BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS

Wayne Tomasi

Electronic Communications System By

CHAPTER ! INTRO"UCTION TO E#ECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS

TERMS Electronic Communication System Electronic Communication Analo% si%nals "i%ital si%nals Electroma%netic In&uction "E$INITIONS The fundamental purpose of _______________ is to transfer information from one place to another. It can be summarized as the transmission, reception, and processing of information between two or more locations using electronic circuits. Are time-varying voltages or currents that are continuously changing such as sine and cosine waves. This are voltages or currents that change in discrete steps or levels The process to transfer the information in the form of dots, dashes and space between a simple transmitter and receiver using transmission line consisting of a length of metallic wire. Alexander raham !ell and Thomas A. "atson were the first to successfully transfer human conversation over a crude metallic- wire communications systems using this device. Is a logarithmic unit that can be used to measure ratio. Is a unit of measurement used to indicate the ratio of a power level with respect to a fixed reference level #$m"%.

Tele'(one "eci)el * &B + &Bm

Electronic Communications Time #ine ,-. ,-/ ,0,1 ,10 American scientist and professor &oseph 'enry transmitted the first practical electrical signal. (amuel )inley !reese *orse invented the telegraph. Alexander !ain invented the facsimile. &ohann +hillip ,eis completed the first nonwor-ing telephone. &ames .ler- *axwell released his paper /0ynamic Theory of the 1lectromagnetic )ield2 in which concludes that light, electricity and magnetism are related. 0r. *ahlon 3oomis became the first person to communicate wireless through earth4s atmosphere. )irst transatlantic telegraph cable was installed. Alexander raham !ell and Thomas "atson Invented the telephone.

,12 ,11 ,/1! ,//

Thomas Alva 1dison invents the phonograph.

Pre'are& By! 3ansen "imarucut

CHAPTER

BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS

Wayne Tomasi

Electronic Communications System By

,,. ,,/

'einrich 'ertz discovers electromagnetic waves. 'einrich 'ertz discovers radio waves. *archese uglielmo *arconi demonstrates wireless radio wave propagation. 'einrich 'ertz detects and produces radio waves. 'einrich 'ertz conclusively proved *axwell4s prediction that electricity can travel in waves through earth4s atmosphere. *archese uglielmo *arconi builds his first radio e5uipment, a device that rings a bell from 67 ft. away. *archese uglielmo *arconi discovered ground wave propagation.

,,,

,40 ,42 ,4, 4..

*archese uglielmo *arconi established the first radio lin- between 1ngland and )rance. American (cientist ,eginald A. )essenden the world4s first radio broadcast using continous waves. *archese uglielmo *arconi transmits telegraphic radio messages from .ornwall, to 8ewfoundland. ,eginald A. )essenden transmits the "orld4s first radio broadcast using continuous waves. )irst successful transatlantic transmission of radio signal. 9aldemar +oulsen patents an arc transmission that generates continuous wave transmission $77--'z signal that is receivable $:7 miles away. )irst radio transmission of music at *archese raz, Austria.

4.

4.4.0 4.2

uglielmo *arconi invents the directional radio antenna.

4.1 4./ 4., 4 .

,eginald A. )essenden invents amplitude modulation #A*%.)irst radio program of voice and music broadcasted in the ;nited (tates by ,eginald )essenden. 3ee 0e)rorest invents triode #three-electrode% vacuum tube. ,eginald )essenden invents a high- fre5uency 1lectric generator that produces radio waves with a fre5uency of $77 -'z eneral 1lectric develops a $77--'z, <--" alternator for radio communications. The ,adio Act of $=$7 is the first concurrence of government regulation of radio technology and services. The ,adio Act of $=$< in the ;nited (tates brought order to the radio bands by re5uiring station and operators licenses and assigning bloc-s of the fre5uency spectrum to the existing users. The cascade-tuning radio receiver and the heterodyne receiver are introduced. *a>or 1dwin Armstrong develops the superheterodyne radio receiver

4 5

4 4 0

Pre'are& By! 3ansen "imarucut

CHAPTER

<

BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS

Wayne Tomasi

Electronic Communications System By

4 2 4 4 45.

