, 2001. Donald Bloxham, The Great Game of Genocide. Imperialism, Nationalism, and the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2005. Daniel Chirot and Clark Mc Cauley, Why Not Kill Them All?. The Logic and Prevention of Mass Political Murder, Princeton University Press, Princeton and Oxford, 2006. Stephane Courtois et all. eds., The Black Book of Communism. Crimes Terror, Repression, Harvard University Press, 1999. Robert Gellately, Ben Kiernan (eds.), The Specter of Genocide. Mass Murder in Historical Perspective, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2006. Yisrael Gutman & Avital Saf eds., Major Changes Within the Jewish People in the Wake of the Holocaust, Yad Vashem, Jerusalem, 1996. Raul Hilberg, Perpatrators, Victims, Bystanders. The Jewish Catastrophe: 1933-1945, HarperCollinsPublisher, New York, 1992. Michael Mann, in The Dark side of Democracy. Explaining Ethnic Cleansing, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2005. th Eric Markusen and David Kopf, Genocide and Total War in the 20 Century, Oxford, Westview Press, 1995. Nicolaus Mills & Kira Brunner, The New Killing Fields. Masacre and the Politics of Intervention, New York, Basic Books, 2002. Christopher Simpson, The Splendid Blonde Beast. Money, Law, and Genocide in the Twentieth Century, New York, Grove Press, 1993. th Benjamin A. Valentino, Final Solutions. Genocide and Total War in the 20 Century, Oxford, Westview Press, 1995. Eric D. Weitz, A Century of Genocide. Utopias of Race and Nation , Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2003. Forme i criterii de evaluare / Requirements and evaluation / Formes et critres dvaluation Individual assessments will be based on the following: class participation and a final paper (50%), and an oral exam (50%). Credits will be granted on the basis of class participation (50%) and the final paper (50%). The class participation of each student will be evaluated according to: 1. the course attendance: each student must attend the course and seminar at least 10 times; 2. the individual contribution to in-class debates: each student must prepare a short presentation on a topic from the list of classes provided below, one as a main presenter and one as a discussant. Both presentations must be based on the required readings assigned to the respective topic. A three-page outline must be submitted on the day assigned. Presentations

must not be no less than 15, no more than 20, minutes long and should be spoken from notes and not read out. Presentations should be intended to inspire discussion by the rest of the class. In evaluating the class presentations, the following will be taken into account: key issues identified, logical exposition of the argument, clear language; students must read the required readings indicated for the respective class. Participation in the class debate is expected from every student, since all must provide evidence that they have done the required readings. If one is not joining the discussion, he or she must expect to be questioned on the subject by the professor. Final Paper (3,500 words, Times New Roman 12, double spaced). This will not be a research paper but a review essay embodying critical evaluation of the work of some scholars in the field, or of works concerning a single issue or hypothesis. Topics for the paper must be discussed with the course instructor in advance. The proposal for this paper (500 words) is due mid semester; the final paper is due the last course. The deadlines must be strictly respected; any delay will automatically lead to a downgrade. The final paper will be graded according to: 1. The content (major points included, topic covered in depth, facts correct); 2. The development of the argument (essay focus on the question, good structure, independent thought); 3. Use of sources (wide preparatory reading, critical approach to sources), and 4. Style (correct language, fluent and succinct style). The final grade will be based on the final research paper, which has to be defended during the final oral exam. Students are also expected to prove thorou gh knowledge of the courses references and of the topics addressed by the lectures. Failure to comply with any of these requirements might attract a failing grade. NOTA :
Studenii sunt obligai s cunoasc politica de probitate intelectual a Facultii: plagiatul, copiatul, neltoria, multipla utilizare a unui referat, recursul nemrturisit la surse bibliografice sau la internet vor conduce la anularea notei i a creditelor alocate cursului. Students should be aware of the Departments policy of academic integrity: cheating, falsification, forgery, multiple submission, plagiarism, complicity and computer misuse will result in the invalidation of both grade and credits Les tudiants sont tenus connatre la politique de la Facult en matire dhonntet intellectuelle : le plagiat, la contrefaon, le dpt multiple des travaux, la falsification, le recours inavou aux sources bibliographiques et lInternet entranent lannulation des crdits et de la note du cours.

Programul cursurilor / Courses outline / Programme des sances : I. Sptmna / Week / Semaine : Tema / Topic / Thme : Concepts Lecturi / Readings / Lectures : Robert Gellately, Ben Kiernan, Investigating Genocide, in The Specter of Genocide, 373-381. Eric Markusen and David Kopf, WW II and the Birth of Genocide Studies: Raphael Lemkin; The Evolving Concept of Genocide: Gil Elliot and Richard Rubenstein, in Genocide and Total th War in the 20 Century, 39-44. Michael Mann, Defining Terms: Ethnicity, Nation, Ethnic Cleansing, in, The Dark side of Democracy, 10-18. Sptmna / Week / Semaine : Tema / Topic / Thme : Overarching theories Lecturi / Readings / Lectures : Eric Markusen and David Kopf , Challenges Confronting the Study of Mass Killing, in th Genocide and Total War in the 20 Century, 5-16. Benjamin A. Valentino, Mass Killing and Genocide, in Final Solutions, 9-29. Yehuda Bauer, Comparison with other genocides, in Rethinking the Holocaust, 39-67. Steven Katz, On the Problematics of Comparative History, in Yisrael Gutman & Avital Saf eds., Major Changes Within the Jewish People, 301-321 Robert Gellately, Ben Kiernan, The Study of Mass Murder and Genocide, in Robert Gellately, Ben Kiernan eds., Mass Murder in Historical Perspective, 3-29.

II.

 Omer Bartov, Seeking the Roots of Modern genocides: On the Macro - and Microhistory of Mass Murder, in Robert Gellately, Ben Kiernan eds., The Specter of Genocide, 75-97. Sptmna / Week / Semaine : Tema / Topic / Thme : Perpetrators (introducing the perpetrators motivations, the typology of perpetrators, the chain of command from decision makers to ordinary executioners, discussing the emotional, normative and rational nature of the perpetrators). Lecturi / Readings / Lectures : Benjamin A. Valentino, The Strategic Logic of mass Killing, in Final Solutions, 66-90. Daniel Chirot and Clark Mc Cauley, The Four Main Motives Leading to Mass Political Murder, in Why Not Kill Them All?. The Logic and Prevention of Mass Political Murder , Princeton University Press, Princeton and Oxford, 2006, 19-44. Michael Mann, Perpetrators: Nationalist Masses or Authoritarian Elites, Rational Emotional, or Normative Perpetrators & Perpetrators Motives: Ordinary People or Fanatics?, in The Dark side of Democracy. 20-30. Benjamin A. Valentino, The Perpetrators , in Final Solutions, 39-65. Daniel Chirot and Clark Mc Cauley, How to Get Ordinary People to become Butchers, in Why Not Kill Them All?, 52-80. Mark Mazover, Violence and the State in the Twentieth Century, The American Historical Review, vol. 107, n. 4, Oct. 202, 1158-1178. Matthew Krain, State-sponsored mass murder: the onset and severity of genocides and politicides, The Journal of Conflict Resolutions, vol. 41, n. 3, June 1997, 331-360. III. Sptmna / Week / Semaine : Tema / Topic / Thme : Victims: (understanding what turns one into a victim, the process of targeting the victims, defining them as a homogeneous group of undesirables, an enemy population, a metahistorical enemy, discussing types of resistance and possible consequences). Lecturi / Readings / Lectures : Eric D. Weitz, Race and Nation: An intellectual History, in A Century of Genocide, 1652. Michael Marrus, Varieties of Jewish Resistance , Yisrael Gutman & Avital Saf eds., Major Changes, 269-300. Daniel Chirot and Clark Mc Cauley, Essentializing Others, in Why Not Kill Them All?, 81-89. IV. Sptmna / Week / Semaine : Tema / Topic / Thme : Bystanders (discussing the level and type of support from the public needed by the perpetrators, understanding how people turn indifferent to the means when they support the ends, discussing rescue operation and potential risks). Lecturi / Readings / Lectures : Benjamin A. Valentino, The Perpetrators and the Public, in Final Solutions, 30-39. Raul Hilberg, Nations in HitlersEurope, in Perpatrators, Victims, Bystanders, 195-211. David Bankier, Signaling the Final Solution to the German People, in David Bankier and Israel Gutman. Nazi Europe and the Final Solution, 15-39. Michael Stohl, Outside a Small Circle of Friends: States, Genocide, Mass Killing and the Role of Bystanders, Journal of Peace Research, vol. 24, n. 2, 1987. V. VI. Sptmna / Week / Semaine : Tema / Topic / Thme : Mass killing in pre-modern times Lecturi / Readings / Lectures : Eric Markusen and David Kopf , The Barbarity of Pre-Twentieth-Century Conflict, in th Genocide and Total War in the 20 Century, 22-27. Michael Mann, Ethnic Cleansing in Former Times, in The Dark side of Democracy, 34-54. Sptmna / Week / Semaine : Tema / Topic / Thme : Genocide and Religion Lecturi / Readings / Lectures :

VII.

