GLOSSARY AMENITIES: That part of a terminal building housing on!enien e" ser!i e" and di!

ersion fa ilities for the passengers" tenants" and publi # A$ERAGE %EA& 'O(R:Thepea) hour of the a!eragepea) da*# The pea) hour is the one+ hour periodofan* pea) da*during ,hi h the highest per entage of the da*-s traffi is e.perien ed# The a!erage pea) da* is the a!erage of the top /0 da*s 123 per ent4 of a *ear in terms of traffi !olume# 5AGGAGE 6I$ERTER: A me hani al de!i e for transferring baggage from a mo!ing on!e*or belt to a baggage laim ounter in su h manner that the baggage is e!enl* distributed along the baggage ounter# 5OAR6ING 7ONTROL %OINT: The point at ,hi h a passenger-s redentials are inspe t+ ed to assure that he is authori8ed to board a parti ular flight# Normall*" this point is lo ated in the!i init* of the gate from ,hi h the flight ,ill depart5OAR6ING %ASSENGER: An* originating or onne ting passenger authori8ed to board a flight# 7ONNE7TING %ASSENGER: A passenger ,ho arri!es on one flight onl* for the pur+ pose oftransferring toanother flight to rea h his destination# These passengers are bro)en do,n into t,o ategories: intraline and interline passengers# 7(STOMS: This is an area under federal 9urisdi tion through ,hi h passengers arri!ing from foreign ountries are re:uired b*la,to pass in order to ma)ea de laration related to baggage ,hi h is a ompan*ing them upon entr* to the (nited States# This area is used for re eipt of a de laration and; or e.amination of baggage# If dut* is re+ :uired< the ustoms agent ,ill re ei!e same in the ustoms area# Spe ial attention must be paid to thedesign of this area be ause of hanging te hni:ues of operation# 6E%ART(RE ROOM: An assembl* area" in luding the boarding ontrol point" lo ated ata gate position1s4 for passaengers pending a!ailabilit* of air raft for boarding# 6E%LANING: An* passenger" argo" baggage" !isitor" ate#",hi h is relatedto the unloading from an arri!ing flight# 6OMESTI7 %ASSENGERS: All passengers tra!eling in the (nited States or its territor+ ies are onsidered as domesti # =oreign nationals ,ithin the onfines and territor* re:uire no spe ial he )ing and operate as domesti s# EN%LANING: An* passenger" argo" baggage" !isitor" et #" ,hi h is related to the boarding of a departing flight# =IS: =IS is an abbre!iation for =ederal Inspe + tion Ser!i es# It is utili8ed as an all+in lusi!e term for the (#S# %ubli 'ealth" Immigration" and Naturali8ation Ser!i e" the 6epartment of Agri ulture" and (#S# 7ustoms# GATE: Alo ation to ,hi hair raft are brought for the purpose of dis harging and loading passengers and their baggage# GATE 7ON7O(RSE: An e.tension from the main terminal building primaril* intended to pro!ide prote ted a ess for passengers bet,een the main terminal building and the gates# In addition to the passenger orridor" the on ourse ma* in lude airline fun tional areas and minimum onsumer ser!i es# GRO(N6 TRANS%ORTATION: The indepen+ dentl* operated transportation !ehi les s heduled for passengers- use bet,een air+ ports and the areas ser!ed thereb* is alled ground transportation # IMMIGRATION: This area is de!oted to the e.amination of passports of (nited States nationals and aliens see)ing to enter the (nited States# 7onsideration for design and fun tion of this area must be orrelated ,ith federal authorities# INTERLINE 7ONNE7TING1ION4: A term used to des ribe passengers and baggage ,hi h arri!e on the flight of one airline and depart on a flight of another# INTO>N TERMINAL: A fa ilit* lo ated apart from the airport" usuall* in the do,nto,n area ofthe it*" at ,hi h passengers ma* be pro essed" baggage is he )ed to passen+ gers destinations" and from ,hi h ground transportation is pro!ided# INTERLINE 7ONNE7TING1ION4: A term used to des ribe passengers and baggage ,hi h arri!e on one flight and depart on another flight of the same airline# IN+TRANSIT %ASSENGER: Ifan international+ l* bound air raft stops at an airport for refueling or dis harge of passengers and a remaining number of passengers are to be detained in the air raft for another destina+ ?@/ %RELIMINARY 6ESIGN %ROGRAM AN6 6E$EL+ O%MENT 7ONSI6ERATIONS 5efore planning in an* form an pro eed" the ar hite t must establish a data ban) and an abilit* to retrie!e pie es of information in the most rapid manner# This in ludes all infor+ mation from parti ipating airlines and all programs on studies that ma* ha!e been om+

