Q1) A) There are several processing steps in conventional yarn manufacturing 1. Opening, cleaning and mixing of fibres 2.

Carding 3. Combing 4. Drawing 5. Spinning Opening, cleaning and mixing of fibres First stape of the cotton yarn production.Processing begins when the bales to be mixed are brought to the opening room, where bagging and ties are removed. the cleaning and removal of impurities is done by beaters by beating the fibre mass against some metal bars. Blow room machinery are using thise. Carding Drawing

Opening to the individual fibers Elimination of impurities. Elimination of dusk Disentangling of neps. Elimination ofshort fibers Fiber blending. Fiber orientation. siler formation

Fibresare teased, almost individually separated and straightened out to remove remaining impurities after cleaning process. To improve evenness of the sliver To arrange fiber in parallel Blending Dust removal

Combing To upgradethe raw mwterial by removing the short fibers.combed yarn is stronger,more uniform,has greater shine,smootherand purer.

Functions Eliminate shout fibers Eliminate remaining impurities Eliminate neps

Spinning Finel step on producing yarn Functions attenuate the roving until required fineness is achieved To impact strength to the fiber strand by twisting it To wind up the resulting yarn in a suitable for storage,transportation and further processing

B) Weight of 50yards Weight of ounces = = = Weight 800 ounce of hength = = Hence, 1m of ounce = 840 yards 50 x 16 800 (840 x 36/39) m 775.384596m (50x 16) (840 x ( 36/39)

Hence, 100m weight

= =

0.0040303 x 100 0.40303 ounces

iii) Length of the yarn Weight Weight = = = = Metric count = = = Metric number of the yarn = 50 yards = 100m 0.40303ounces (0.40303/16) x (454/1000)kg 0.011436kg km/kg (100/1000) / 0.011436 8.7443162 8.7443162

ii) Length of the yarn = = Wiight of the yarn = = Tex count Tex count = = 100m 0.1km 0.011436kg 11.436g 11.436g / 0.1km 114.36

Q2) Carding The process where fibers are indivialized ,hard chips,soft fiber and entanglements are removed Laps produced in blow room are fed in the carding machines A product of carding operation is card slivers.

Drawing Frame

The Draw Frame is to create a roving consistent in size over its entire length.the draw frame blends multiple roving in to one fiber The draw frame result in strong uniform roving of a size that can be easily managed at the spinning

Roving frame The draw silver is drafted ,slightly twisted and wound on speed frame bobbin,this process is known as roving

Objectives to impart twist Conversion of silver into roving

Ring frame Spinning of roving bobbing into yarn of reqired count and twist is done here

Objectives To impart twist Conversion of roving into single yarn

Q3) a) In ring spinning bobbing rotates constantly for insertion of twist. In addition, it cannot handle spools of bigger size. Ring spinning can spin combed finer yarns that are stronger than coarser carded yarns. In open-end spinning spool does not need to be rotated to insert twist so this makes much larger spools to be wound. Faster than ring spinning in 3-5 times. Open-end spinning usually makes yarns for heavier fabrics such as denims, towels and poplins.

b) First it opens up the fibre mass to individual fibres. Then these individual fibres transferred onto the inner surface of a rotating rotor.Rotation of the rotor inserts twist to the moving fibre strand. Then as the final step it wind up yarn onto a suitable package. c) Texturizing processes were originally applied to man-madefibres to reduce such characteristics as transparency, slipperiness, and the possibility of pilling (formation of small fibre tangles on a fabric surface). Texturizing processes make yarns more opaque, improve appearance and texture, and increase warmth and absorbency. Textured yarns are man-made continuous filaments, modified to impart special texture and appearance. In the production of abraded yarns, the surfaces are roughened or cut at various intervals and given added twist, producing a hairy effect. There are three types of textured yarns i) Stretch yarn Relatively have high extensibility and a good recovery but the bulkiness is moderate in comparison to other two types. This types of yarns used in making of stretch to fit garments, because these yarns have high extensibility and elasticity. ii) Modified stretch or set yarn Modified stretch yarns are used in knitted fabrics. These yarns have increased bulkiness. This bulkiness is achieved applying additional heat treatment to the stretch yarn. This treatment lose the elasticity in the yarns. iii) Bulk yarn Mostly used in garments requiring comfort and warmth. These yarns have high bulkiness and moderate stretch