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Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Science

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Course Number Course Title Semester/Year

EES 612 Electrical Machines and Actuators

Instructor

Lab Report # Lab Title Lab Date Lab Section TAs Name

Student Name

Student ID

Signature*

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Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Science

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

LAB INSTRUCTIONS
EES 612 ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND ACTUATORS

EXPERIMENT # 2: SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMER

Introduction Transformers are widely applied in many electrical systems, small or large. A few of their most tangible areas of application include long-distance, bulk power transmission systems, medical and consumer electronic devices for level shifting and galvanic isolation, audio, video, and radio systems for impedance matching, and measurement devices for level shifting and galvanic isolation. A typical single-phase transformer consists of two windings wound on a common (laminated) iron core. The windings are electrically isolated from each other and from the core, but are magnetically linked through the magnetic field within the core. The winding that is connected to the power source is commonly referred to as the primary winding, whereas the one connected to the load is called the secondary winding. In the ideal transformer, the voltage induced in each turn of a winding (whether primary or secondary) is the same as the voltage induced in any other turn of the same or the other winding. Hence, the ratio of the terminal voltages (or the so-called voltage ratio) is equal to the ratio of the windings number of turns (or the so-called turns ratio). In addition, the ideal transformer neither consumes nor generates power. Therefore, the ratio of the terminal currents equals the reciprocal of the voltage ratio (and turns ratio). Even though well-designed large real transformers can closely approximate the ideal transformer, a real transformer often deviates from the ideal transformer, as follows: The field created by a winding does not entirely stay within the core; some of it leaks off into air and, consequently, does not get linked by the other winding. The effect is that the voltage ratio in a real transformer is not exactly equal to the turns ratio. The transformer draws a load-invariant current component, the exciting current, from the source, due to the limited permeability of the core, and also due to the energy losses of the core. The exciting current is harmonically distorted, due to the hysteresis and the nonlinear relationship between the magnetic field intensity and flux density in the core (remember the nonlinear B H curves). The presence of the exciting current corresponds to the transfer of energy from the source, to combat the eddy current and hysteresis power losses of the core. These losses are collectively referred to as the core losses (or iron losses) and denoted by . When current flows in the windings, some energy is lost in the winding resistances. This particular form of energy loss is commonly referred to as the copper losses and denotes by .

In this experiment, the core losses of a transformer are evaluated through the opencircuit test at the rated voltage, whereas the copper losses are measured from the short-circuit test at the rated current. These, in turn, enable one to determine the parameters of the transformers equivalent circuit. Finally, a parameterized equivalent circuit enables the calculation of transformers efficiency and voltage regulation under different operating conditions.

Pre-Lab Assignment P1- Calculate the rated currents of the low- and high-voltage sides of a 60 Hz, 120/60-V, 60 VA, single-phase transformer.

P2- Draw the equivalent circuit of a single-phase transformer and explain how the core losses are almost invariant to the load (current). How do they depend on the terminal voltages of the transformer? Also, using the equivalent circuit explain how the copper losses depend on the load current.

P3- A single-phase transformer drives a resistive load at some efficiency. Based on your answers to P2 above, explain how the efficiency will change if the supply voltage is reduced by 50%?

P4- The primary winding of a single-phase transformer is supplied by a sinusoidal source whose frequency and rms voltage are and , respectively. Hence, the flux density within the ferromagnetic core is also a sinusoidal function of time, whose peak value is denoted by . The core has a cross-sectional area of , and the winding has the number of turns . P4a. Provide an expression for in terms of , , , and . Also, provide an alternative expression in which has been replaced with .

P4b. The expressions you derived in P1a enable one to determine the number of turns of the windings as the design stage of a transformer. Thus, if the ferromagnetic core is known to not saturate for flux densities up to a maximum value of , what should be the minimum number of turns, , for a voltage of ?

P4c. Based on your answers to P1a and P1b, what is the risk involved in operating a transformer at an increased voltage? At a decreased frequency? If a particular application requires that a 60-Hz transformer be operated off a, for example, 50Hz supply, how should the voltage be de-rated for proper operation?

Lab Work 1. General safety note To prevent injury to persons or damage to equipment, the power source must be turned OFF prior to wiring up the circuit and making any subsequent changes. Ask your TA to check. 2. Equipment AC power supply module EMS 8821 (for energizing the transformer) Transformer module EMS 8341 (Nameplate rating 120/60 V, 60 VA) Resistance module EMS 8311 (for loading the transformer) Power meter (for voltage, current, power-factor, and power measurements)

3. Experiments
E1: Open-Circuit Test

E1.1- With the AC power supply turned OFF, and the Voltage Knob set at zero position (fully turned counterclockwise), connect the circuit of Figure E1. Set the power meter to single-phase measurement mode. Note that, as Figure E1 indicates, in this test the low-voltage (60-V) winding is the one to be energized, while the high-voltage (120-V) winding is to be left open.

Figure E1: Circuit for the open-circuit test.

