Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1. Hydrocarbon Industry Overview 1. Resources- Reserves Production 2. Conventional 3. Unconventional 4. Colombian Quick Overview 2. Upstream, Midstream and Down Stream 3. Exploration and Production Live Cycle 4. Exploration Process and Operations
5. Production Process and Operations Primary- Secondary and Tertiary Recovery 6. Enhanced Oil Recovery Technologies
Exploration
Abandon Tertiary Recovery Secondary Recovery
Delimitation
Development
Primary Recovery
Secondary Recovery
12 - 15 % OOIP
Primary Recovery
10 - 15 % OOIP
5 - 25 % OOIP
Time
Reserves
The means by which the initial production is achieved, in many cases, a secondary recovery method, such as waterflood, is required to maintain an economical reservoir production rate.
Production Process and Operations Primary recovery: natural drive and artificial lift
The First and Most Important Step Primary oil recovery is the first phase, which happens once a well has been drilled from the surface to an underground reserve. Gravity, along with the pressure inside the reservoir, forces the oil into the wellbore. From here, the oil is brought to the surface through mechanical means, like a pump jack. The primary phase of oil recovery continues until the pressure inside the well is no longer enough to produce oil in quantities that make it financially worthwhile.
Production Process and Operations Primary recovery: natural drive and artificial lift
Once an accumulation of oil has been found in a porous and permeable reservoir, a series of wells are drilled in a predetermined pattern to effectively drain this oil pool. Wells may be drilled as close as one to each 10 aces (660 ft. between wells) or as far apart as one to each 640 acres (1 mile between wells) depending on the type of reservoir and the depth to the pay horizon. The rate of production is highest at the start when all of the energy from the dissolved gas or water drive is still available. As this energy is used up, production rates drop until it becomes uneconomical to operate although significant amount of oil still remains in the reservoir.
Connate water
Grains of sand
Oil
Gas
M = f (o/w)
M = (Kw/w)/ (Ko/o)
Instead of have a piston like displacement, the differences in viscosity allow the water to find paths to the producer, leaving and important amount of oil behind the water front. This phenomena is called fingering, and reduces the water injection efficiency.
Fingering Effects
Producer
In this process steam in injected into the reservoir, the hot water front is formed and the heat is transferred from the this front to the reservoir fluids, increasing the temperature of the fluids and reducing the viscosity, hence improving the mobility ratio. There are two ways to inject steam: Cycling Steam Injection Continuous Steam Injection
The cycling process consist on injecting steam in the producer well for some time and then close the well to allow the heat transfer, and finally open the well to production again.
This process takes at least 4 to 6 cycles and the it is necessary to move forward to the continuous steam injection process.
This is basically a thermodynamic process, where air is injected and an ignition is initiated to promote combustion process using the reservoir oil. The Oil is splitted or cracked into small molecules with lower viscosity and then is more ease to move toward the production wells.
The application of Surfactants into the reservoir has the For sweep efficiency, the most common method is to inject water-soluble polymers along with the water, to have a denser fluid pushing the oil to the production wells. The process improve the oil recovery because the front moves more like piston displacement.
Injection of Polymer
When the oil contains important amount of acid components, it is possible to inject some Alkalis to allow they to react and produce in-situ surfactant.
Capillary forces
1,3 MBPED
1 MBPED
Hallazgos
30%
Potencial Factor de Recobro de campos actuales
23%
Factor de Recobro Proyectado 2013 Campos actuales
18%
GRACIAS