 Jan Kershaw, Some reflections on genocide, religion and modernity in Omer Bartov and Phyllis Mack, In Gods name. Genocide and Religion in the 20th century, 372-383. Michael Mann, Religious Frontier Cleansing: Spain, Germany, Ireland, in The Dark side of Democracy, 45-54. Richard Steigman Gall, Positive Christianity: The Doctrine of the Time of Struggle, and Gottglaubig: Assent of the anti-Christians?, in The Holy Reich..., 2003, 13-50, 218-260. VIII. Sptmna / Week / Semaine : Tema / Topic / Thme : Genocide and Modernity Lecturi / Readings / Lectures : Eric D. Weitz, The Modernity of Genocide: War, Race, and Revolution in the Twentieth century, in Robert Gellately, Ben Kiernan eds., in Robert Gellately, Ben Kiernan eds., The Specter of Genocide, 53-75. Marie Fleming, Genocide and the Body Politic in the Time of Modernity, in Robert Gellately, Ben Kiernan eds., The Specter of Genocide, 97-116. Christopher R. Browning, Modernization, Barbarism, National Socialism and the Holocaust, in Yisrael Gutman & Avital Saf eds., Major Changes, 321-337. Daniel Chirot and Clark Mc Cauley, Are Modern Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing Different?. Retribalization and the Modern State, in Why Not Kill Them All?, 45-50. Sptmna / Week / Semaine : Tema / Topic / Thme : Can Democracies perpetrate genocides? Lecturi / Readings / Lectures : Eric Markusen and David Kopf , Genocide and Total War as Antithetical to th Democracy, in Genocide and Total War in the 20 Century, 76-79. Michael Mann, Two version of We, the People & Genocidal Democracies in the New World, in The Dark side of Democracy, 55-69, 70-110. Sptmna / Week / Semaine : Tema / Topic / Thme : Context, Mechanism and Facilitating factors Lecturi / Readings / Lectures : Ben Kiernan, Twentieh Century Genocides: Underlying Ideological Themes from Armenia to East Timor, Robert Gellately, Ben Kiernan eds., The Specter of Genocide, p. 29-53 Daniel Chirot and Clark Mc Cauley, The Conditions of Genocide, in Why Not Kill Them All?, 90-95. Donald Bloxham, The Armenian genocide in the International Context, and Pitfalls in the International Approach, in The Great Game of Genocide, 11-17, 17-20. Robert Gellately, The Third Reich, the Holocaust, and Visions of Serial Genocide, in Robert Gellately, Ben Kiernan eds., The Specter of Genocide, 241-265. Robert O. Paxton, Trying to Account for the Holocaust, in The Anatomy of Fascism, 154-168. Eric Markusen and David Kopf , The Twentieth Century: An Age of Violence, in th Genocide and Total War in the 20 Century, 27-35. Jay Winter, Under Cover of War: The Armenian Genocide in the Context of Total War, in Robert Gellately, Ben Kiernan (eds.), The Specter of Genocide, 189-214. Isabell Hull, Military Culture and the Production of Final Solutions in the Colonies: The Example of Wilhelminian Germany, in, The Specter of Genocide, 141-162. Sptmna / Week / Semaine : Tema / Topic / Thme : Anticipating genocide and mass killing Lecturi / Readings / Lectures : Barbara Harff, No Lessons Learned from the Holocaust? Assesing the Risks of Genocide and Political Mass Murder since 1955, The American Political Science Review, vol. 97, no. 1, Feb. 2003, 57-93 Benjamin A. Valentino, Anticipating and Preventing Mass Killing, in Final Solutions, 234-254. Michael Mann, Combating Ethnic Cleansing in the World Today, in The Dark side of Democracy, 502-558.

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 Eric Markusen and David Kopf , Prospects for Reducing Genocidal Killing, in th Genocide and Total War in the 20 Century,280-287. XII. Sptmna / Week / Semaine : Tema / Topic / Thme : Preventionintervention-retribution. The aftermath. Lecturi / Readings / Lectures : Donald Bloxham, The USA: From Non-intervention to Non-recognition, in The Great Game of Genocide, 185-206. Daniel Chirot and Clark Mc Cauley, Strategies to Decrease the Chances of Mass Political Murder in Our Time, in Why Not Kill Them All?, 149-179, 187-202. Anthony Oberschall, Preventing Genocide, Contemporary Sociology, vol. 29, n.1, Jan. 2000, 1-13 Erna Paris, New Genocide, New Trials. The Legacy of Nuremberg, in Long Shadows, 398-448. Daniel Chirot and Clark Mc Cauley, Limiting Demands for Justice and Revenge, in Why Not Kill Them All?, 180-187. David A. Reidy, Rawls on International Justice: A Defense, Political Theory, vol. 32, n. 3, June 2004, 291-319. Sptmna / Week / Semaine : Tema / Topic / Thme : Conclusion Lecturi / Readings / Lectures : Daniel Chirot and Clark Mc Cauley, Are We Killers or Peacemakers?, in Why Not Kill Them All, 1-10.

XIII.