E1.2- Place the ammeter clamp of the power meter around the wire that connects node 5 to node 6. For more accurate measurement, form the wire into a multi-turn coil and place the clamp around all the turns. We recommend 6 turns of wire. Therefore, you will have to divide the meter current and power readings (but not the voltage or power-factor readings) by 6, in order to get the actual values. Then, turn on the power supply and gradually turn the Voltage Knob clockwise, until the voltage reads 60 V; this is the transformers rated low voltage. Record in Table E1 the current, power, and voltage readings of the power meter. Note that we have arbitrarily labeled the low-voltage side as side 1. Consequently, the high-voltage side will be regarded as side 2. Use the measured voltages to calculate the turns ratio, = / .
Table E1: Meter readings under the open-circuit test.

V1 (V) 60

I1 (mA)

P1 (W)

V2 (V)

a=V1/V2

E1.3- Turn off the power supply and turn the Voltage Knob fully counterclockwise.
E2: Short-Circuit Test

E2.1- With the power supply turn off and the Voltage Knob parked at zero position (that is, turned fully counter-clockwise), modify the circuit as shown in Figure E2. Note that, as Figure E2 indicates, in this test the high-voltage (120-V) winding is the one to be energized, while the low-voltage (60-V) winding is to be shorted.

Figure E2: Circuit for the short-circuit test.

E2.2- Place the ammeter clamp of the power meter around the wire that connects node 6 to node 1. Turn on the power supply, and very slowly turn the Voltage Knob clockwise until the current reads 0.5 A; this is the rated current of the winding which is energized (i.e., the high-voltage or 120-V winding). Record in Table E2 the current and power readings.
Table E2: Meter readings under the short-circuit test.

I2 (mA) 500

V2 (V)

P2 (W)

E2.3- Turn off the power supply and turn the Voltage Knob fully counterclockwise.

E3: Voltage Regulation

E3.1- With the power supply turned off and the Voltage Knob parked at zero position (turned fully counter-clockwise), modify the circuit as shown in Figure E3. Then, place the ammeter clamp of the power meter around the wire that connects node x to node y. The voltage probes of the power meter shall be connected across the high-voltage terminals of the transformer, that is, to nodes 1 and 2. Note that we are to operate the transformer as a step-up transformer, since the load voltage will be higher than the source voltage.

Figure E3: Circuit for transformer loading and measurement of voltage regulation.

E3.2- Switch on the resistances and , to introduce an effective load resistance of . This effective resistance corresponds to the rated resistive load for the high-voltage winding of the transformer, that is, this load will draw the rated current of 0.5 A, at the rated voltage of 120 V, when connected to the high-voltage terminals of the transformer. E3.3- Turn on the power supply, and gradually turn the Voltage Knob clockwise until the voltmeter reads a voltage of = . Measure the load current and the supply voltage (the voltage across the nodes 5 and 9). Record the results in Table E3.3.
Table E3.3: Meter readings for the high-voltage rated resistive load.

RL () 240

Load Voltage V2 (V) 120

Source Voltage V1 (V)

E3.4- Change the load resistance according to Table E3.4, and record the results. Note that the first row of Table E3.4 reports the same result as Table E3.3. More importantly, for each load resistance, the supply voltage must be kept at the same value as the one measured in E3.3 (see Table E3.3). Whenever needed, re-adjust the Voltage Knob to ensure that remains the same.
Table E3.4: Meter readings under different loads.

RL () 240

300

400

600

1200

(all resistors off)

Source Voltage V1(V) Same as that in E3.3. Re-adjust if needed. Same as that in E3.3. Re-adjust if needed. Same as that in E3.3. Re-adjust if needed. Same as that in E3.3. Re-adjust if needed. Same as that in E3.3. Re-adjust if needed. Same as that in E3.3. Re-adjust if needed.

Load Voltage V2 (V)

Load Current I2 (mA)

0.0

E3.5- Turn off the power supply and park the Voltage Knob at the zero position.

Conclusions and Remarks C1- Using the results of E1 and E2, calculate and draw the equivalent circuit of the tested transformer, as referred to the high-voltage side (side 2). Also, for the rated operating conditions, determine , , and the efficiency of the transformer.

C2- Suppose that the transformer drives at its high-voltage side a resistive load, at the rated voltage of . Using the equivalent circuit found in C1, calculate the required source voltage and compare it with the value measured in E3.3. Provide your reasons for the discrepancies.

C3- Suppose that the source voltage is the same as the voltage measured in E3.3. Using the equivalent circuit found in C1, calculate the load voltage for each of the load currents measured in E3.4. Complete the Table C3 below. In addition, plot on Graph C3 both the measured and calculated values of the load voltage, versus the corresponding values of the measured load current.
Table C3: Load voltage under different loads.
Measured Load Current from Table E3.4 Measured Source Voltage from Table E3.4

I2 (mA)

V1(V)

Measured Load Voltage from Table E3.4.

Calculated Load Voltage

V2 (V)

V2 (V)

Error (%)

0.0

 ()

Graph C3: Load voltage versus load current, for different load values.

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Last updated Feb. 4, 2014AY.