9acuum-tube radio transmitters introduced. (hortwave radio is developed. ,adio (tation ?0?A broadcasts the first regular licensed radio transmission out of +ittsburgh, +ennsylvania. ,adio .orporation of America #,.A% begins operating ,adio .entral on 3ong Island. The American ,adio 3eague establishes contact via shortwave radio with +aul odley in (cotland, proving that shortwave radio can be used for long distance communications. 9ladimir @wory-in invents and demonstrates television. A temporary five- member )ederal ,adio .ommission agency was created in the ;nited (tates. ,adio station ",8A in 8ew Aor- .ity begins broadcasting television shows *a>or 1dwin Armstrong patents wide- band fre5uency modulation #)*%. )ederal .ommunications .ommission #)..% created to regulate telephone, radio, and television broadcasting. .ommercial )* radio broadcasting begins with monophonic transmission. Alec '. ,eeves invents binary coded pulse-code modulation. #+.*% 8ational !roadcasting .ompany #8!.% demonstrates television broadcasting. )irst use of two-way radio communications using wal-ietal-ies. .olumbia ;niversity ,adio .lub opens the first regularly scheduled )* radio station. Television is born. )* is moved from its original home of B< *'z to :7 *'@ to CC *'z to $7C *hz The American Telephone and Telegraph .ompany #ATDT% inaugurated the first mobile telephone system for the public called *T( &ohn 9on 8eumann created the first store program electronic digital computer. !ell Telephone 3aboratories unveiled the transistor, a >oint venture of scientist "illiam (hoc-ley, &ohn !ardeen and "alter !rattain. )irst transcontinental microwave system began operation. (ony .orporation offers a miniature transistor radio, one of the first massproduced consumer A*E)* radios. ,.A and *!. broadcast first color television transmission. The number of radio stations in the world exceeds the number of newspapers printed daily.Texas Instruments becomes the first company to commercially produce silicon transistors. CHAPTER 6

45 4545/

45, 44-0 4-2 4-/ 4-4

40 402 401

40, 42 425 42420

Pre'are& By! 3ansen "imarucut

BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS

Wayne Tomasi

Electronic Communications System By

421 42/ 42, 41 415 41412 4/. 4// 4,444 444 Attenuation

)irst transatlantic telephone cable systems began carrying calls. ,ussia launches the world4s first satellite. #(putni-% ?ilby and 8oyce develop first integrated circuits.8A(A launched the ;nited (tates first satellite ).. approves )* stereo broadcasting, which spurs the development of )*. .itizens band #.!% radio first used. ;.(. radio stations begin broadcasting stereophonic sound. T$ #transmission $% digital carrier systems introduced. )irst commercial communications satellite launched. 'igh-definition television #'0T9% introduced in &apan. )irst commercial use of optical fiber cables. .ellular telephone networ-s introduced in the ;nited (tates. '0T9 standards implemented in the ;nited (tates. 0igital Television #0T9% transmission began in the ;nited (tates. A power loss is sometimes called. A collection of one or more electronic devices or circuits that converts the original source information to a form more suitable for transmission over a particular transmission medium. +rovides a means of transporting signals between a transmitter and a receiver. Is any unwanted electrical signals that interfere with the information signal A collection of electronic devices and circuits that accepts the transmitted signals fro the transmission medium and then converts those signals bacto their original form. !ecause it is often impractical to propagate information signals over standard transmission media, it is often necessary to modulate the source information onto a higher-fre5uency analog signal called a ______. The process of changing one or more properties of the analog carrier in proportion with the information signal. A system in which energy is transmitted and received in analog form #a continuously varying signals such as a sine wave%. It is the term covers a broad range of communications techni5ue, including digital transmission and digital radio. CHAPTER B

Transmitter Transmission Me&ium System Noise

Recei6er

Carrier

Mo&ulation Analo% Communication System "i%ital Communications

Pre'are& By! 3ansen "imarucut

BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS

Wayne Tomasi

Electronic Communications System By

"i%ital Transmission

A true digital system where digital pulses #discrete levels such as F:9 and ground% are transferred between two or more points in a communications system. The transmittal of digitally modulated analog carriers between two or more points in a communications system. A modulation techni5ue where the information signal is analog and the amplitude #9% of the carrier is varied proportional to the information signal. A modulation techni5ue where the information signal is analog and the fre5uency #f% of the carrier is varied proportional to the information signal. A modulation techni5ue where the information signal is analog and the phase #% of the carrier is varied proportional to the information signal. A modulation techni5ue where the information signal is digital and that amplitude #9% of the carrier is varied proportional to the information signal. A modulation techni5ue where the information signal is digital and the fre5uency #f% of the carrier is varied proportional to the information signal. A modulation techni5ue where the information signal is digital and the phase #% of the carrier is varied proportional to the information signal. A modulation techni5ue where both the amplitude and the phase of the carrier are varied proportional to the information signal. *odulation is performed in a transmitter by a circuit calledG The reverse process of modulation and converts the modulated carrier bac- to the original information. 0emodulation is performed in a receiver by a circuit calledG

