Lecture No.

12

Types of Dividers and Couplers

Basic 3 & 4 port Networks

RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Spring 2009

Department of Electrical Engineering Air University

Topics of Discussion
T-junction Divider Wilkinson Power Divider Couplers
900 Hybrid Coupler 1800 Ring Coupler

RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009

Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

T- Junction Divider (Lossless)

Two basic requirements to be fulfilled: Feed line should be matched. Input time average power Pin should be divided between ports 2 and 3 in a desired ratio.
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T- Junction Split Ratio

For Example:

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Time Average Power

As port 1 is matched: Referring to the figure:

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Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

Practical Issues

1. Junction Effects 2. Characteristics impedance of output lines In order to overcomes these factors, we: 1. Model the junction effect as a lumped capacitor connected to ground 2. Use QWT for matching Poor isolation between the two output port is the main disadvantage of T-junction divider.
RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009 Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

Use of QWT
Matching constraint becomes:

Power Division constraint becomes:

Disadvantage:
Use of QWT makes power splitter narrowband unfortunately.
RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009 Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

Wilkinson Power Divider

A Wilkinson power divider (WPD) is a two way power divider which offers wideband and equal phase, equal amplitude characteristics at each of its output port. Easy to construct. It consists of two quarter-wave transmission line sections. These lines can be made of coaxial, printed microstrip lines, or an equivalent T or pi lumped networks.
RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009 Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

WPD
Power Division: It can be designed to produce arbitrary power division. However, practically coupled output power of 3dB is widely used in Wilkinson power divider. Reciprocal It is lossless when the output ports are matched Good isolation is achieved between the output ports
RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009 Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

WPD Geometry
A 3-dB Wilkinson power divider Isolation Resistor

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Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

Analysis of WPD
For 1:1 Wilkinson power divider, we will find the values of Z0,Q and the isolation resistor R.

RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009

Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

Even-Odd Mode Analysis

This mathematical process is called an Even-odd mode analysis. For Simplicity:

RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009

Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

Analysis of WPD

RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009

Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

Symmetric Excitation - Even Mode

Because V2 = V3, due to symmetric excitation, notice that current I =0

RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009 Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

Even mode Analysis

To simplify analysis, we can bisect this circuit as shown:

Find zine ,V1e & V2e ?

2
RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009 Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

Even mode analysis

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Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

Odd Mode Analysis

Anti-symmetric excitation

RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009

Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

Odd mode Analysis

To simplify analysis, we can bisect this circuit as shown:

Find zino & V2o ?

RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009

Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

Odd Mode Analysis

2
With this information, we will be able to deduce most of the S-parameters!! In practice, we are only interested in three S-parameters of WPD. Even odd mode analysis tells us values of these S-parameters.

RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009

Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

By Superposition

By superposition of these two modes, we have an effective excitation of Vg2 = 4V from which we can find S-parameters
RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009 Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

S-Parameters of WPD
=0
Input reflection coefficient Transmission through port 2 Transmission through port 3 Isolation between port 2 & 3

RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009

Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

Microstrip Realization

Coupling at port 2 and 3 = - 3.4dB Isolation between port 2 and 3 = - 20 dB

RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009 Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

A 1 x 8 Power Divider

Input

Outputs

8 way Wilkinson power divider

RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009 Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

Couplers
900 Hybrid Coupler 1800 Ring Coupler

RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Spring 2009

Department of Electrical Engineering Air University

Quadrature (90o)Hybrid
Four port reciprocal degree of symmetry device with high

A special type of directional coupler in which the two outputs have equal amplitude but 90o phase difference Even-odd mode analysis gives us the Sparameters of this coupler Often made in microstrip of strip line form as a 3-dB coupler
RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009 Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

900 Hybrid Coupler

RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009

Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

S-Matrix
In particular when port 1 is excited, and all other ports are terminated in matched loads, then even - odd mode analysis tells us that:

RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009

Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

S-Matrix

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Microstrip Quadrature Coupler

Observe that microstrip trace width corresponds to different Z0!!

RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009 Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

1800 Ring Coupler

It is four port network As the name implies, the outputs from such a device can be 1800 out of phase Common applications are found in antenna feeding networks Can be used as in-phase and out-of phase power divider Various coupling ratios can be realized, mostly 3-dB is used
RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009 Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

Port Definitions

Signal at port 1: port 2, 3 in phase: port 4 is isolated Signal at port 4 : ports 2 , 3 have 180o phase shift: port 1 is isolated Under these circumstances if: Signal at port 2 and 3 is applied, Sum will be at port 1 and difference will be at port 4.
RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009 Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

Operation of Ring Coupler

There are three common ways to operate this device:

In-phase power splitter Out-of-phase power splitter Power Combiner

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Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

In-phase Power Splitter

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Out-of-phase Power Splitter

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Power Combiner

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Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

3-dB Microstrip Ring Coupler

RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009

Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

Design of Ring Hybrid

This highest achievable impedance value in microstrip lines is a function of the physical parameters of substrate (like dielectric constant, thickness & type of material used).
RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009 Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

Design of Ring Hybrid

RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009

Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

Study
Article 7.1,7.2,7.3,7.5 and 7.8

RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009

Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU