Biology Unit 1

Topic 2: Genes and Health

THE GENETIC CODE AND !OTEIN "#NTHE"I" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Students will be assessed on their ability to: 1) Explain the nature of the genetic code 2) Describe a gene as being a sequence of bases on a DNA molecule coding for amino acids in a polypeptide chain 3) Outline the process of protein synthesis ) Explain the role of transcription! translation! messenger "NA! transfer "NA and the template DNA strand ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I Gene: The Genetic Code a speci$ic se%&ence o$ n&cleotides pai's along a DNA molecule which codes for a specific sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

Genetic code: - a code for the amino acid sequence in a protein - proteins are made from twenty different types of amino acid - a protein contains several hundred amino acids condensed together in a specific sequence - DNA consists of only four different bases - If 1 base = 1 amino acid, only amino acid can be coded - If ! bases = 1 amino acid, 1" amino acids can be coded - If # bases = 1 amino acid, " amino acids can be coded $only about !% amino acids to code, some triplets must be redundant& - # nucleotides define 1 amino acid ' t'iplet code - complementary triplets in m(NA ' codon ) one gene ) one en*yme + one gene ) one protein + one gene ) one polypeptide + one cistron ) one polypeptide 'otein "ynthesis

II

T'ansc'iption ) ,he process in which m(NA is synthesi*ed from the information carried on the DNA template ) -art of the coded information of DNA in the nucleus is copied and transferred to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm ) m(NA is made in the nucleus from the coding strand of the double heli. ) !NA poly(e'ase binds to start codon ' methionine ) /ydrogen bonds are bro0en in the region of DNA to be copied $cistron&, DNA double heli. unwind ) (NA polymerase moves along coding st'and in #1 to 21 direction ) 3elects and align $'ee 'i)on&cleotides in sequence complementary to the DNA template in 21 to #1 direction

Biology Unit 1

Topic 2: Genes and Health

) ) ) ) )

4 pairing with 5 and vice versa6 A pairing with , and 7 pairing with A Ad8acent ribonucleotides 8oined by phosphodiester bond (NA polymerase reaches the end of the gene ' release m(NA DNA rewinds post)transcriptional modification9 ) addition of guanine at 21 end $cap& ' signal promoting translation ) addition of about 1%% adenine at #1 end $poly)A tail& ' signal for e.port ) Int'ons $non)coding& region removed ) e*ons $coding region& are 8oined +&nctional (!NA leaves the nucleus through nuclear pore

A(ino acid acti,ation attachment of specific amino acid to #1 end of specific t(NA mediated by aminoacyl t(NA synthetase requires A,there are at least twenty different t(NA molecules, one for each amino acids t(NA molecules have a clover leaf shape and differ in the sequence of bases of antibodon anticodon is complementary to the codon of m(NA the en*yme cataly*ing the formation of the amino acid)t(NA comple.es recogni*es one type of amino acid and the corresponding t(NA with specific anticodon T'anslation ) ,he process in which the information carried on the m(NA is used in the synthesis of a polypeptide chain ) ,he base sequence of the m(NA determines the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide ) :ccurs on the ribosome in the cytoplasm ) ;inding of m(NA to ribosome9 ) small subunit of ribosome binds to the m(NA at 21 end ) ribosome covers ! codon at one time ) Initiation of polypeptide chain9 ) in the ribosome the anticodon of the amino acid)t(NA comple. binds to complementary codon on m(NA and temporarily held in position by hydrogen bonds ) amino acid)t(NA comple. with anticodon 7A4 binds to start codon $A75& ) positioned at - site ) 4hain elongation9 ) second amino acid)t(NA comple. with anticodon complementary to the second codon binds and held at A site ) formation of peptide bond between first and second amino acids ) require energy ) ribosome moves along m(NA to the ne.t codon ) first t(NA is released ' recycled ) second amino acid)t(NA comple. moves to - site ) A site empty for the ne.t amino)acid)t(NA comple. ) ribosomes move along m(NA reading the codon from the start codon at 21 end of m(NA

Biology Unit 1

Topic 2: Genes and Health

4hain termination9 ) stop codon reached ) polypeptide released from ribosome ) assume secondary and tertiary structures ) undergo modification at 5olgi apparatus ) ribosome disassembled into its subunits (ole of ribosomes9 ) occur freely in cytoplasm ' synthesise proteins to be used within cell ) attached to <( ' synthesise proteins to be secreted ) while it moves along he m(NA molecule it holds m(NA and two amino)acid)t(NA comple. in position for peptide bond to be formed between two amino acids ) several ribosomes attach to an m(NA forming polyribosomes + polysomes ) an m(NA molecule translated simultaneously by several ribosomes ) increase translation rate