plated b* the airport authorit*# General e o+ nomi onsiderations must be e.amined and the geographi al site lo ation e!aluated# The a :uisition of the data" the digestion of same" and the re:uest for supplementar* information must be made at this time# Thear hite tmustalsoma)e in:uiries tothe go!erningagen *as to the re:uirements ofthe 7i!il Aeronauti s Administration and all other go!ernment agen ies# The ar hite t must further re ogni8e the assistan e" ad!i e" and guidan e b* organi8ations su h as Air Trans+ port Asso iation" Airline %ilots Asso iation" and International Air Transport Asso iation# The most important single element that the ar hite t must pro!ide for in his design is fle.ibilit*" so that all elements of the s*stem ma* gro,as re:uired# In design and planning" the follo,ing must ha!e gro,th apabilit* on an indi!idual basis ,ithout 9eopardi8ing the total relationship of the master plan# %ar)+ ing lots must be apable of gro,th ,ithin an* spe ifi area as demands re:uire" and publi transportation s*stems must be apable of indi!idual gro,th# 7urb frontage must gro, on an independent basis# 5aggage laim areas" he )+in areas" gate lounge areas" air raft positions" the number of air raft positions++++ an* or all of these elements and the airline operational areas must offer the apabilit* of independent gro,th to meet the hanging demands of the future# The prime reason for this independen e and fle.ibilit* relates to the problem of air raft te hnolog* and the fa tthatthe preestablished s hedulesma* hangeand"as a result" onges+ tion ma* be ome a problem at almost an* pointin the terminal s*stem# These t,o fa tors ma)e it mandator* that ea h element ha!e a built in potential for e.pansion# Most of the airports and the terminal stru + tures in!ol!ed ha!ebeen based upona program ,hi h is )no,n as a traffi fore ast# Most of the terminal buildings ha!e been predi ated on a AguesstimateA or a series of+ riteria and assumptions# These riteria and assumptions are further basedon the guesstimate of s hed+ ule# It therefore follo,s that the ar hite t ,ould be ,rong to design a stru ture ,ith fi.ed parameters based on this information# =le.ibilit* must be inherent in ea h of the ele+ ments" *et both good design and e onom* mustbemaintained#>hen allprogram informa+ tion has been olle ted and e.pansion fle.ibil+ it* has been planned for" the ar hite t must establish a first+stage program based upon the s heduledopening datefortheairport#'e must then relate this program to an ultimate date of operation# The best method for this is through the use of a omputer model simulation# The omputer simulation an be established b* e.amining the ma.imum number of air raft mo!ements that air saturation ,ill allo, and orrelating this ,ith the ma.imum ground area that ma* be a!ailable for the airport under onsideration# This data an no, be related ba ) to the terminal building area for all fun + tional dis iplines that pertain# The summation of ma.imums and minimums ,ill no, ser!e as a guide for the master plan of the terminal building area# Sin e this anal*sis is e.tremel* omple." the ar hite t should retain spe ial+ ists in this area of endea!or# (sing the omputer simulation as a ,or)ing tool" the ar hite t an establish a preliminar* design on ept or on epts and" in addition" preliminar* e.pansion stages for planning an be established# The ar hite t should not ta)e this preliminar* ,or) ba ) to the omputer at this time# Instead" he must no, test and e!er+ GENERAL 6ESIGN 7ONSI6ERATIONS =igure 20 attempts to illustrate some of the de!i es and s*stems ,hi h are a!ailable to the designer# The sele tion of the appropriate ombination of elements ,ill be predi ated upon the arrier ,ho ,ill utili8e same" the om+ bination of arriers" the geographi al site si8e and la*out" and the e onomi onsiderations related to the total s*stem de!elopment # All these te hni:ues are onstantl* being un+ pro!ed and updated# 6osign Solutions for%assenger Terminals It is ,ell to e.amine man* of the histori te h+ ni:ues that ha!e been utili8ed in the de!elop+ ment of passenger terminals" as mu h an be gained therefrom# 7onsolidated %assenger Terminal In this illustra+ tion" the designer an e.amine the te hni:ue of relating se!eral airlines to a onsolidated single stru ture# This stru ture initiall* pro+ !ides a simple transfer stage for ground !ehi+ les and air !ehi les# The epitome of this and the most effi ient in operation ,ould be a simple airstrip ,ith no more than a fe, air+ raft positions and o asional air raft s hed+ uled#

