Professional Documents
Culture Documents
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment
Industrial wastewater treatment covers the mechanisms and processes used to treat waters that have been contaminated in some way by anthropogenic industrial or commercial activities prior to its release into the environment or its re-use. Most industries produce some wet waste although recent trends in the developed world have been to minimise such production or recycle such waste within the production process. However, many industries remain dependent on processes that produce wastewaters.
Contents
1 Sources of industrial wastewater 1.1 Iron and steel industry 1.2 Mines and quarries 1.3 Food industry 1.4 Pulp and paper industry 1.5 Complex organic chemicals industry 1.6 Nuclear industry 1.7 Water treatment 2 Treatment of industrial wastewater 2.1 Brine treatment 2.1.1 Brine management 2.2 Solids removal 2.3 Oils and grease removal 2.4 Removal of biodegradable organics 2.4.1 Activated sludge process 2.4.2 Trickling filter process 2.5 Treatment of other organics 2.6 Treatment of acids and alkalis 2.7 Treatment of toxic materials 3 See also 4 References 5 External links
1 of 8
4/10/2014 12:28 AM
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment
The conversion of iron or steel into sheet, wire or rods requires hot and cold mechanical transformation stages frequently employing water as a lubricant and coolant. Contaminants include hydraulic oils, tallow and particulate solids. Final treatment of iron and steel products before onward sale into manufacturing includes pickling in strong mineral acid to remove rust and prepare the surface for tin or chromium plating or for other surface treatments such as galvanisation or painting. The two acids commonly used are hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid. Wastewaters include acidic rinse waters together with waste acid. Although many plants operate acid recovery plants (particularly those using hydrochloric acid), where the mineral acid is boiled away from the iron salts, there remains a large volume of highly acid ferrous sulfate or ferrous chloride to be disposed of. Many steel industry wastewaters are contaminated by hydraulic oil, also known as soluble oil.
Food industry
Wastewater generated from agricultural and food operations has distinctive characteristics that set it apart from common municipal wastewater managed by public or private sewage treatment plants throughout the world: it is biodegradable and nontoxic, but that has high concentrations of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and suspended solids (SS).[1] The constituents of food and agriculture wastewater are often complex to predict due to the differences in BOD and pH in effluents from vegetable, fruit, and meat products and due to the seasonal nature of food processing and postharvesting. Processing of food from raw materials requires large volumes of high grade water. Vegetable washing generates waters with high loads of particulate matter and some dissolved organic matter. It may also contain surfactants. Animal slaughter and processing produces very strong organic waste from body fluids, such as blood, and gut contents. This wastewater is frequently contaminated by significant levels of antibiotics and growth hormones from the animals and by a variety of pesticides used to control external parasites. Insecticide residues in fleeces is a particular problem in treating waters generated in wool processing.
2 of 8
4/10/2014 12:28 AM
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment
Processing food for sale produces wastes generated from cooking which are often rich in plant organic material and may also contain salt, flavourings, colouring material and acids or alkali. Very significant quantities of oil or fats may also be present.
Nuclear industry
The waste production from the nuclear and radio-chemicals industry is dealt with as Radioactive waste.
Water treatment
Many industries have a need to treat water to obtain very high quality water for demanding purposes. Water treatment produces organic and mineral sludges from filtration and sedimentation. Ion exchange using natural or synthetic resins removes calcium, magnesium and carbonate ions from water, replacing them with hydrogen and hydroxyl ions. Regeneration of ion exchange columns with strong acids and alkalis produces a wastewater rich in hardness ions which are readily precipitated out, especially when in admixture with other wastewater.
Brine treatment
Brine treatment involves removing dissolved salt ions from the waste stream. Although similarities to seawater or brackish water desalination exist, industrial brine treatment may contain unique combinations of dissolved ions, such as hardness ions or other metals, necessitating specific processes and equipment. Brine treatment systems are typically optimized to either reduce the volume of the final discharge for more economic disposal (as disposal costs are often based on volume) or maximize the recovery of fresh water or salts. Brine treatment systems may also be optimized to reduce electricity consumption, chemical usage, or physical footprint.
3 of 8
4/10/2014 12:28 AM
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment
Brine treatment is commonly encountered when treating cooling tower blowdown, produced water from steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD), produced water from natural gas extraction such as coal seam gas, frac flowback water, acid mine or acid rock drainage, reverse osmosis reject, chlor-alkali wastewater, pulp and paper mill effluent, and waste streams from food and beverage processing. Brine treatment technologies may include: membrane filtration processes, such as reverse osmosis; ion exchange processes such as electrodialysis or weak acid cation exchange; or evaporation processes, such as brine concentrators and crystallizers employing mechanical vapour recompression and steam. Reverse osmosis may not be viable for brine treatment, due to the potential for fouling caused by hardness salts or organic contaminants, or damage to the reverse osmosis membranes from hydrocarbons. Evaporation processes are the most widespread for brine treatment as they enable the highest degree of concentration, as high as solid salt. They also produce the highest purity effluent, even distillate-quality. Evaporation processes are also more tolerant of organics, hydrocarbons, or hardness salts. However, energy consumption is high and corrosion may be an issue as the prime mover is concentrated salt water. As a result, evaporation systems typically employ titanium or duplex stainless steel materials. Brine management Brine management examines the broader context of brine treatment and may include consideration of government policy and regulations, corporate sustainability, environmental impact, recycling, handling and transport, containment, centralized compared to on-site treatment, avoidance and reduction, technologies, and economics. Brine management shares some issues with leachate management and more general waste management.
