Asif uz zaman (Lecturer) Civil Engineering Department Faculty of Engineering Rabigh King Ab ulaziz !

niversity

Measurement of oxygen demanding wastes

There are several measures of oxygen demand. 1.Theoretical oxygen demand (ThOD) 2.Chemical oxygen demand (COD) 3.Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)

Estimation of organic content of the wastewater

"he organic matter present in the #ater bo y can be analyze in laboratory by etermining$ %io&chemical '(ygen Deman (%'D)) Chemical '(ygen Deman (C'D)) an by "he etermination of "otal 'rganic Carbon ("'C) in terms of "heoretical '(ygen Deman ("h'D)*

Theoretical oxygen demand

+f the chemical composition of the substance is ,no#n then the amount of '- re.uire to completely o(i ize a particular organic substance may be calculate from stoichiometry* "his amount of o(ygen is ,no#n as the theoretical oxygen demand (ThOD)

Biochemical oxygen demand

"he amount of o(ygen consume uring microbial utilization of organics is calle the %iochemical '(ygen eman (%'D)$ +n simple #or s) the %'D is the amount of o(ygen in mg/L re.uire to stabilize pollute #ater completely by means of an aerobic process* "hey are of t#o types as Carbonaceous o(ygen eman (C%'D) an nitrogenous o(ygen eman (0%'D)* %'D test is the most #i ely use metho for measuring organic matter because of the irect conceptual relationship bet#een %'D an o(ygen epletion in receiving #aters*

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

"he %'D test is an in irect measure of organic matter because #e actually measure only the change in issolve o(ygen concentration cause by the microorganisms as they egra e the organic matter* "he %'D test is an in irect measurement of organic matter in terms of the o(ygen re.uirement to convert them into stable en pro ucts* "he biochemical o(ygen eman is represente as %'D1 -22C) #hich in icates the total amount of o(ygen consume for biochemical o(i ation of organic matter for first five ays at -22C incubation temperature*

BOD test
"he %'D is measure by etermining the o(ygen consume from a sample place in an air tight container an ,ept in a controlle environment for a preselecte perio of time* During the %'D test the organic matter #ill be converte into stable en pro uct such as C'-)sulphate (3'4)) orthophosphate (5'4) an nitrate (0'6)* "he simple representation of carbonaceous %'D can be e(plaine as belo#$

Contd..
+n the stan ar test) a 622 ml %'D bottle is use an the sample is incubate at -22C for 1 ays* 3ince) the saturation value of D' for #ater at -2oC is only 7*8 mg/L) it is usually necessary to ilute the samples #ith %'D&free) o(ygen saturate #ater to measure %'D values greater than 9ust a fe# milligrams per liter* :ence) accor ing to %'D values e(pecte for that #aste#ater appropriate ilution shoul be carrie out* "hus) the actual %'D of the unsee e sample can be #or,e out as

BOD test

BOD bottle in actual

Suitability of BOD test

For C'D/%'D ratio less than - the #aste#ater is most suitable for biological treatment; for C'D/%'D ratio bet#een - to < acclimation of the inoculum is re.uire for effective biological treatment; an for higher C'D/%'D ratio biological treatment of such #aste#ater may not be suitable option*

BOD of seeded sample

=hen the ilution #ater is see e #ith 8 to - ml of se#age per litre of #ater to provi e necessary bacterial population for bio egra ation of #aste) it becomes necessary to subtract the o(ygen eman of the see from the mi(e sample* "hus) the %'D of the #aste#ater #ith see e sample can be #or,e out as belo#* "he D' rop in blan, is multiplie by (8& p) because this volume of blank is only present in the sample.

Contd...

or!ed out examples on bod