"i%ital ra&io Am'litu&e Mo&ulation * AM + $re7uency Mo&ulation * $M + P(ase Mo&ulation Am'litu&e S(i8t Keyin% * ASK+ $re7uency S(i8t Keyin% * $SK + P(ase S(i8t Keyin% * PSK+ 9ua&rature Am'litu&e Mo&ulation * 9AM % Mo&ulator "emo&ulation "emo&ulator

5 Reasons :(y mo&ulation is necessary in electronic communications ! $. It is extremely difficult to radiate low-fre5uency signals from an antenna in the form of electromagnetic energy. <. Information signals often occupy the same fre5uency band and, if signals from two or more sources are transmitted at the same time, they would interfere with each other. C(annel $re7uency Translation Stations $re7uency A specific band of fre5uencies allocated a particular service. +rocess of converting a fre5uency or band of fre5uencies to another location in the total fre5uency spectrum. The purpose of an electronic communications system is to communicate information between two or more locations commonly calledG The number of times a periodic motion, such as a sine wave of voltage or current, occurs in a given period of time. CHAPTER :

Pre'are& By! 3ansen "imarucut

BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS

Wayne Tomasi

Electronic Communications System By

Cycle Su)sections or )an&s International Telecommunications Union * ITU + $e&eral Communications Commission * $CC +

1ach complete alternation of the waveform. 1lectromagnetic )re5uency (pectrum is divided into _____________ with each band having a different boundary. Is an international agency in control of allocating fre5uencies and services within the overall fre5uency spectrum. In the ;nited (tates, assigns fre5uencies and communications services for free-space radio propagation.

International Telecommunication Union *ITU+ "esi%nation Ban& Num)er < 6 B : H I C = $7 $$ $< $6 $B $: $H $I $C $= $re7uency Ran%e 67 'z - 677 'z 7.6 ?'z - 6 ?'z 6 ?'z - 67 ?'z 67 ?'z - 677 ?'z 7.6 *'z - 6 *'z 6 *'z - 67*'z 67 *'z J 677 *'z 677 *'z J 6 'z 6 'z J 67 'z 67 'z J 677 'z 7.6 T'z J 6 T'z 6 T'z J 67 T'z 67 T'z J 677 T'z 7.6 +'z J 6 +'z 6 +'z J 67 +'z 67 +'z J 677 +'z 7.6 1'z J 6 1'z 6 1'z J 67 1'z "esi%nation 13) #1xtremely 3ow )re5uency% 9) #9oice )re5uency% 93) #9ery 3ow )re5uency% 3) #3ow )re5uency% *) #*edium )re5uency% ') #'igh )re5uency% 9') #9ery 'igh )re5uency% ;') #;ltra 'igh )re5uency% (') #(uper 'igh )re5uency% 1') #1xtremely 'igh )re5uency% Infrared 3ight Infrared 3ight Infrared 3ight 9isible 3ight ;ltraviolet 3ight K-,ays amma ,ays .osmic ,ays

Pre'are& By! 3ansen "imarucut

CHAPTER

BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS

Wayne Tomasi

Electronic Communications System By

E;tremely #o: $re7uencies * E#$ + Voice $re7uencies * V$ + Very #o: $re7uencies * V#$ + #o: $re7uencies * #$ + Me&ium $re7uencies * M$ + Hi%( $re7uencies * H$ +

Are signals in the 67'z to 677'z range and include ac power distribution signals #H7'z% and low fre5uency telemetry signals. Are signals in the 677'z to 6777'z range and include fre5uencies generally associated with human speech. Are signals in the 6-'z to 67-'z range which include the upper end of the human hearing range. Are signals in the 67-'z to 677-'z range and are used primarily for marine and aeronautical navigation. Are signals in the 677-'z to 6*'z range and are used primarily for commercial A* radio broadcasting #:6:-'z-$H7:-'z%. Are signals in the 6*'z to 67*'z range and are often referred to as short waves. ;sed for most two-way radio communications. Are signals in the 67*'z to 677*'z range and are used for mobile radio, marine and aeronautical communications, commercial )* broadcasting #CC to $7C*'z% and commercial T9 broadcasting of .h < to $6 #:B*'z to <$H*'z%.