Solids removal
Most solids can be removed using simple sedimentation techniques with the solids recovered as slurry or sludge. Very fine solids and solids with densities close to the density of water pose special problems. In such case filtration or ultrafiltration may be required. Although, flocculation may be used, using alum salts or the addition of polyelectrolytes.
4 of 8
4/10/2014 12:28 AM
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment
difficult to treat. The wastewaters from large-scale industries such as oil refineries, petrochemical plants, chemical plants, and natural gas processing plants commonly contain gross amounts of oil and suspended solids. Those industries use a device known as an API oil-water separator which is designed to separate the oil and suspended solids from their wastewater effluents. The name is derived from the fact that such separators are designed according to standards published by the American Petroleum Institute (API).[4][6] The API separator is a gravity separation device designed by using Stokes Law to define the rise velocity of oil droplets based on their density and size. The design is based on the specific gravity difference between the oil and the wastewater because that difference is much smaller than the specific gravity difference between the suspended solids and water. The suspended solids settles to the bottom of the A typical API oil-water separator used in many industries separator as a sediment layer, the oil rises to top of the separator and the cleansed wastewater is the middle layer between the oil layer and the solids.[4] Typically, the oil layer is skimmed off and subsequently re-processed or disposed of, and the bottom sediment layer is removed by a chain and flight scraper (or similar device) and a sludge pump. The water layer is sent to further treatment consisting usually of an electroflotation module for additional removal of any residual oil and then to some type of biological treatment unit for removal of undesirable dissolved chemical compounds. Parallel plate separators[7] are similar to API separators but they include tilted parallel plate assemblies (also known as parallel packs). The parallel plates provide more surface for suspended oil droplets to coalesce into larger globules. Such separators still depend upon the specific gravity between the suspended oil and the water. However, the parallel plates enhance the degree of oil-water separation. The result is that a parallel plate separator requires significantly less space than a conventional API separator to achieve the same degree of separation.
A typical parallel plate separator Hydrocyclone Oil Separators Hydrocyclone oil separators operate on the process where wastewater enters the cyclone chamber and is spun under extreme centrifugal forces up to 1000 times the force of gravity. This force causes the water and oil droplets to separate. The separated oil is discharged from one end
[7]
5 of 8
4/10/2014 12:28 AM
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment
of the cyclone where treated water is discharged through the opposite end for further treatment, filtration or discharge.[8]
Image 1: A schematic cross-section of the contact face of the bed media in a trickling filter
6 of 8
4/10/2014 12:28 AM
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment
A bed of filter medium upon which a layer of microbial slime is promoted and developed. An enclosure or a container which houses the bed of filter medium. A system for distributing the flow of wastewater over the filter medium. A system for removing and disposing of any sludge from the treated effluent. The treatment of sewage or other wastewater with trickling filters is among the oldest and most well characterized treatment technologies. A trickling filter is also often called a trickle filter , trickling biofilter , biofilter, biological filter or biological trickling filter.
Synthetic organic materials including solvents, paints, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, coking products and so forth can be very difficult to treat. Treatment methods are often specific to the material being treated. Methods include advanced oxidation processing, distillation, adsorption, vitrification, incineration, chemical immobilisation or landfill disposal. Some materials such as some detergents may be capable of biological degradation and in such cases, a modified form of wastewater treatment can be used.
See also
7 of 8
4/10/2014 12:28 AM
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment
Best management practice for water pollution (BMP) List of waste water treatment technologies Purified water (for industrial use) Water purification (for drinking water)
References
1. ^ European Environment Agency. Copenhagen, Denmark. "Indicator: Biochemical oxygen demand in rivers (2001)." (http://themes.eea.europa.eu/Specific_media/water/indicators/bod/index_html) 2. ^ Kashiwaya, Mamoru; Yoshimoto, Kameo (May 1980). "Tannery Wastewater Treatment by the Oxygen Activated Sludge Process". Journal (Water Pollution Control Federation) (Alexandria, VA: Water Environment Federation) 52 (5): 9991007. JSTOR 25040825 (//www.jstor.org/stable/25040825). 3. ^ a b Tchobanoglous, G., Burton, F.L., and Stensel, H.D. (2003). Wastewater Engineering (Treatment Disposal Reuse) / Metcalf & Eddy, Inc. (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill Book Company. ISBN 0-07-041878-0. 4. ^ a b c d Beychok, Milton R. (1967). Aqueous Wastes from Petroleum and Petrochemical Plants (1st ed.). John Wiley & Sons. LCCN 67019834. 5. ^ Hobson, Tom (May 2004). "The Scoop on Oil Skimmers" (http://eponline.com/articles/2004/05/01/the-scoopon-oil-skimmers.aspx). Environmental Protection (formerly Water and Wastewater News) (Dallas, TX: 1105 Media, Inc.). 6. ^ American Petroleum Institute (API) (February 1990). Management of Water Discharges: Design and Operations of Oil-Water Separators (1st ed.). American Petroleum Institute. 7. ^ a b Beychok, Milton R. (December 1971). "Wastewater treatment". Hydrocarbon Processing: 109112. ISSN 0887-0284 (//www.worldcat.org/issn/0887-0284). 8. ^ Cleanawater[1] (http://cleanawater.com.au/assets/Uploads/resources/files/Cleanawater-Hydrocyclone-Oil-WaterSeparator-Brochure.pdf)
External links
Water Environment Federation (http://www.wef.org/Home) - Professional society Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Industrial_wastewater_treatment& oldid=597197672" Categories: Environmental engineering Chemical engineering Sewerage Water pollution Industrial processes This page was last modified on 26 February 2014 at 08:45. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
8 of 8
4/10/2014 12:28 AM