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About the ARM PrimeCell PS2 Keyboard/Mouse Interface (PL050) The PrimeCell PS2 Keyboard/Mouse Interface (KMI) is an Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) compliant System-on-a-Chip peripheral that is developed, tested and licensed by ARM. The PrimeCell KMI is an AMBA slave module, and connects to the Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB). The PrimeCell KMI can be used to implement a keyboard or mouse interface that is IBM PS2 or AT compatible.

Features of the PrimeCell KMI The PrimeCell KMI has the following features: compliance to the AMBA Specification (Rev 2.0) onwards for easy integration into System-on-a-Chip (SoC) implementation IBM PS2 or AT-compatible keyboard or mouse interface half-duplex bidirectional synchronous serial interface using open-drain outputs for clock and data programmable 4-bit reference clock divider operation in polled or interrupt-driven mode separately maskable transmit and receive interrupts single combined interrupt output odd parity generation and checking register bits for override of keyboard clock and data lines. Additional test registers and modes are implemented for functional verification and manufacturing test. AMBA compatibility The PrimeCell KMI complies with the AMBA Specification (Rev 2.0) onwards. The fundamental differences from the AMBA Specification Revision D are: the timing of the strobe signal PSTB compared with the enable signal PENABLE the time at which read data is sampled a separate unidirectional read data bus PRDATA, and unidirectional write bus PWDATA (instead of the bidirectional data bus PD) the address bus is named PADDR (instead of PA). ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2. Types of printer interfaces : Printers are connected to computers using a variety of different interfaces such as parallel, serial, SCSI, USB, or IEEE 1394. Network capable printers also have a built-in network interface and are connected directly to a port on the network so they can be shared across many computers. Parallel: A parallel printer interface is called (IEEE 1284). This port works by sending an 8-bit information stream to the printer. It uses a standard parallel printer cable, which has a DB-25 connector to connect to the computer and also a 36-pin Centronics connector for the connection to the printer. The maximum length

of the parallel cable is usually limited to 10 feet. The reason for this is that the data integrity decreases, and you can have loss of data to the printer over a larger length. Serial: The serial printer interface sends the data to the printer one bit at a time. This interface needs to be configured to the serial communication parameters including baud rate, parity bit, or start and stop bits. Serial printers are very rarely used these days, however sometimes dot matrix printers use this interface. Universal Serial Bus (USB): The USB port is the most common type of port available on most pc's today. This is why it makes a great printer interface used on small and medium sized printers and desktop printers and scanners combo's. (and many other peripherals). USB is much faster than most of the other types of printer interfaces. A USB printer comes with Plug and play compatibility and can be automatically detected and configured by your operating system. IEEE 1394 The IEEE 1394, which is also called Firewire, due the super fast speed that it boasted at when it was first released. The firewire interface is not built in though on many printers or PCs. It is available for for high end printers, and is popular on laptops.

Network: Today most high end printers, and even some of the more basic ones, come with a built-in network adapter or can also have one fitted into them. Network printers are directly attached to one of the free network ports on a hub, or a router, and are assigned a network identification such as an IP address. The printer uses a standard network cable with an RJ-45 connector. Sometimes in a larger company, they will use a pc that is directly connected to the printer as a printer queue manger. Wireless: Today, one of the more popular interfaces for connections of printers is the wireless connections that support 802.11, Bluetooth, or Infrared standards. The main advantage of a wireless connections is that both the computer and the printer can be moved around, and obviously there are no wires. The disadvantage is that there is a limit to the range of the network coverage. They can also be prone to interfaces from other electrical sources, and the reason that most wireless printers are slow, is that the data is usually error checked vigorously. Small Computer System Interface (SCSI): There are very few printers which have a SCSI interface. These types printers are becoming obsolete due to the faster printer interfaces already discussed.This Hub was last updated on September 14, 2011 Part:A

1.What is a Video Card?: The video card is an expansion card that allows the computer to send graphical information to a video display device such as a monitor or projector. The Video Card is Also Known As: graphics card, graphics adapter, video adapter . 2. Use of i/p and o/p devices? In computing, input/output or I/O is the communication between an information processing system (such as a computer) and the outside world, possibly a human or another information processing system. Inputs are the signals or data received by the system, and outputs are the signals or data sent from it. The term can also be used as part of an action; to "perform I/O" is to perform an input or output operation. I/O devices are used by a person (or other system) to communicate with a computer. For instance, a keyboard or a mouse may be an input device for a computer, while monitors and printers are considered output

devices for a computer. Devices for communication between computers, such as modems and network cards, typically serve for both input and output. 3. Working of audio card? Sound cards have a standard operation for controlling sound on computers--of processing the input and output of sound. The input comes from other devices such as microphones or MIDI musical instruments. The sound card takes the sound from the device, records it and then processes it. For output, the device takes instructions from the program and plays the sound through speakers connected to the computer. Sound cards use the other elements that are installed inside of it to handle the tasks that are assigned to it. The digital signal processor (DSP) is a chip in the sound card that receives and handles the incoming sound signals. It then manipulates the signals to access the sound. The digital-to-analog converter (DAC) controls the outgoing sound. It takes the sound frequencies from the program and converts it into frequencies that are audible to the human ear. The analog-to-digital converter (ADC) does the same job as the DAC but in reverse. It changes the audio for the sound card to be able to process it. Digital audio is for human ears and analog audio is what the computer understands.