Very Hi%( $re7uencies * VH$ +

Ultra(i%( $re7uencies * UH$ + Su'er Hi%( $re7uencies * SH$ + E;tremely Hi%( $re7uencies * EH$ +

Are signals in the 677*'z to 6 'z range and are used by commercial television broadcasting of channels $B to C6, land mobile communications services, cellular telephones, certain radar and navigation systems, and microwave and satellite radio systems. Are signals in the 6 'z to 67 'z range and include the ma>ority of the fre5uencies used for microwave and satellite radio communications systems. Are signals in the 67 'z to 677 'z range and are seldom used for radio communications except in very sophisticated, expensive, and specialized applications. Are signals in the 7.6T'z to 677T'z range and are not generally referred to as radio waves. ;sed in heat see-ing guidance systems, electronic photography, and astronomy. Includes electromagnetic fre5uencies that fall within the visible range of humans #7.6+'z to 6+'z%. ;sed for optical fiber systems. The length that one cycle of an electromagnetic wave occupies in space #i.e., the distance between similar points in a repetitive wave%. ,adio transmitter classifications according to bandwidth, modulation scheme, and type of information.

In8rare&

Visi)le #i%(t #i%(t<:a6e Communications Wa6elen%t( Emission Classi8ications

Pre'are& By! 3ansen "imarucut

CHAPTER

BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS

Wayne Tomasi

Electronic Communications System By

$e&eral Communications Commission *$CC+ Emission "esi%nation The first symbol is a letter that designates the type of modulation of the main carrier. The second symbol is a number that identifies the type of emission. The third symbol is another letter that describes the type of information being transmitted. #ETTERS ;nmodulated 8 Amplitude *odulation A ! . ' & , Angle *odulation ) 0 +hase *odulation ? 3 * + L 9 " K (econd 7 $ < 6 I C = Third A ! . +ulse Amplitude *odulation #+A*% +ulse "idth *odulation #+"*% +ulse +osition *odulation #++*% ;nmodulated +ulses #!inary 0ata% Angle *odulation 0uring +ulses Any .ombination of +ulse-*odulation .ategory Any .ombination of two or more of the above forms of modulation .ases Mtherwise .overed 8o *odulating (ignal 0igitally ?eyed .arrier 0igitally ?eyed Tone Analog #sound or video% Two or *ore 0igital .hannel Two or *ore Analog .hannel Analog or 0igital Telegraphy, *anual Telegraphy, Automatic #teletype% )acsimile )re5uency *odulation #0irect )*% +hase *odulation # Indirect *odulation% A* and )* (imultaneously or (e5uenced T=PE O$ MO"U#ATION ;nmodulated .arrier

S=MBO#S )irst

0ouble-(ideband )ull .arrier #0(!).% Independent (ideband )ull .arrier #I(!).% 9estigial (ideband )ull .arrier #9(!% (ingle-(ideband )ull .arrier #((!).% (ingle-(ideband (uppressed .arrier #((!(.% (ingle-(ideband ,educed .arrier #((!,.%

Pre'are& By! 3ansen "imarucut

CHAPTER

BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS

Wayne Tomasi

Electronic Communications System By

0 1 ) 8 " Noise an& Ban&:i&t( Ban&:i&t(

0ata, Telemetry Telephony #(ound !roadcasting% Television #9ideo !roadcasting% 8o Information Transmitted Any .ombination of (econd letter The two most significant limitations on the performance of a communications system areG It is the range of fre5uency over which the operation of a system is guaranteed satisfactory. The bandwidth of a communications channel is the difference between the highest and lowest fre5uencies that the channel will allow to pass through it. A highly theoretical study of the efficient use of bandwidth to propagate information through electronic communications systems. The measure of how much information can be propagated through a communications system and is a function of bandwidth and transmission time. The most basic digital symbol used to represent information. The number of bits transmitted during one second and is expressed in bits per second #bps%. In $=<C, ,. 'artley of !ell Telephone 3aboratories developed a useful relationship among bandwidth, transmission time, and information capacity.

Pass)an&

In8ormation T(eory

In8ormation Ca'acity Binary "i%it > Bit Bit Rate Hartley?s #a: IB;t S(annon limit 8or in8ormation ca'acity

or In $=BC, mathematician .laude 1. (hannon published a paper in the !ell (ystem Technical &ournal relating the information capacity of a communications channel to bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio. I N Information .apacity ! N !andwidth
( N signal to noise ratio 8

Electrical Noise Uncorrelate& Noise E;ternal Noise

Any undesirable electrical energy that falls within the passband of the signal. 8oise present regardless of whether there is a signal present or not. 8oise that is generated outside the device or circuit.

