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Home > Technical Knowledge > Job Knowledge > Welding consumables - part 5
To ensure that there is a consistency in composition and properties between wires from a variety of manufacturers, specifications have been produced that enable a wire to be easily and uniquely identified by assigning the consumable a 'classification', a unique identification that is universally recognised. The two schemes that are dealt with in this article are the EN/ISO method and the AWS scheme. There are such a large number of specifications covering the whole range of ferrous and non-ferrous filler metals, both solid wire and cored, that it will not be possible to describe all of these here. This article therefore reviews just the carbon steel specifications. The identification of the solid wires is relatively simple, as the chemical composition is the major variable although both the EN/ISO and the AWS specifications detail the strength that may be expected from an all-weld deposit carried out using parameters given in the specification. It should be remembered, however, that most welds will contain some parent metal and that the welding parameters to be used in production may be different from those used in the test. The result is that the mechanical properties of a weld can be significantly different from those quoted by the wire supplier, hence the need to always perform a procedure qualification test when strength is important. In addition, the mechanical properties specified in the full designation include the yield strength. (In the EN/ISO specifications, the classification may indicate either yield or ultimate tensile strength). When selecting a wire remember that the yield and ultimate tensile strengths are very close together in weld metal but can be widely separated in parent metal. A filler metal that is selected because its yield strength matches that of the parent metal may not, therefore, match the parent metal on ultimate tensile strength. This may cause the cross joint tensile specimens to fail during procedure qualification testing or perhaps in service. The EN/ISO specification for non-alloyed steel solid wires is BS EN ISO 14341. This specification classifies wire electrodes in the as-welded condition and in the post weld heat-treated condition, based on classification system, strength, Charpy-V impact strength, shielding gas and composition. The classification utilises two systems based either on the yield strength (System A) or the tensile strength (System B): System A - based on the yield strength and average impact energy of 47J of all-weld metal. System B - based on the tensile strength and the average impact energy of 27J of all-weld metal. In most cases, a given commercial product can be classified to both systems. Then either or both classification designations can be used for the product. The symbolisation for mechanical properties is summarised in Table 1A for classification system A and Table 1B for classification system B. For classification system B, the 'X' can be either 'A' or 'P', where 'A' indicates testing in the as-welded condition and 'P' indicates testing in the post weld heat-treated condition. The symbol for chemical composition is summarised in Table 3A and 3B of BS EN ISO 14341 based on each classification system. For classification system A, the standard lists eleven compositions, too many to describe completely here. Six of the wires are carbon steel with varying amounts of deoxidants, two wires contain approximately 1% or 2.5% nickel and an additional two wires contain around 0.5% molybdenum. The designation of these wires is for example G3Si1, 'G' identifying it as a solid wire, '3' as containing some 1.5% manganese and Si1 as containing around 0.8% silicon; G3Ni1 is a wire with approximately 1.5% manganese and 1% nickel. Table 1A Symbols for mechanical properties based on classification system A Symbol 35 38 42 46 50 Min Yield Strength N/mm2 355 380 420 460 500 UTS Min Elongation Symbol Charpy-V Test 47 J at Temp C %
Z No requirements A +20 0 0 2 -20 3 -30 4 -40 5 -50 6 -60 7 -70 8 -80 9 -90 10 -100 Table 1B Symbols for mechanical properties based on classification system B Symbol Min Yield Strength UTS Min Elongation Symbol Charpy-V Test 27 J at Temp C
N/mm 2 440 to 570 22 470 to 600 20 500 to 640 20 530 to 680 20 560 to 720 18
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43X 49X 55x 57x 330 390 460 490
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