=inger Terminal 17onsolidated4 Satellite Terminal 17onsolidated4 In these t,o illustrations the designer an see the e!olution of a finger terminal and a satellite terminal arrangement as merel* an e.pansion of a on+ ept# No, the on!enien e to the passengers has been :uestioned and the in reased num+ ber of air raft positions has been related as losel* as possible to the onsolidated fun + tion# The e!olution of these t,o on epts has introdu ed man* !aried problems ,ith the single terminal# The problems are related to ground transportation needs" a ess to the building" prolonged ,al)ing distan es" gra!e limitations on the air raft apron" and the fa t thatall fun tional re:uirements for the airlines are totall* onstrained be ause of the ph*si al arrangement# =inger Terminals 16e entrali8ed4 Satellite Terminals 16e entrali8ed4 5* loo)ing at the ne.t t,o illustrations" thedesigner an see that de entrali8ation offers the possibilit* of lessening the onstraint for the indi!idual airlines and allo,ing ea h airline to operate ,ithin its o,n building" but it also auses diffi+ ulties tothe publi interms of rapid ommuni+ ations for the proper sele tion of a desired lo ation# The de entrali8ation auses further problems of interline transfers# >hile it also permits some ad!antages of more air raft apron spa e" it does in!ol!e great demands upon ground !ehi le transportation" problems ,hi h ma* possibl* be sol!ed b* the use of a rapid transit s*stem# 6ri!e to Gate The ne.t illustration sho,s a dri!e+to+the+gate on ept ,hi h is reall* the simplest form of terminal" relating ba ) to the Mobile Lounge The mobile lounge s*stem as a on ept pro!ides a onsolidated terminal ,ith remote per)ing of air raft" and this as a s*stem an operate effi ientl* and fun tion properl* as long as the gate lounges are opera+ ti!e 1this pre ludes allo,ing dri!ers of the lounges the right to stri)e against the operator of the airport4# It poses problems in ground ontrol on the air side of the terminal building and re:uires additional personnel for its total operation# These illustrations sho, s hemati all* the design on epts that are in use in present+da* airports# The* also point out their o,n ef+ fi ien ies and their spe ifi resultant problems" none of ,hi h are insurmountable# It is appar+ ent that these basi on epts ta)e man* !aried shapes and forms in present+da* use and that ombinations of on epts are emplo*ed # It is also apparent that substitute methods of ground transportation are in use for mo!ement ,ithin the terminal area and for remote air+ raft par)ing areas# 'o,e!er" no matter ,hat ombination of s*stems is designed" to rea h a desired solution" it must be tested and he )ed for the spe ifi re:uirements of an* gi!en airport for its present use and for its future gro,th# AIRLINE REO(IREM=NTS The ar hite t ,ill arefull* as ei sin from the indi!idual arriers their spe ifi needs# This information should be orrelated to the *ear of operations" the anti ipated le!el of pas+ senger and argo" operational gro,th" the potential of hanging route stru tures" and an initial and future pro9e ted flight s hedule# Table 2 lists the basi data information that is re:uired from the airlines# There are man* additional te hni al information items ,hi h are not listed here" but the designer ,ill deter+ mine these b* inferen e# Ea h airline demands a distin ti!e !isual hara ter that ,ill ma)e it readil* identifiable to the publi # All too fre:uentl* the ar hite t tends to dismiss this re:uirement# The areful integration of indi!idual airline identifi ation in a total building design ,ill assist the pas+ senger# An airline ,ill retain man* professional onsultants in attempting to arr* a orporate image s*stem,ide" and it ,ill spend onsider+ able sums of mone* in order to a hie!e this# (ndoubtedl*" not all orporate identit* s*s+ tems are in good taste# 'o,e!er one should not dismiss the !er* spe ial effort to a hie!e a simple !isual image that the airlines attempt to a hie!e# 6esign 9udgment at this point is of paramount importan e# AIR7RA=T %AR&ING SYSTEMS The pla ement of air raft on the air raft apron ma* be di!ided into t,o ategories: push+out operations and po,er+out operations# The ar hi+ te t should determine the general te hni:ue that the airlines ,ill utili8e# The s*stem the* sele t ,ill ha!e a great effe t on the air raft apron area as ,ell as the passenger loading s*stem that an be utili8ed# %o,er+out operations ,ill in!ol!e spe ial design onsiderations ,ith regard to the ,all surfa es of terminal buildings and the* ,ill re:uire greater apron

area# The* ,ill also all for blast prote tion in the operational areas of the terminal# This method of operation ,ill generall* mean that fe,er ground personnel and less e:uipment are re:uired# The push+ out operation re:uires the use of e.pensi!e tra tors and personnel to mo!e the air raft out of its gate position before it po,ers a,a* from the terminal area# The push+out operation does offer the ad!antage of re:uiring less apron area# It also re:uires less s:uare footage at the terminal building be ause of a redu ed linear length# In luded in the date sheets is general infor+ mation related to the ma9or t*pes of air raft presentl* in operation and some information related to future air raft 1=igs# 2B to @24# %ASSENGER LOA6ING MET'O6S The passenger is most !o al about the te h" ni:ue that an airline uses for loading the air+ raft# 'e responds rapidl* to limati ondi+ tions and ,ill ine!itabl* e.press his distress to the airport authorit* and the airline# Man* s*s+