Pre'are& By! 3ansen "imarucut

CHAPTER

BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS

Wayne Tomasi

Electronic Communications System By

Atmos'(eric Noise Static Electricity E;traterrestrial Noise "ee'<S'ace Noise Solar Noise Cosmic Noise Blac@<)o&y Noise Man<ma&e Noise In&ustrial Noise Internal Noise S(ot Noise Transit<time Noise T(ermal Noise

8oise that is naturally occurring electrical disturbances that originate within 1arth4s atmosphere. Atmospheric noise is commonly calledG 8oise consists of electrical signals that originate from outside 1arth4s atmosphere. 1xtraterrestrial noise is sometimes calledG 8oise generated directly from the sun4s heat. 8oise sources that are continuously distributed throughout the galaxies. .osmic 8oise is often calledG 8oise that is produced by man-ind. *an-made noise is most intense in the more densely populated metropolitan and industrial areas and therefore it is sometimes calledG 1lectrical interference generated within a device or circuit. 8oise caused by the random arrival of carriers #holes and electrons% at the output element of an electronic device. Any modification to a stream of carriers as they pass from the input to the output of a device produces irregular, random variations. Associated with the rapid and random movement of electrons within a conductor due to thermal agitation.

THERMA# AAITATION HAS SEVERA# NAMESB INC#U"INA ! Thermal 8oise, because it is temperature dependentO !rownian 8oise, after its discovererO &ohnson 8oise, after the man who related !rownian particle movement of electron movementO "hite 8oise, because the random movement is at all fre5uenciesO A thermal noise source is sometimes calledG

W(ite Noise Source

Pre'are& By! 3ansen "imarucut

CHAPTER

$7

BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS

Wayne Tomasi

Electronic Communications System By

Electrical Noise Source Summary .orrelated 8oise #Internal% 8onlinear 0istortion 'armonic 0istortion Intermodulation 0istortion ;ncorrelated 8oise 1xternal Atmospheric 1xtraterrestrial (olar .osmic *an-made Impulse Interference Internal Thermal (hot Transient Time Noise Po:er N C KTB
8 N noise factor ! N bandwidth #'z% ? N !oltzmann4s proportionality constant T N absolute temp.#?elvin%

&ohnson proved that thermal noise power is proportional to the product of bandwidth and temperature. A form of internal noise that is correlated #mutually related% to the signal and cannot be present in a circuit unless there is a signal. DNo si%nalB No noiseE D Is an integral multiple of the fundamental fre5uency. Mccurs when unwanted harmonics of a signal are produced through nonlinear amplification #nonlinear mixing%. Another name for harmonic distortion. The generation of unwanted sum and difference fre5uencies produced when two or more signals mix in a nonlinear device. The original signal and also called the fundamental fre5uency. A fre5uency two times the original signal fre5uency. A fre5uency three times the original signal fre5uency. .haracterized by high-amplitude pea-s of short duration in the total noise spectrum.

Correlate& Noise Harmonic Harmonic "istortion Am'litu&e "istortion Inter<mo&ulation "istortion $irst Harmonic Secon& Harmonic T(ir& Harmonic Im'ulse Noise

Pre'are& By! 3ansen "imarucut

CHAPTER

$$

BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS

Wayne Tomasi

Electronic Communications System By

Inter8erence

A form of external noise and as the name implies it means to disturb or detract form. 8oise produced when information signals from one source produce fre5uencies that fall outside their allocated bandwidth and interfere with information signals from another source.

Electrical inter8erence Si%nal<to<Noise Po:er Ratio * S>N +

The ratio of the signal power level to the noise power level.

Noise $actor * $ + an& Noise $i%ure * N$ +

)igures of merit used to indicate how much the signal- to-noise ratio deteriorates as a signal passes through a circuit or series of circuits

$ORMU#A O$ NOISE $ACTOR

$ORMU#A $OR NOISE $IAURE N$ *&B+ C . lo% $

$riiss $ormula $riiss $ormula

It is used to calculate the total noise factor of several cascaded amplifiers.

8ote that to use the )riiss formula, the noise figure must be converted to noise factor. The total noise figure is simply

E7ui6alent Noise Tem'erature * Te + Te C T * $ F +

A convenient parameter often used rather than noise figure in low noise, sophisticated 9'), ;'), microwave, and satellite radio receivers. It indicates the reduction in the signal-to-noise ratio a signal undergoes as it propagates through a receiver.

Pre'are& By! 3ansen "imarucut

CHAPTER

$<